Annotated Bibliograpy of Peace Operations Literature

Quanwu Zhang. "An intervention model of constructive conflict resolution and cooperative learning."

ABSTRACT: An intervention model of constructive conflict resolution (CCR) and cooperative learning (CL) was implemented and tested on three campuses of an urban alternative high school. The findings indicate that improvement in CCR increased social support and decreased victimization for the students.

Quirk, Paul J. "Evaluating Congressional Reform : Deregulation Revisited." Journal of Policy Analysis & Management Summer 1991, v10n3, p. 407-425

ABSTRACT: An evaluation of the changes in Congress' structure that occurred in the 1970s requires attention to three dimensions of its performance as a policy-making institution: representation of interests, deliberation and conflict resolution. The resulting strengths and weaknesses help to explain differences in congressional performance on trucking deregulation and natural gas deregulation in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Rapoport, Amnon.; Bornstein, Gary. "Solving public good problems in competition between equal and unequal size groups." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1989, v33n3, p. 460-479

ABSTRACT: An important dimension for categorizing problems of public good provision is whether the good in question can be provided only in some fixed amount, or is available in continuous quantities. A study is offered where people decide to contribute or not contribute toward the provision of the good, and the results of the study are discussed.

Rapoport, Anatol. "Editorial comments." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1994, v38n1, p. 149-151

ABSTRACT: Several studies that attempted to offer evidence for the emergence of cooperation in a population of egoists are discussed in an editorial. The introduction of genuine learning in iterated social dilemma games played by automata opens up opportunities for pursuing several interesting lines of investigation.

Rash, T E.; Thompson, Shanti. "Legacy 'Global Village'." Camping Magazine Feb 1988, v60n4, p. 10-15

ABSTRACT: Competition in and of itself is neither positive or negative as it can promote excellence when one competes with one's self and one's previous abilities. Principles of cooperative learning and conflict resolution are discussed.

Rashid, Ahmed. "Afghanistan : Foiled again." Far Eastern Economic Review Mar 2, 1995, v158n9, p. 20

ABSTRACT: Another UN peace effort in Afghanistan is looking rather forlorn as a movement of Islamic students called Taliban pushed to overthrow the government of Pres Burhanuddin Rabbani. The UN plan is discussed.

Rashid, Ahmed. "Fight to the finish." Far Eastern Economic Review Sep 22, 1994, v157n38, p. 32

ABSTRACT: The continuing violence in Afghanistan is discussed. The Afghan leaders don't seem to want a solution to the problem and are scorning outside peacekeeping help.

Rashid, Ahmed. "Deceptive peace." Far Eastern Economic Review Aug 17, 1995, v158n33, p. 28-29

ABSTRACT: Calm has returned to Kabul Afghanistan after four years of civil war, but the national conflict remains unresolved. About 30 UN and other international agencies are trying to bring Kabul out of the Middle Ages.

Raskin, A. H. "Cyrus S. Ching: pioneer in industrial peacemaking." Monthly Labor Review v. 112 (Aug. '89) p. 22-35

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Industrial relations--History.

ABSTRACT: Cyrus S. Ching was among the first American business managers to champion nonadversarial relations with workers and to advocate reasonableness as the key to resolving disputes. A native of Canada, Ching emigrated to Boston in 1899 and began working for the city's trolley company, where he later entered the management ranks and mediated his first labor dispute in 1912. In his capacity at Boston El and, after World War I, at U.S. Rubber, Ching developed a reputation for his scrupulous fairness in industrial relations. He also served in government, as a member of the National Defense Mediation Board in 1941, a member of the War Labor Board in 1942-43, the first director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service during the Truman administration, and chairman of a special Atomic Energy Commission labor relations panel until his death at age 91 in 1967.

Raskin, Marcus. "Still the best hope for peace." The Nation v. 241 (Sept. 21 '85) p. 251-3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Peace.Disarmament.

ABSTRACT: PART OF A SPECIAL SECTION ON THE UNITED NATIONS. Although the United Nations cannot achieve disarmament without the cooperation of the superpowers, it can contribute to vital political momentum. The superpowers' refusal to address disarmament within a UN framework has severely affected the arms race, increasing world insecurity. The U.S. peace movement must demand that the General Assembly's resolutions calling for disarmament become the foundation for U.S. foreign policy. At their November summit meeting in Geneva, Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev should revive a military committee to devise an international security plan, as mandated by Article 47 of the Charter of the Security Council. Several draft programs already exist, including one coauthored by the writer.

Rasler, Karen.; Thompson, William R. "Technological Innovation, Capability Positional Shifts, and Systemic War." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1991, v35n3, p. 412-442

ABSTRACT: The relationships among the pace of technological innovation, relative economic position and naval capability in the UK in the 1780-1913 period and in the US for the period 1870-1980 were examined in a recent study.

Ratner, Steven R. The new UN peacekeeping : building peace in lands of conflict after the Cold War. New York : St. Martin's Press : Council on Foreign Relations, 1995

SUBJECTS:United Nations. United Nations--Armed Forces. Security, International. Peace.

CONTENTS: I. Constructing the new paradigm. An old word, a new meaning (or some very new wine in old bottles) -- Setting the scene: the conceptual underpinnings of the new peacekeeping -- The new peacekeepers: UN organs and supporting participants -- II. A look back. Fits and starts: the League's and UN's early efforts at the new peacekeeping -- The early second-generation missions: 1989-1991 -- III. The Cambodia experience. Cambodia: unending conflict, uncertain solution -- UNTAC in Cambodia -- Tackling UNTAC: a model operation? -- IV. Toward the future. The new imperatives for the new peacekeeping.

Ratner, Steven R. The new UN peacekeeping : building peace in lands of conflict after the Cold War. New York : St. Martin's Press : Council on Foreign Relations, 1995.

SUBJECTS:United Nations. United Nations--Armed Forces.Security, International.Peace.

Rauf, Tariq.; Lamb, John M. "Should Canada bring the boys home?." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 45 (Sept. '89) p. 36-8

KEY WORDS: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.Canada--Armed Forces--Forces in Europe.

ABSTRACT: Cuts in the Canadian defense budget have forced the restructuring of Canada's defense policy. Now that cold war tensions have eased, many Canadians believe that the 7,900 Canadian troops stationed in Europe should be brought home. There are several reasons for Canada to retain a military presence in Europe, however. The permanence of the current detente is far from certain, and the economically unified Europe of 1992 will be more sympathetic on trade matters to a Canada with a defense commitment in Europe. In addition, Canada may wish to retain an influential voice in NATO policymaking. The conventional-force reduction talks currently under way in Vienna aim to reduce troops and weapons and to restructure forces along defensive lines. Canada should reconfigure its European forces to reflect this effort and develop a new security policy in balance with such concerns as peacekeeping, nuclear nonproliferation, and arms control in the Arctic and Pacific regions.

Ray, Elaine C. "Travel briefs." Essence v. 15 (Mar. '85) p. 47+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Kenya--Description and travel.

ABSTRACT: A trip to Kenya can be a memorable adventure. The people are a mix of forty different tribes, and the terrain and attractions are diverse. Nairobi is a bustling, modern city while the Great Rift Valley, with its lakes and volcanoes, the Central Highlands, where coffee and tea are grown, and the Aberdane Mountains offer contrasting scenic splendor. On the coast, Mombasa's Old Town affords varied shopping, while the resorts scattered along the coast provide beaches and water sports. From July 15 to 26, Kenya will host the World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace. Forum '85, sponsored by a nongovernmental organization, is scheduled for July 8 to July 17; the National Council of Negro Women is offering two travel packages for women interested in attending.

Raymond, Gregory A. "Democracies, disputes, and third-party intermediaries." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1994, v38n1, p. 24-42

ABSTRACT: According to the results of a study, joint democratic dyads have a greater propensity than other types of dyads to entrust third parties with judicial competence to settle their disputes.

Reagan, Ronald "Life and the preservation of freedom." Vital Speeches of the Day v. 52 (Nov. 15 '85) p. 66-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--General Assembly (40th session)United States--Foreign relations--Soviet Union.

ABSTRACT: In an address before the United Nations General Assembly, President Ronald Reagan issues a proposal for settling ideological conflicts in the Third World: The United States has often proven its dedication to the principles of peace and freedom for which the United Nations stands. At the upcoming Geneva summit meetings, the United States and the Soviet Union must discuss possible Soviet violations of international treaties, the use of force to spread Soviet ideology, and the development of defensive weapons systems. The United States proposes that warring factions in Africa, Asia, and Central America negotiate a peace. The United States and the Soviet Union can cooperate to support these negotiations. Finally, the superpowers should assist in the economic development of these nations. The United States and the Soviet Union should peacefully strive to advance freedom and prosperity around the world.

Reagan, Ronald "United Nations Day, 1985." Department of State Bulletin v. 85 (Dec. '85) p. 3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations Day.

ABSTRACT: The founders of the United Nations expressed in the UN Charter the deep hope that, after the greatest and most costly of wars, peace and international cooperation might develop. The international organization's fortieth anniversary is an occasion for remembering its work to better the human condition and also its shortcomings and failures. By facing the problems, they can be solved. The people and government of the United States take pride in the moral, political, and economic support they have given the United Nations and remain strongly committed to the ideals of the UN Charter. Thursday, October 24, 1985, is proclaimed United Nations Day.

Reagan, Ronald "Visit of Tunisian president." Department of State Bulletin v. 85 (Aug. '85) p. 68

ABSTRACT: Remarks by President Reagan and Tunisian president Habib Bourguiba on the occasion of the latter's working visit to the United States in June 1985. President Reagan praises Tunisia's president as a liberator and reflects on the close ties between the two countries. He stresses the need to find a lasting peace for the Middle East that will address the legitimate rights of Palestinians. President Bourguiba echoes his host's call for a just solution to the problems of the Middle East but urges Israel to follow a more realistic path. He believes that all parties concerned should abide by the legal framework set up by the United Nations twenty years ago.

Reagan, Ronald "23d report on Cyprus." Department of State Bulletin v. 85 (Nov. '85) p. 57

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Cyprus.

ABSTRACT: In a message to Congress on September 3, President Reagan presents a bimonthly report on progress toward a negotiated settlement of the Cyprus question. The Greek Cypriot side has replied favorably to a peace proposal by United Nations secretary general Perez de Cuellar. The Turkish Cypriot response is awaited. The United States decries efforts to impede the peace process and reiterates its policy of refusing to recognize a separate Turkish Cypriot "state.".

Reagan, Ronald "Address to the United Nations." Vital Speeches of the Day v. 51 (Oct. 15 '84) p. 3-7

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--General Assembly (39th session)United States--Foreign relations--Soviet Union.United States--Foreign relations.

ABSTRACT: U.S. president Ronald Reagan before the Thirty-Ninth Session of the United Nations General Assembly on September 24. President Reagan explains the steps the United States is taking to achieve world peace. Economic and personal liberty are the keys to global advancement and harmony. The United States has affirmed bonds to new and established allies, attempted to settle regional clashes, and sought cooperation with the Soviet Union in halting the arms race. America is open to relations with any country that reciprocates. This country has worked toward resolving Middle Eastern and Central American crises. In January three goals were outlined for Soviet-American communication: avoiding force in settling conflicts, reducing nuclear weapons stores, and improving dialogue. A comprehensive plan was proposed for discussion, so an impasse in one area could be offset by talks in another. With faith in fellowmen, peace can be attained.

Reagan, Ronald "America's vision of the future." Department of State Bulletin v. 87 (Nov. '87) p. 1-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--General Assembly (42nd session)World politics.United States--Foreign relations.

ABSTRACT: In an address before the UN General Assembly, President Reagan cites evidence from around the world that free enterprise rather than statism is the path to economic progress. He surveys the prospects for peace in the Persian Gulf area, Afghanistan, and Nicaragua and discusses the prospects for a strategic nuclear arms reduction agreement between the Soviet Union and the United States.

Reagan, Ronald "A foundation for enduring peace." Department of State Bulletin v. 85 (Dec. '85) p. 1-7

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--General Assembly (40th session)United States--Foreign relations--Soviet Union.

ABSTRACT: An address before the fortieth session of the United Nations General Assembly. Although the UN's vision remains unrealized, its charter is still inspirational, and its successes are real. The United States is not perfect either, but it has tried to adhere to the charter. The fundamental differences between America and the Soviet Union concern the nature of man and the limitations of government. The upcoming Geneva conference offers hope for a fresh start between the two countries. Real peace is not based on repression, partition, mutual fear, or blindness to trouble. Economic freedom and personal incentive are the keys to development. America has a strong commitment to the world and will continue the work of the last forty years. A proposal for a regional peace process is outlined.

Reagan, Ronald "Prospects for world peace." Department of State Bulletin v. 86 (Nov. '86) p. 1-7

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--General Assembly (41st session)United States--Foreign relations--Soviet Union.

ABSTRACT: In an address before the United Nations, the president comments on developments in U.S.-Soviet relations, arms control, regional conflicts, terrorism, the international economy, and human rights. He asserts that the United States is moving toward greater reliance on strategic defense and offers conditions under which the United States would accept an agreement with the Soviet Union on the research, development, testing, and deployment of strategic defense systems.

Reagan, Ronald "Prospects for a new era of world peace." Department of State Bulletin v. 88 (Nov. '88) p. 1-8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--General Assembly (43rd session)Peace.

ABSTRACT: In an address before the United Nations General Assembly, President Reagan discusses the apparent movement toward world peace. He notes that differences between the West and the East seem to be easing to the point where there is now talk in the East of reforms and greater freedom of press, assembly, and religion. He discusses the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty and the situations in the Mediterranean, Angola, Cambodia, the Western Sahara, and Iran and Iraq; criticizes the UN for its "Zionism is racism" proclamation; praises the UN for its work against terrorism, AIDS, and drugs; and condemns the use of chemical weapons.

Reagan, Ronald. "Prospects for a New Era of World Peace." Department of State Bulletin Nov 1988, v88n2140, p. 1-8

ABSTRACT: President Reagan's September 26, 1988 address before the UN General Assembly expresses hope that recent changes in the world political structure might lead to a lasting world peace.

Reagan, Ronald. "40th Report on Cyprus." Department of State Bulletin Feb 1989, v89n2143, p. 50

ABSTRACT: In a message to Congress, President Reagan reports on progress in negotiating a settlement to the Cyprus question. Reagan emphasizes the work of UN personnel on the divided island.

Regens, James L.; Gaddie, Ronald Keith.; Lockerbie, Brad. "The electoral consequences of voting to declare war." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1995, v39n1, p. 168-182

ABSTRACT: The conventional wisdom of national elections suggests that there are electoral costs associated with opposing declarations of war. However, an alternative literature contends that the negative electoral consequences of waging war may be borne by legislators who supported war, especially those members of the majority party.

Remington, Robin Alison. "Bosnia: the tangled web." Current History v. 92 (Nov. '93) p. 364-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Yugoslavia--History.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: Part of a special issue on Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The war in Bosnia, a once-peaceful multiethnic republic of Yugoslavia, is the result of rising nationalisms, the legacy of communism, and international ineptitude in handling the crisis. Discussed are the history and national identities of Bosnia's 3 ethnic groups--Serbs, Croats, and Muslims; their incompatible goals and lack of political cohesion; the failure of communism to maintain peace; the incidents that led to civil war; the counterproductive responses of the European Community, the United Nations, and the United States; and the need for interested parties to accept that all 3 nations in Bosnia have legitimate interests and fears that must be worked out together.

Remnick, David. "The talk of the town : Albright throws the book at Powell." New Yorker Oct 2, 1995, v71n30, p. 35

ABSTRACT: Colin Powell's opinions about US involvment in Bosnia do not coincide with Madeleine Albright's, US Ambassador to the UN, and it is her belief that Powell's book came out at an advantageous time in the war against Bosnia. Future plans for Powell and Albright are discussed.

Rempel, Ron. "Restorative justice: does it work?." The Christian Century v. 104 (Feb. 18 '87) p. 156-7

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Religion and justice.Criminal justice, Administration of.

ABSTRACT: A recent conference in Guelph, Ontario, drew together 20 workers in the field of criminal and victim justice to discuss alternate approaches to retributive justice. The Task Force on Restorative Justice was sponsored by the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) U.S. Office of Criminal Justice, the MCC Canada Victim Offender Ministries, the Offender Victim Ministries (General Conference Mennonite church), and the Network for Community Justice and Conflict Resolution. Participants agreed that traditional methods of criminal justice were developed for good reasons, but that the current system is inadequate. Restorative justice, which defines crime as a violation of one person by another and focuses on the restoration of relationships, may be the system of the future.

Renner, Michael. "A difficult assignment : UN peacekeeping in the post-Cold War era." Ecumenical Review Jul 1995, v47n3, p. 320-323

ABSTRACT: The unprecedented growth of UN peacekeeping operations since the fall of communism masks fundamental deficiencies that threaten to undermine the organization's effectiveness and credibility. UN peacekeeping difficulties are discussed.

Renner, Michael. '"A force for peace" '.World Watch Jan 1994, v7n1, p. 8-9

ABSTRACT: Since the end of the Cold War, the number of UN peacekeeping missions has continued to rise. Many countries, including the US, are not paying their UN dues on time or in full. This makes keeping the missions in place even harder.

Renner, Michael. '"A force for peace".' World Watch Jan 1994, v7n1, p. 8-9

Renner, Michael G. "A Force for Peace." World Watch Jul 1992, v5n4, p. 28-33

ABSTRACT: The demand for UN peacekeepers is growing rapidly in the aftermath of the Cold War. Peacekeeping could become a ready alternative to warfare, if the world community moves to create a well-financed permanent force.

Renshaw, Edward. "Paying for oil security." Challenge (Armonk, N.Y.) v. 33 (Nov.-Dec. '90) p. 11-16

KEY WORDS: Petroleum--Prices.Petroleum supply and demand--International aspects.Gasoline tax.

ABSTRACT: America's appetite for oil and its resulting dangerous dependence on foreign petroleum could be curbed by a gasoline tax combined with other measures. The United States, which contains less than 5 percent of the world's population, consumed nearly 25 percent of the world's crude oil output in 1989. Oil production in the contiguous 48 states has been falling since 1970. While part of the cost of the multinational peacekeeping force in Saudi Arabia can be shifted to various governments in the region, it makes sense for the more affluent oil-consuming nations of the world to cover a portion of the cost with a special tax or fee on their net petroleum imports. Such a tax would help shift the cost of the Western military presence in the Persian Gulf to the petroleum consumers who are the beneficiaries of that presence. Internalizing the cost of oil security would also promote energy conservation, particularly in the United States.

Resnick, Karen. "Scandinavia's role in the United Nations : The first fifty years." Scandinavian Review Autumn 1995, v83n2, p. 34-40

ABSTRACT: The Nordic countries have long played an important role in the 50-year history of the UN: The first two UN Secretary Generals, Trygve Lie and Dag Hammarskjold, were Nordic. The Nordic nations' role in UN peacekeeping, humanitarian and development activities is examined.

Rhinesmith, Stephen H. "Going Global from the Inside Out." Training & Development Journal Nov 1991, v45n11, p. 42-47

ABSTRACT: The need for multinational corporations to develop global organizational strategies and develop a global corporate culture in order to compete with other companies is discussed. The management tools that are important to achieve this goal include information management tools, people management tools and conflict resolution tools.

Rhodes, Terrell.; Brown, Roger G. "Divided we fall!--Employee perceptions of a legal prohibition on collective bargaining: a preliminary look." Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public Sector v. 21 no1 ('92) p. 1-14

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Local officials and employees--Surveys.Local officials and employees--North Carolina.Collective bargaining--Government employees.

ABSTRACT: A survey was conducted in 1991 to determine public employees' attitudes regarding the statute prohibiting collective bargaining in North Carolina. In 1990, a similar survey was conducted of all county managers and a sample of city managers in the state. The surveys' results indicate that employees overwhelmingly oppose the ban on collective bargaining for public employees, while managers favor the ban. A majority of both groups agree that the ban allows for more conflict resolution opportunities than under collective bargaining. Part of the reason that some of the employees accept the ban appears to come from the fact that informal bargaining arrangements already exist, however. Employees believe that conflict under collective bargaining would not be greater than it is currently, while managers are overwhelmingly of the opinion that conflict is much less now than it would be under collective bargaining.

Riaz, Mohammad. "Afghanistan's peace prospects." World Press Review v. 33 (Aug. '86) p. 45

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: Excerpted from the June issue of Afkar/Inquiry of London. A United Nations settlement requiring the Soviet Union to withdraw its forces from Afghanistan appears to be in sight. The Soviets now recognize that deep-rooted differences within Afghanistan's ruling People's Democratic Party make it unlikely that they will establish a Communist Afghan regime in the foreseeable future. Afghan resistance factions object to any UN accord because it would help legitimize the Kabul regime. After the Soviet military leaves, continued Afghan reliance on Soviet military and economic support may enable Moscow to reduce costs while still nurturing a Sovietized Afghanistan.

Richardot, Jean. "'Journeys for a Better World' : A personal adventure in war and peace." UN Chronicle Sep 1995, v32n3, p. 23-28

ABSTRACT: In an excerpt from "Journeys for a Better World," Richardot says joining the UN proved to be a rewarding career. Richardot joined the UN in May 1946 and recalls his early days with the UN.

Richards, Diana.; Morgan, T Clifton.; Wilson, Rick K.; Schwebach, Valerie L.; Young, Garry D. "Good times, bad times, and the diversionary use of force." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1993, v37n3, p. 504-535

ABSTRACT: A first cut at the development of a rigorous theory capable of identifying when state leaders use foreign aggression in response to domestic turmoil is presented. A leader has the opportunity to use specific policy choices in an effort to persuade the public of her or his competence.

Ricks, Thomas E. "Sniper." Marine Corps Gazette Oct 1995, v79n10, p. 40-43

ABSTRACT: In low-intensity conflicts, nothing matches a Marine sniper as a surveillance asset and, if necessary, as a peace enforcer. If nuclear weapons symbolized the Cold War, then the sniper might symbolize post-Cold War military operations, like peacekeeping duty. Marine sniper duty in Haiti is discussed.

Ridgeway, James.; Udovicki, Jasminka. "Follow the leader." Village Voice Aug 1, 1995, v40n31, p. 17

ABSTRACT: The Bosnian Serbs, encouraged by the inaction of the West, have wrested control of all the territories they set out to conquer in 1992. The departure of the UN and its humanitarian aid from Bosnia will mean a greater catastrophe than has yet been seen in Bosnia.

Ridgeway, James.; Udovicki, Jasminka. "Bosnia lost." Village Voice Dec 20, 1994, v39n51, p. 23-24

ABSTRACT: The Bosnian Serbs have won the war in Bosnia and any US efforts to provide troops to assist the pullout of the UN peacekeeping forces demonstrates the shortsightedness of the US' Balkan policy. The bleak Balkan future is a result of a collapsing US policy in Europe.

Riding, Alan. "Bosnia mediators report progress on Sarajevo issue." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 17 '93) p. A1+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Sarajevo (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1991- .Serbia--Nationalism.

ABSTRACT: International mediators reported that Serbs, Croats, and Muslim-led Bosnian government officials were nearing agreement on the plan to demilitarize Sarajevo and place the city under interim United Nations administration. The apparent move toward a solution brightened the mood around the Bosnian peace talks, which resumed after a 2-week break.

Riding, Alan. "U.N. aide says Bosnia mediators oppose changes in partition plan." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 31 '93) p. A2

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.Muslims--Bosnia and Hercegovina.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Bosnia and Hercegovina.

ABSTRACT: Bosnian Muslims have vowed to return to the negotiating table to seek new concessions from their Serbian and Croatian enemies, but a United Nations official says that they have little chance of getting what they want. According to the official, international mediators feel that it would be "dangerous" for any party to present new demands.

Rieff, David. "The illusions of peacekeeping." World Policy Journal Fall 1994, v11n3, p. 1-18

ABSTRACT: The role of the UN as peacekeeper is discussed. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the UN secretary general, had private doubts about the UN's ability to be effective in the conflicts in Europe since UN operations in Somalia had already shown that the UN had no doctrine, let alone the military infrastructure, to undertake a peace enforcement operation.

Rieff, David. "Power and superpower." New Yorker Dec 11, 1995, v71n40, p. 4-6

ABSTRACT: Rieff discusses Pres Clinton's decision to send US troops to Bosnia to police the peace agreement signed by the warring factions in former Yugoslavia. Those who oppose US involvement apparently want the privileges of superpower status but not its burdens.

Rieff, David. "Bosnia's Fall, Our Failure." Harper's Feb 1995, v289n1737, p. 13-18

ABSTRACT: An excerpt from the book "Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West" remarks that Bosnians should stop believing what the UN says because the UN has offered little support to ending their civil war. Bosnians must finally face the fact that no one really cares what happens to them.

Rieff, David. "UN : Make or break--Emblems of failure." Index on Censorship Sep 1995, n24n5, p. 47-53

ABSTRACT: Its failure in the former Yugloslavia shows only too clearly that the UN is out of tune with the world it inhabits. Chances that the rulers will change to fit the reality are, however, slim.

Rieff, David. "The Krajina war : Endgame for the United Nations." World Policy Journal Fall 1995, v12n3, p. 71-74

ABSTRACT: Between the beginning of May and the beginning of August, the dispute between the Zagreb government and the para-state known as the Serbian Republic of the Krajina was resolved by a swift and effective use of Croatian military power. This war and attempts to end it by the UN are discussed.

Rieff, David. "The illusions of peacekeeping." World Policy Journal Fall 1994, v11n3, p. 1-18

Righter, Rosemary. "Selective action." International Journal on World Peace Sep 1994, v11n3, p. 29-36

ABSTRACT: In an excerpt from "Utopia Lost: The United Nations and the World Order," Righter argues that the UN should be transformed by competition with other entities and selective analysis of its functions. The UN will have to end up doing less for the restoration of its authority.

Rivoallan, Pierre. "The Crisis in Yugoslavia and the Future of Peacekeeping." Peacekeeping & International Relations Sep 1992, v21n5, p. 3-4

ABSTRACT: The future of peacekeeping in the world is examined by investigating the civil war in the former Yugoslavia and by examining the role the EC and the UN should play in peacekeeping activity. The imposition of force by the UN, along with humanitarian aid, is essential for continued UN peacekeeping endeavors.

Robinson, Linda.; Chesnoff, Richard Z. "Haitian craving : 'To go after the bad guys'." US News & World Report Oct 31, 1994, v117n17, p. 28

ABSTRACT: Before 16,000 US troops acting as Haiti's police can leave the country, a civilian police force must be created and UN peacekeepers must be deployed to watch over it. Economic recovery, functioning courts and a bureaucracy are necessary to stablize Haiti and maintain confidence in the nascent democracy.

Robbins, Carla Anne.; Green, Peter S. "Into the Breach." US News & World Report Jun 29, 1992, v112n25, p. 44-46

ABSTRACT: It is asserted that economic sanctions may not be enough to keep order in the new world. The events that indicate that a new world order is unraveling at a terrifying pace, such as civil war in Yugoslavia and Haiti's military rulers' campaign of terror against their people, are discussed.

Roberts, Adam. "From San Francisco to Sarajevo : The UN and the use of force." Survival Winter 1995, v37n4, p. 7-28

ABSTRACT: Since the beginning of the UN, the use of force for UN-approved objectives has differed markedly from the UN Charter provisions. The two principal accepted frameworks for such action have been enforcement in support of a victim of aggression and impartial peacekeeping based on consent.

Roberts, Adam and Benedict Kingsbury. United Nations, divided world : the UN's roles in international relations. Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1993.

SUBJECTS:United Nations. International relations.

CONTENTS: Introduction : the UN's roles in international society since 1945 / Adam Roberts, Benedict Kingsbury -- The historical development of the UN's role in international security / Michael Howard -- The UN and international security after the cold war / Brian Urquhart -- The UN and the national interests of states / Anthony Parsons -- The role of the UN secretary-general / Javier Perez de Cuellar -- The good offices function of the UN secretary-general / Thomas M. Franck, Georg Nolte -- UN peacekeeping and election-monitoring / Sally Morphet -- The UN and human rights : at the end of the beginning / Tom J. Farer, Felice Gaer -- The UN and the problem of economic development / Kenneth Dadzie -- The UN and the environment / Patricia Birnie -- The UN and the development of international law / Nagendra Singh -- The historical development of efforts to reform the UN / Maurice Bertrand -- The structure of the UN in the post-cold war period / Peter Wilenski.

Roberts, Alun R. "The South African Strategy." Africa Report Jan 1989, v34n1, p. 28-30

ABSTRACT: Despite the end of the Dec 1988 peace talks that seem to validate the possibility of Namibian independence, difficulties remain for the UN to implement a settlement plan. South Africa's activities and political and economic stake in Namibia are discussed.

Roberts, Kenneth. "Salving consciences in Hampstead." Spectator Feb 5, 1994, v272n8639, p. 11-12

ABSTRACT: A man who has been working for the UN in Bosnia for over one year presents reasons why the UN should get out of Bosnia. The UN is undermining the very peace process for which the humanitarian effort was intended to buy time.

Roberts, David. "Cambodia : Problems of a UN-Brokered Peace." World Today Jul 1992, v48n7, p. 129-132

ABSTRACT: The signing of the Cambodian Peace Agreement on Oct 23, 1991 ended the 12-year-old civil war in Cambodia. However, the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia faces several obstacles on the way to a lasting peace.

Robertson, Sheila. "High noon at western haystacks." Sierra v. 72 (Jan./Feb. '87) p. 28-9+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Wildlife management--Western States.Livestock ranges.

ABSTRACT: Financial and environmental factors have led to a growing conflict between private landowners and state agencies in the West over the issue of wildlife damage, or depredation. Each winter, wild animals in search of food trespass on private land and inflict damages. Complaints from landowners have become more frequent as increasing amounts of key winter habitat are being developed, driving more wildlife onto farmland. Under financial pressure caused by the agriculture crisis, farmers are less able to bear the expenses of depredation. State governments that pay farmers for depredation are searching for new solutions. The Colorado Division of Wildlife, for example, has hired a conflict resolution group to bring together farmers, ranchers, resort owners, environmentalists, government agencies, and other groups for the purpose of devising more effective, less expensive policies.

Robinson, Gail. "Cambodia, continued." World Press Review Oct 1993, v40n10, p. 30

ABSTRACT: If UN peacekeeping forces withdraw from Cambodia as expected in Nov 1993, fighting is likely to escalate. While some believe the blame rests solely on the shoulders of the Khmer Rouge, others believe the UN is at fault for failing to stop the Khmer Rouge from violating a peace treaty.

Robinson, Gail. "Cambodia, continued." World Press Review Oct 1993, v40n10, p. 30

Rochester, J Martin. "Global policy and the future of the United Nations." Journal of Peace Research May 1990, v27n2, p. 141-154

ABSTRACT: Systemic constraints and opportunities confront the UN in an era when universal approaches to international cooperation are being called into question. An improved model, "dirigible pluralism," is explained.

Roderick, Tom. "Teaching Students Creative Conflict Resolution." Education Digest Sep 1988, v54n1, p. 48-49

ABSTRACT: A significant new movement in education aims to bring creative conflict resolution into schools.

Roderick, Tom. "Contemporary Issues--Children and Violence : Johnny Can Learn to Negotiate." Educational Leadership Dec 1987, v45n4, p. 86-90

ABSTRACT: As the world becomes increasingly violent, many schools and districts have instituted conflict-resolution courses into their curricula. The courses emphasize the importance of discussion and rational compromise.

Roderick, Tom. "Teaching students creative conflict resolution." The Education Digest v. 54 (Sept. '88) p. 48-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict resolution--Study and teaching.

ABSTRACT: Condensed from the December 1987/January 1988 issue of Educational Leadership. A new movement in education is attempting to teach students how to resolve conflicts. In Chicago in 1985, a law professor developed a dispute-resolution curriculum for high school students that used role playing, discussion, and work sheets to solve ten problems over a six-week period using negotiation, arbitration, and mediation. "Conflict Manager" programs introduced in San Francisco about six years ago have selected students serve as mediators who settle disputes among their peers. The Model Peace Education Program in Brooklyn combines conflict resolution with units on prejudice, equality, and world peace. Over 300 schools have established student mediation programs. Teaching conflict resolution is an important mission for teachers because human survival currently depends on finding alternatives to violence.

Rodman, Peter W. "Bosnian quagmire." National Review Jun 26, 1995, v47n12, p. 26-27

ABSTRACT: The UK and France are sinking deeper into the Bosnian quagmire, although they and the West seem unable to turn from a policy that is guaranteed to perpetuate the war's horror. The US could be drawn into the conflict.

Rogers, David. "House strips Pentagon budget of funds for future peacekeeping operations." Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition) (Oct. 1 '93) p. A4

KEY WORDS: United States.--Dept. of Defense--Appropriations and expenditures.

ABSTRACT: The U.S. House of Representatives has cut funds for future peacekeeping operations abroad. The Clinton administration had asked that as much as $448 million be put in a special global account to fund such operations, but both the House and the Senate have refused to put any money into that account.

Roh, Tae Woo. "Toward a peaceful world community." Vital Speeches of the Day v. 58 (Oct. 1 <O 15> '91) p. 12-16

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Korea (South).Korean reunification question.

ABSTRACT: Korean president Roh Tae Woo addresses the 46th session of the UN General Assembly in New York City: Now that the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has become a member of the UN, the two Koreas can begin the dialogue and cooperation that will lead to Korean national unity. With the collapse of the cold war system, it is possible to pursue national unification peacefully, independently, democratically, and on the basis of self determination. Perhaps more than any group on Earth, the Korean people yearn for peace, which is now within reach.

Roh Tae Woo. "Toward a Peaceful World Community : A Unified Korea." Vital Speeches of the Day Oct 15, 1991, v58n1, p. 12-16

ABSTRACT: The President of Korea discusses the parallel entry of South Korea and North Korea into the UN. The two Koreas are now bound to carry out the duties incumbent on all UN members for the maintenance of world peace.

Rosas, Allan. "Towards some international law and order." Journal of Peace Research May 1994, v31n2, p. 129-135

ABSTRACT: The question of taking collective military sanctions, in light of understanding how collective military force in the Yugoslavian civil war conflict may be justified by the UN, is addressed.

Rosecrance, Richard N. "A new concert of powers." Foreign Affairs v. 71 (Spring '92) p. 64-82

KEY WORDS: International organization.

ABSTRACT: History seems to indicate that a central coalition of world powers, united by economic interest in an open and growing world economy, has the best chance of success as an international regulatory device. The balance-of-power peacekeeping method, which prevailed during most of the 19th century and the early 20th century, did not deter hostile political or military action. Bipolar nuclear deterrence, which was in use from 1945 to 1989, was relatively effective but also risky and expensive. Rule by a coalition of powers is the most efficient peacekeeping device. Today, a new coalition of powers has emerged, with bases in the United States, Russia, the European Community, Japan, and China. The coalition can succeed only if all the members remain involved in international relations, refrain from ideological conflict, and renounce war and territorial expansion in favor of liberal democratic and economic development.

Rosenblatt, Roger. "Introduction to rescue : The paradoxes of virtue." Social Research Spring 1995, v62n1, p. 3-6

ABSTRACT: Thousands of people of the Tutsi tribe were murdered by Hutu sympathizers in Rwanda. The virtue of a rescue operation for these people is discussed.

Rosenblatt, Roger. "On the field of ancient peacemaking." Time v. 128 (Oct. 20 '86) p. 25

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Sagas.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the Rekjavik summit. The writer reflects on Icelandic sagas and the summit while visiting Thingvellir, site of the first Icelandic parliament, the oldest such assembly in the world.

Rosh, Robert M. "Third World arms production and the evolving interstate system." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1990, v34n1, p. 57-73

ABSTRACT: The causes of Third World Arms production are examined. Findings suggest that a Third World country with a large economy, which has achieved an advanced role in the world economy and which has suffered from an arms embargo, is more likely to be producing large amounts of military weapons.

Rostow, Eugene V. "A False Start in the Middle East." Commentary Oct 1989, v88n4, p. 24-27

ABSTRACT: Although James Baker claimed that the US supports peace negotiations in the Middle East that would be based upon United Nations Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, his policy statements contradict this claim. Baker's proposals are contrasted with the actual guidelines of the resolutions.

Rostow, Eugene Victor "Resolved." The New Republic v. 205 (Oct. 21 '91) p. 14+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Middle East.Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.United States--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: Though the Arab States have pretended otherwise for the past 24 years, there is nothing ambiguous about UN Security Council resolutions 242 and 338. Resolution 242 calls on Israel and the Arab States to make peace and permits Israel to administer the territories that it occupied in 1967 until "a just and lasting peace in the Middle East" is achieved. When that goal is reached, Israel is required to withdraw its armed forces from some, though not all, of the territories that it occupied during the Six-Day War. Resolution 338, passed after the 1973 Yom Kippur War, makes Resolution 242 legally binding and orders the parties to carry out its provisions. Unfortunately, the resolutions are the subject of much confusion, even in high places. It should be recognized that Israel's legal right to establish settlements on the West Bank was noted in the British Mandate.

Rothman, Jay. "Conflict Research and Resolution : Cyprus." Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science Nov 1991, v518, p. 95-108

ABSTRACT: Protracted ethnic conflicts raging around the world pose a major challenge to forging a more peaceful world order in the waning years of the 20th century. A methodology used for conflict resolution training and intervention in the context of protracted ethnic conflicts, as well as its application to the Cyprus conflict as a vehicle for research, is discussed.

Rouhana, Nadim N.; Fiske, Susan T. "Perception of power, threat, and conflict intensity in asymmetric intergroup conflict : Arab and Jewish citizens of Israel." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1995, v39n1, p. 49-81

ABSTRACT: The perception of power, threat, and conflict intensity in an asymmetric intergroup conflict is examined. About 900 Arab and 900 Jewish high school and university students in Israel were surveyed on their sense of threat and security, the intensity of the conflict between their communities and power relations between Arabs and Jews who both are citizens of Israel.

Roush, Chris. "Reading, 'riting, and Robert's rules of order." Business Week (Apr. 4 '94) p. 83

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Aetna Life and Casualty Company.Business and education.Conflict resolution--Study and teaching.

ABSTRACT: Zoe Baird, the senior vice-president and general counsel of Aetna Life & Casualty, has been devoting much of her time since her failed nomination as attorney general last year to an innovative program designed to teach children how to work through disputes nonviolently. Aetna's hope is that kids will use mediation skills to resolve problems when they grow up, leading to less crime, fewer lawsuits, fewer insurance claims, and ultimately a drop in Aetna's legal bills. In the last year, Aetna has sent 8,000 mediation kits to teachers at middle schools across the country. In addition, Baird has been working with Attorney General Janet Reno on a yet-to-be-announced project targeted at persuading corporate attorneys to volunteer to work with children in their spare time, and she sits on a panel that advises President Clinton on foreign-relations matters.

Rowe, Patricia. "International Year spotlights youth's role in society." Children Today v. 14 (May/June '85) p. 26-8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: International Youth Year, 1985.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations has proclaimed 1985 International Youth Year (IYY) to focus on the situation of youth--those from fifteen to twenty-four--throughout the world, through the themes of Participation, Development, and Peace. By the year 2000, the number of young people will increase by 60 percent, and in the developing nations, by 80 percent, with no promise that problems such as unemployment and inadequate education, health, and nutrition will find solutions. In the United States, President Reagan has declared an International Youth Year and appointed Dodie Livingston to head the Federal Interagency Task Force on IYY, which will coordinate events with the International Youth Year Commission. The two agencies have planned a calendar of events that develops monthly themes, including nutrition, careers, patriotism, international issues, education, the environment, and families.

Rowling, Wallace Edward "The future of the Anzus Treaty." Vital Speeches of the Day v. 51 (Aug. 15 '85) p. 645-7

KEY WORDS: ANZUS Council.Anti-nuclear movement--New Zealand.United States--Foreign relations--New Zealand.

ABSTRACT: In an address delivered to the Town Hall of California, Wallace Rowling, Ambassador to the United States from New Zealand, gives the New Zealand perspective on the current ANZUS problem. The ANZUS treaty is an assertion of common interests and a broadly worded defensive agreement to be invoked if one of the partners is attacked. In practical terms, it has been an umbrella for military interaction. New Zealand asserts that it is a conventional treaty and should remain so. ANZUS partners have supported the United States in Vietnam and Korea, have taken special peacekeeping initiatives in Malaya and Borneo, and have played an important role in maintaining South Pacific security. In 1984, the people of New Zealand voted to van nuclear weapons from their country, not to buy immunity or reject pro-Western obligations. An alliance should not depend on a point of difference, but on a recognition of common interests.

Rubin, Barnett R. "Post-Cold War state disintegration : The failure of international conflict resolution in Afghanistan." Journal of International Affairs Winter 1993, v46n2, p. 469-492

ABSTRACT: Despite the best efforts of the UN, the civil war in Afghanistan has not ended. Why the UN's conflict resolution efforts failed is addressed.

Rubin, Barnett R. "Post-Cold War state disintegration : The failure of international conflict resolution in Afghanistan." Journal of International Affairs Winter 1993, v46n2, p. 469-492

ABSTRACT: Despite the best efforts of the UN, the civil war in Afghanistan has not ended. Why the UN's conflict resolution efforts failed is addressed.

Rubin, Barnett R. "Post-Cold War state disintegration : The failure of international conflict resolution in Afghanistan." Journal of International Affairs Winter 1993, v46n2, p. 469-492

ABSTRACT: Despite the best efforts of the UN, the civil war in Afghanistan has not ended. Why the UN's conflict resolution efforts failed is addressed.

Rudd, David. "Why Canada should join the Rapid Reaction Force." Peacekeeping & International Relations Sep 1995, v24n5, p. 4

ABSTRACT: Rudd argues that Canada should change its foreign policy towards the former Yugoslavia and that part of the change should include a contribution to the Rapid Reaction Force.

Rudel, Charlotte H.; Hayes, Margaret L. "Behind No Bars." Children Today v. 19 (May/June '90) p. 20-3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Parent education.Prisoners--Education.Cambria County (Pa.)--Prisons.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special issue on Project Head Start. An innovative program at the Cambria County Prison in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, is helping meet the needs of Head Start families affected by the incarceration of a parent. Funded by Head Start, the two-year-old program, "Behind No Bars," provides a pleasant, child-oriented area where children ages ten and under can visit with a jailed parent. This playroom created in a section of the warden's work area encourages an active family experience. The program also offers family counseling and parenting classes for all interested inmates who are parents of young children. The parenting classes, which average about 15 participants, explore conflict resolution, discipline, and communication.

Rudolph, Joseph R Jr. "Intervention in communal conflicts." Orbis Spring 1995, v39n2, p. 259-273

ABSTRACT: The involvement of third-party peacekeepers in communal conflicts has become one of the most rapidly growing developments in international relations, despite the fact that it has been an almost entirely unrewarding activity. Some of the problems with third-party peacekeeping are discussed.

Rufini, Giovanni. "Peacekeeping and the coming age of NGOs." Peacekeeping & International Relations Mar 1995, v24n2, p. 7-8

ABSTRACT: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are playing an increasingly important role in peacekeeping and international development, but their efforts have often been criticized. NGOs and their role in international relations are examined.

Rufini, Giovanni. "The potential of non-governmental organizations in peacekeeping negotiation and mediation." Peacekeeping & International Relations May 1995, v24n3, p. 5-6

ABSTRACT: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in developing countries must engage in continuous negotiations and often take on the role of a mediator, especially in peacekeeping operations. The three main skills an NGO can offer that are extremely valuable are knowledge of local culture and systems, communication and prestige and AUTHORity.

Ruggie, John Gerard. "Peacekeeping and U.S. interests." Washington Quarterly Autumn 1994, v17n4, p. 175-184

ABSTRACT: The question of whether UN peace operations serve the interests of the US is examined within a broader historical and conceptual context. Pres Clinton's decision directive on peacekeeping (PDD-25) evoked a mixture of dispirited disappointment from those who had hoped for more and dismissive criticism from those who want still less.

Rumley, Dennis and Julian V. Minghi. The Geography of border landscapes. London ; New York : Routledge, 1991.

SUBJECTS:Boundaries.

CONTENTS:From conflict to harmony in border landscapes / Julian V. Minghi -- Geographical investigations in boundary areas of the Basle region ('Regio') / Werner A. Gallusser -- Boundary, values and identity : the Swiss-Italian transborder region / Walter Leimgruber -- Some developing and current problems of the eastern border landscape of the Federal Republic of Germany : the Bavarian example / Ulrich Ante -- Geographic problems of frontier regions : the case of the Italo-Yugoslav border landscape / Vladimir Klemencic and Milan Bufon -- The impact of sovereignty transfer on the settlement pattern of Sakhalin Island / Shinsuke Minamide -- Society, state and peripherality : the case of the Thai-Malaysian border landscape / Dennis Rumley -- The Indonesia-Papua New Guinea border landscape / Ronald J. May -- Coastal islands on an international boundary : Dauan and Parama in the Torres Strait / George Ohshima.

Inter- and intra-regional conflicts in Pakistan's border landscape / Mohammed Ismail Siddiqi -- The Gulf of Aqaba coastline : an evolving border landscape / Alasdair Drysdale -- The evolution and contemporary significance of the Bophuthatswana-Botswana border landscape / James Drummond and Andrew H. Manson -- Where the Colorado flows into Mexico / John E. Chappell, Jr. -- Peacekeeping missions and landscapes / Stanley D. Brunn.

Rummel, R J. "Democracy, power, genocide, and mass murder." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1995, v39n1, p. 3-26

ABSTRACT: From 1900 to 1987, state, quasi-state and stateless groups have killed in democide nearly 170,000,000 people. Democide is best explained by the degree to which a regime is empowered along a democratic to totalitarian dimension and, second, the extent to which it is characteristically involved in war or rebellion.

Rupesinghe, Kumar. 'Non-governmental organizations and the "Agenda for Peace".' Ecumenical Review Jul 1995, v47n3, p. 324-327

ABSTRACT: The UN's "Agenda for Peace" proposes a new agenda placing greater emphasis on preventive diplomacy. International and local non-governmental organizations should be involved at every stage in the peace process.

Rushdie, Salman.; Popper, Karl.; Goytisolo, Juan.; Sontag, Susan. "Letters : The next step in Bosnia." New Statesman & Society Mar 18, 1994, v7n294, p. 43-44

ABSTRACT: In a letter to the editor, more than 100 writers, artists, scientists and other figures from 18 countries appeal to the UN and governments of Europe to end the civil war in the former Yugoslavia.

Russell, George. "Appointment in La Palma." Time v. 124 (Oct. 22 '84) p. 53-4+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front.El Salvador--Civil War, 1980- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: In a bold speech at the United Nations, El Salvador President Jose Napoleon Duarte offered to meet with the commanders of the Farabundo Mart National Liberation Front (FMLN), the insurgent Marxist-Leninist opposition, in LaPalma on October 15, 1984. After a day of hesitation, the guerrillas accepted the offer. Duarte announced during the U.N. address that if the insurgents put down their arms they will receive amnesty and be permitted to enter national elections in 1985. The Reagan administration reacted favorably to the Duarte initiative. The meeting will culminate a fitful march toward negotiation begun with Duarte's election to the presidency in March 1984. Conservatives are backing the Duarte move, with the exception of far right leader Roberto d'Aubuisson. The Salvadoran army's recent successes against the guerrillas may be one reason the FMLN is ready to negotiate. The Salvadoran people are cautiously hopeful. A chart explains the makeup of El Salvador's rebel forces.

Russell, George. "Maneuvering for position." Time v. 126 (Nov. 11 '85) p. 38-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Palestine Liberation Organization.Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Israel--Foreign relations--Jordan.

ABSTRACT: Israeli prime minister Shimon Peres is attempting to initiate direct peace talks with Jordan's King Hussein. Hussein is receptive, but many obstacles stand in the way. In Israel, Peres has been under pressure to withdraw an offer made to the United Nations in which he suggested that Israel would recognize an "international forum" in the peace talks. The Likud faction of the Labor-Likud Israeli government believes that this offer violates an Israeli policy opposing international Middle East peace talks. Israel also opposes any involvement of the Palestine Liberation Organization in the talks, but Hussein has so far quelled hopes that he will exclude the PLO from the peace process. Meeting with PLO leader Yasir Arafat, Hussein worked out agreements on diplomatic issues but could receive no assurance of a PLO renunciation of violent acts against Israel.

Russell, George. "Picking up the pace." Time v. 126 (Nov. 4 '85) p. 34-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Palestine Liberation Organization.Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Israel--Foreign relations--Jordan.

ABSTRACT: New developments in the Middle East have sparked optimism about regional peace efforts. In a speech to the United Nations General Assembly at its fortieth anniversary celebration, Israeli prime minister Shimon Peres promised to hold direct peace talks with Jordan's King Hussein before the end of the year. Hussein responded positively to Peres's message and met with Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak to discuss the stalled peace efforts and the effect of the Achille Lauro incident on the role of the Palestine Liberation Organization. Jordan and Syria also moved toward mending their divisions. The PLO is concerned, however, that Jordan and Syria might agree to deal with Israel without the PLO. Meanwhile, the White House tried to improve relations damaged by the hijacking. But the Reagan administration suffered a blow when Congress postponed action on a $1.5 billion U.S.-Jordanian arms deal. There was plenty of peace talk in the Middle East, but action is still scarce.

Russett, Bruce.; Sutterlin, James S. "The U.N. in a new world order." Foreign Affairs v. 70 (Spring '91) p. 69-83

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces.United Nations--Persian Gulf region.New world order.Persian Gulf War, 1991.

ABSTRACT: The use of military force by the UN for enforcement and peacekeeping purposes is essential to the new world order envisioned by presidents Bush and Gorbachev. Both leaders foresee a world order founded on the rule of law and on the principle of collective security. The Persian Gulf War provided one model of how the UN could be involved in maintaining international security, with Security Council members cooperating in a manner foreseen when the UN was founded. During the Gulf War, however, President Bush and the coalition members freely interpreted Security Council resolutions. Alternative procedures might allow national forces to be brought together under a unified UN command, or they might have each member country maintain units in its armed forces that are earmarked for UN service. Such procedures are not without their problems, but the opportunity to achieve a new level of collective security should not be missed.

Rust, Michael. "Peace academy II : After the Cold War." Insight on the News May 24, 1993, v9n21, p. 10-13+

ABSTRACT: The study of peacemaking and conflict resolution is entering a new phase with the threat of nuclear war on the wane. There has been a decided shift in focus to closer-to-home problems of communities and homes.

Ryurikov, Fyodor. "War : Topography of the Bosnian tragedy." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Aug 9, 1995, v47n28, p. 23-24

ABSTRACT: The Serbs invasion of Srebrenica Bosnia involved women and children being carted off to the frontline and men capable of military service being ushered into a soccer field. The Serbs have the power to take over two more safe areas--Zepa and Gorazde.

Sabov, Dmitry. "Russia squeezed between NATO and the Serbs." Moscow News Jun 2, 1995, n20-21, p. 1, 7

ABSTRACT: The intensified military presence of the NATO member-countries in Bosnia has been patently dictated not by a new approach toward the crisis, but by face-saving logic. Despite having not lost a single soldier, NATO seems to be suffering the first defeat in its history.

Sacirbey, Mohamed.; Webb, Ben.; Guirao, Simon. "End of the line." New Statesman & Society Jul 28, 1995, v8n363, p. 14-15

ABSTRACT: Bosnian Foreign Minister Mohamed Sacirbey responds to his critics and bids farewell to the UN so that the Bosnians can begin to fight against the Serbs without intervention. Webb and Guirao profile Sacirbey.

Sada, Hugo. "Negotiating peace--at a price." World Press Review v. 36 (May '89) p. 50

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.

ABSTRACT: An article excerpted from Jeune Afrique of Paris. In an interview, United Nations secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar discusses his plans for the UN in the coming year, his staff, developments in Namibia, overdue members' contributions, and the effect of superpower dialogue on settlement of international disputes.

Sada, Hugo. "Regional Report : United Nations--Negotiating Peace--At a Price." World Press Review May 1989, v36n5, p. 50

ABSTRACT: In an interview, United Nations Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar discusses his successes of 1989: including, the Namibian peace settlement and the Soviet-American dialogue.

Safire, William. "The U.N. entraps Clinton." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 30 '93) p. A17

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.United Nations--United States.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Bosnia and Hercegovina.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: President Bill Clinton's apparent willingness to use American troops to enforce a U.N.-sponsored surrender in Bosnia is a potential disaster. Clinton must not make U.S. troops pawns of the U.N. and should instead set the terms for the participation of American forces in NATO peacemaking.

Safire, William. "Peacemaking after Hebron." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Feb. 28 '94) p. A17

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Palestine Liberation Organization.Middle East peace conferences, 1991- --Accords.Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Hebron (West Bank)--Mosque massacre, 1994.

ABSTRACT: The horror of the Hebron massacre must not lead to the ethnic cleansing of Israeli settlers on the West Bank. Middle East peacemakers should reject expulsionism and embrace territorial compromise.

Safire, William. "The U.N. entraps Clinton." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 30 '93) p. A17

Saijo, Tatsuyoshi.; Nakamura, Hideki. "The "spite" dilemma in voluntary contribution mechanism experiments." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1995, v39n3, p. 535-560

ABSTRACT: Deviations from formal expectations regarding choice behavior in settings where economic rationality dictates either cooperating or free riding in the provision of public goods via the voluntary contribution mechanism are explained.

Sakurai, Melvin M. "Modeling strategic threats." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1990, v34n1, p. 74-91

ABSTRACT: The importance of accurately modeling strategic threats in complex multilateral conflict-of-interest decision problems is evaluated. Results indicate that the Harsanyi function is significantly more accurate than the von Neumann-Morgenstern chaarcteristic function. This suggests that strategic threats may be an important factor in modeling cooperative games.

Salem, Norma. Cyprus : a regional conflict and its resolution. New York : St. Martin's Press in association with the Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security, Ottawa, 1992.

SUBJECTS:Cyprus--History--Cyprus Crisis, 1974---Congresses.

CONTENTS:Domestic politics and the search for a solution of the Cyprus problem / Van Coufoudakis -- Political parties in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and their vision of "the solution" / Mumtaz Soysal -- Cyprus as a regional conflict / William Dobell -- Cyprus in the politics of Turkey since 1955 / Tozun Bahcheli -- The Cyprus problem in Greek foreign policy / Constantine Mekakopides -- The United States and Cyprus : past policies, current concerns / Ellen Laipson -- The Soviet Union and Cyprus / Augustus Richard Norton -- The constitution of 1960 and its failure / Norma Salem -- The birth of a constitution / Jean-Luc Pepin -- Reflections on the implications for Cyprus of Canadian and comparative constitutional concepts and ideas / Robert J. Jackson -- Approaches to the study of comparative federalism : the dynamics of federalism / Alain-G. Gagnon.

Towards a solution in Cyprus through economic federalism / Ozay Mehmet -- Economic dimensions of the Cyprus dispute / Louis N. Christofides -- The Cyprus conflict : explaining resistance to resolution / Brian Mandell -- The United Nations and the Cyprus question / James H. Wolfe -- Conclusion : paths towards a peaceful Cyprus / Ronald J. Fisher.

Sallot, Jeff. "The blue berets' battle fatigue : Does the UN need its own army?" World Press Review Jun 1995, v42n6, p. 15-16

ABSTRACT: In the past two years, UN peacekeepers on missions where there is no agreed cease-fire and no real peace to keep have been shot, butchered, shelled and taken hostage by the people they were trying to help. The strained status of the UN peacekeeping forces is discussed.

Sallot, Jeff. "The blue berets' battle fatigue : Does the UN need its own army?" World Press Review Jun 1995, v42n6, p. 15-16

Salpeter, Eliahu. "The Politics of Peace in the Mideast." New Leader Oct 2, 1989, v72n15, p. 5-7

ABSTRACT: Numerous meetings between each country's respective politicians have marked what may be a beginning to an Arab-Israel peace settlement. In addition to Middle Eastern countries, many other outside countries are also involved.

Samatar, Abdi. "Dictators and warlords are a modern invention." Africa News Dec 21, 1992, v37n7-8, p. 5

ABSTRACT: The international objectives in bringing about lasting peace in Somalia are outlined, focusing on several UN-sponsored programs that would restore a normal life to Somalis. Somali warlords must be dealt with before any stable political system can be implemented.

Samuels, Gertrude. "Peace problems at the UN." New Leader Nov 15, 1993, v76n13, p. 13-14

ABSTRACT: Concerns about the UN's ability to conduct peacekeeping operations in troubled areas throughout the world are discussed. The power of the UN has been limited because its decisions cannot be backed up by military action.

Samuels, Gertrude. "Peace problems at the UN." New Leader Nov 15, 1993, v76n13, p. 13-14

Samuels, Gertrude. "Peace problems at the UN." The New Leader v. 76 (Nov. 15-29 '93) p. 13-14

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces.

ABSTRACT: The main challenge facing the UN is improving the enforcement of peace operations and Security Council resolutions. The UN now has 18 peace operations, but without a real force of its own to back up its actions, its efforts are constantly being undermined. Separate interviews with 3 UN veterans are presented: Samuel Insanally, the ambassador from Guyana and current president of the General Assembly; Jose Luis Jesus of Cape Verde, the Security Council president for November; and Frederic Eckhard, associate spokesman for Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali.

Sancton, Thomas A. "The battle for Jaffna." Time v. 130 (Oct. 26 '87) p. 52

KEY WORDS: Tamils.India--Army--Forces in Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: Bloody fighting between 6,000 Indian troops and about 2,000 guerrillas from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, has claimed scores of lives. The assault came just 21/2 months after the signing of a peace pact by Indian prime minister Rajiv Ghandi and Sri Lankan president Junius R. Jayewardene. The treaty, which aimed to end the strife between Sri Lanka's Sinhalese majority and Tamil minority, called for an Indian peacekeeping force to disarm the Tamils. Tiger leader Velupillai Prabakaran has continued to push for political concessions from the Sri Lankan government, however, using his group's cache of weapons as a deadly bargaining chip. Tens of thousands of civilians have been caught in the midst of the subsequent fighting between the Tamils and the peacekeeping force, and it is impossible to determine how many noncombatant deaths occurred. Gandhi has sent some 1,000 additional troops to help with a final assault.

Sanders, Matthew R.; Cash, Ray. "Childhood Depression and Conduct Disorder : I. Behavioral, Affective, and Cognitive Aspects of Family Problem-Solving Interactions." Journal of Abnormal Psychology Aug 1992, v101n3, p. 495-504

ABSTRACT: The family interactions of conduct-disordered, depressed, mixed depressed-conduct-disordered and nonclinic children were examined. Support for treatment and theories that emphasize the importance of family problem-solving and conflict resolution skills is offered by the study.

Sandler, Todd. "The economic theory of alliances." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1993, v37n3, p. 446-483

ABSTRACT: The development of the economic theory of alliances over the last quarter of a century is surveyed. The pure public good model and the joint product model are presented and brought up to date.

Sanger, David E. "Japan aide ousted; he'd criticized arms role." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Dec. 3 '93) p. A9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Japan.Japan. Constitution.Japan--Military policy.

ABSTRACT: (Dec. 2) Japanese defense minister Keisuke Nakanishi was forced to resign tonight after declaring that Japan's constitutional limitations on the use of military force are out of date. In urging an amendment to permit full participation in United Nations peace-keeping operations, Nakanishi threatened Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa's frail coalition government.

Santos, Eleanor. "The MOVE Crisis in Philadelphia." New York Times Book Review Apr 29, 1990, p. 39

ABSTRACT: Eleanor Santos reviews "The MOVE Crisis in Philadelphia: Extremist Groups and Conflict Resolution" by Hizkias Assefa and Paul Wahrhaftig.

Saperstein, Alvin M. 'The "Long Peace"--Result of a Bipolar Competitive World?' Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1991, v35n1, p. 68-79

ABSTRACT: A nonlinear mathematical model of international competition is presented in which the transition from predictable laminar to unpredictable turbulent flow is the model manifestation of the transition from cold to hot war in the world system being modeled.

Saperstein, Alvin M. "Alliance Building Versus Independent Action : A Nonlinear Modeling Approach to Comparative International Stability." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1992, v36n3, p. 518-545

ABSTRACT: Using the paradigm that "strong chaos" in an arms-race model is equivalent to crisis instability and war in the international system being modeled, the question of whether nations in an anarchic competitive world system are more likely to ensure their security by pursuing policies of complete independence or of alliance building is addressed.

Sarnoff, Robert. "Keep hope alive." Arts & Activities Oct 1994, v116n2, p. 44-45

ABSTRACT: New York City's Career Education Center, a program serving the needs of homeless youngsters living in temporary housing, formed a Conflict Resolution Team. The team designed an interactive plan with artwork, writings and photography to address violence in society.

Sartori, Michel.; Fisher, Luke. "A soldier's story." Maclean's Jun 12, 1995, v108n24, p. 26

ABSTRACT: Michel Sartori, a sergeant in the Canadian Army, was detained by Bosnian serbs three times for a total of six days while he was serving with UN peacekeepers in Bosnia. Sartori describes his experiences in Bosnia.

Sato, Gyotsu N. "A time-table for peace." The Courier (Unesco) v. 38 (May '85) p. 20-1

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Disarmament.Anti-nuclear movement--Japan.

ABSTRACT: PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE COMMEMORATING THE END OF WORLD WAR II. Nuclear warfare's potential for destruction is so vast that all nations must dedicate themselves to the timetable for general and complete disarmament established by the Final Document of the United Nations Special Session on Disarmament in 1978. The Japanese, who experienced the explosion of atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, know the horrors unleashed by radiation. Within six months of the bombings, 150,000 people died at Hiroshima and 75,000 at Nagasaki. A nuclear war could destroy the human population of the planet. If humanity is to survive, the five steps of the Comprehensive Disarmament Programme must be implemented by the end of this century at the latest.

Sato, Seizaburo and Trevor Taylor. Prospects for global order. London : Royal Institute of International Affairs and International Institute for Global Peace, 1993.

SUBJECTS:International relations. Security, International. World politics ;--1989-

CONTENTS:Is there a new world order? / Robert Cooper -- Is there a realistic foundation for a liberal new world order? / Akihiko Tanaka -- Perspectives on a future European security order / Yves Boyer -- Perspectives on a future security system in East Asia / Toshiyuki Shikata -- Obstacles to security in the Middle East / Mark Curtis -- The changing role of the United States in global order / Laurence Martin -- The role of the United Nations in the post-cold war world / Naoki Saito -- Common Japanese and European security concerns and the scope for cooperation : a British view / Trevor Taylor -- Common Japanese and European security concerns and the scope for cooperation : a Japanese view / Seizaburo Sato.

Saunders, Harold H. "Arabs and Israelis: a political strategy." Foreign Affairs v. 64 (Winter '85/'86) p. 304-25

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.United States--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: Although King Hussein of Jordan, Chairman Yasir Arafat of the Palestine Liberation Organization, President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, and Prime Minister Shimon Peres of Israel all indicated some willingness to negotiate a peace settlement in early 1985, no one has developed a scenario for talks. Political and psychological barriers must be overcome before negotiations can begin. Israelis and Palestinians need to consider the pragmatic details of the settlements they envision. They must accept each other's existence and recognize their mutual desire for permanence. The PLO could alter political forces within Israel by renouncing violence. President Reagan should orchestrate a process of private and public communication between leaders of Jordan, the PLO, Egypt, Israel, the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Nations, and Syria that would build political support for negotiations.

Savoy, Paul. "Peacekeepers for the Gulf." The Nation v. 251 (Nov. 26 '90) p. 642+

KEY WORDS: Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--American intervention.Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--Peace and mediation.Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--Protest movements.

ABSTRACT: U.S. public opinion against military action in the Persian Gulf should be mobilized through a public peacekeeping resolution. Opinion polls show that a majority of U.S. citizens oppose the use of force. Congress should be summoned to Washington to enact legislation prohibiting the introduction of U.S. forces into hostilities in the region except as authorized by Congress and only as part of an international force under the leadership of the UN Security Council. The president should be called on to negotiate a withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait, and the establishment of a UN peacekeeping force should be proposed. A public resolution would preserve the unprecedented international unity in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and maintain the threat of force against Iraq while efforts to achieve results through sanctions and diplomacy are pursued. A broad coalition aimed at empowering citizens would also allow the public some participation in crucial decisions.

Sayyad, Ahmed Saleh. "UNESCO's programme for peace." UNESCO Courier Nov 1995, n11, p. 14-16

ABSTRACT: The Medium-Term Strategy (1996-2001) being submitted to UNESCO is defined as the values and attitudes that reflect and are inspired by the respect for life and the rejection of violence. Various UNESCO programs for peace are discussed.

Scanlon, Kevin. "An orgy of killing." Maclean's v. 100 (Oct. 19 '87) p. 34-5

KEY WORDS: Tamils.Sinhalese.India--Army--Forces in Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: The conflict between Sri Lanka's majority Sinhalese and minority Tamil communities flared up again recently as Tamil terrorists slaughtered 180 Sinhalese in the predominantly Tamil east and north areas of the island. The attacks ended a period of relative calm in Sri Lanka that began with the signing of an Indian-Sri Lankan accord in July and the arrival of Indian peacekeeping troops. The violence began after the mass suicide of 15 Tamil Tiger militants in police custody. In retaliation, Tamil Tigers executed eight Sri Lankan soldiers whom they had been holding hostage. Widespread murder and bombing soon followed, prompting Sri Lankan criticism of the Indian peacekeeping forces.

Schlesinger, Stephen. "Will the U.S. go it alone?" Nation May 15, 1995, v260n19, p. 686-688

ABSTRACT: The determination of Republican leaders in Congress to isolate the US from UN peacekeeping operations and implement a go-it-alone philosophy is criticized. Pres Clinton has only recently begun to defend the UN against the GOP's push to unilateralism.

Schmidt, William E. "Peace talks suspended pending efforts by U.S." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Mar. 1 '94) p. A13

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Muslims--Bosnia and Hercegovina.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Serbia--Nationalism.Croatia--Nationalism.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: (Feb. 28) The next round of talks in Geneva among the 3 warring factions in Bosnia has been delayed while diplomats from the European Union and the United Nations wait to see whether Washington can broker a separate peace between Bosnian Croats and Muslims. The U.S. proposal calls for the uniting of Croats and Muslims in a federation that would cover just over 50 percent of Bosnia.

Schmidt, William E. "Sarajevo solution: is it a model for peace throughout Bosnia?." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Feb. 21 '94) p. A6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.Sarajevo (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1991- .Serbia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Aerial operations.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: (Feb. 20) It remains to be seen whether the apparent success in Sarajevo of the threat of NATO air strikes, which caused Bosnian Serbs to pull back their guns and tanks around the Bosnia capital, will serve as a model for peace throughout the country. United Nations strategists in Zagreb and elsewhere caution that the lessons of Sarajevo may not apply as well in other parts of Bosnia, as a result of differences including terrain and local grievances.

Schmidt, William E. "Troops rampage in Rwanda; dead said to include premier." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Apr. 8 '94) p. A1-A2

KEY WORDS: Rwanda--Civil War, 1991- .Kigali (Rwanda)--Massacre, 1994.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Uwilingiyimana, Agathe.

ABSTRACT: (April 7) Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, dissolved into chaos and terror today, one day after the Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi were killed in an apparent rocket attack on their plane. Interim prime minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana, at least 10 Belgian peacekeeping soldiers, and 17 Jesuit priests reportedly have been killed, and 3 Cabinet ministers and other officials and members of their families have been abducted, during a rampage of violence.

Schmitt, Eric. "A tough sell: sending G.I.'s to Bosnia." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Mar. 10 '94) p. A12

KEY WORDS: Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: (Mar. 9) Gen. John M. Shalikashvili, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, confirmed today Washington's commitment to send as many as 25,000 troops to help enforce a peace settlement in Bosnia. He also acknowledged, however, that the administration has much to do to convince the public of the necessity of including American troops in the peacekeeping operation.

Schmitt, Eric. "U.S. says wider peace in Bosnia would cut its troop commitment." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Mar. 3 '94) p. A10

KEY WORDS: Muslims--Bosnia and Hercegovina.Croatia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Serbia--Nationalism.

ABSTRACT: (March 2) Defense Secretary William J. Perry stated today that the accord between the Bosnian Croats and the Bosnian government could lead to a broader agreement that would necessitate fewer peacekeeping troops than projected. A previous peace plan to carve Bosnia into 10 ethnically based provinces would have required perhaps 50,000 troops to enforce, according to NATO estimates.

Schmitt, Eric. "U.S. set to limit role of military in peacekeeping." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Jan. 29 '94) p. 1+

KEY WORDS: United Nations--United States.United Nations--Armed Forces.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in foreign countries.

ABSTRACT: (Jan. 28) Senior Clinton Administration officials said today that the Administration has completed work on a policy that sets narrow conditions on United States military involvement in international peacekeeping. Under the policy, conditions that would be considered to require such action include a threat to international security, a major disaster that requires urgent relief, or a gross violation of human rights.

Schmitt, Eric. "Nomination opens cold war wounds." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Sept. 9 '93) p. A21

KEY WORDS: United States.--Dept. of Defense.Internal security.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Halperin, Morton H.Clinton, Bill, Staff.

ABSTRACT: A conservative advocacy group and a growing number of Republican senators are leading the charge against Morton H. Halperin, President Clinton's nominee for Assistant Secretary of Defense for Democracy and Peacekeeping. Halperin's opponents, who seem to have no quarrel with his views on contemporary issues, contend that his writings on cold war topics like arms control, covert operations, and the Vietnam War make him unfit to work at the Pentagon.

Schoenberg, Tom. "Mail-order lessons in peacekeeping." Chronicle of Higher Education Dec 1, 1995, v42n14, p. A8

ABSTRACT: Harvey Langholtz has designed a set of courses to educate peacekeepers before they begin their missions. Langholtz insists that psychological training is necessary for peacekeepers.

Schoettle, Enid C B. "U.N. Dues : The Price of Peace." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Jun 1992, v48n5, p. 14-16

ABSTRACT: Although world leaders say they want the UN to play a more active role in the world, they aren't matching their words with dollars. Several proposals to help fund the UN are presented.

Schorr, Daniel. "The cool war." New Leader Feb 14, 1994, v77n2, p. 4

ABSTRACT: The Cold War overtones that characterized Russian peacekeeping troops' deployment to Bosnia are discussed. In an address to the Russian Parliament, Pres Boris Yeltsin made it clear to the West that it would not be a very compliant partner in the future.

Schorr, Daniel "At odds in Somalia." The New Leader v. 76 (Oct. 4-18 '93) p. 3-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- .United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.

ABSTRACT: The UN and the U.S. are working at cross purposes in Somalia. The UN wants to keep the peace in Somalia over the long term and to capture Somali strongman Mohammed Farrah Aidid, while the U.S. has given higher priority to a political process that would smooth the way for the departure of American troops. These mixed signals have transformed Aidid from a wanted fugitive into an important participant at the peace table.

Schorr, Daniel. "At odds in Somalia." New Leader Oct 4, 1993, v76n12, p. 3-4

ABSTRACT: The US policy in Somalia conflicts with the UN's long-term effort to keep the peace. The effect of this split has been to strengthen the hand of Mohammed Aidid.

Schrodt, Philip A.; Orme-Johnson, David W.; Alexander, Charles N.; Davies, John L. "A methodological critique of a test of the effects of the Maharishi technology of the Unified Field." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1990, v34n4, p. 745- 768

ABSTRACT: It is argued that Orme-Johnson's study, "The Middle East Peace Project: The Effects of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field," is seriously flawed. Orme-Johnson and others respond.

Schroeder, Richard C. "<Obituary>." Americas v. 39 (Mar./Apr. '87) p. 51

ABSTRACT: Galo Plaza Lasso, who died on January 28 at the age of 80, dedicated much of his life to the cause of peace and inter-American harmony. Plaza served as president of Ecuador and as secretary-general of the Organization of American States, and he also worked with peacekeeping missions in Lebanon, the Congo, and Cyprus. His tenure as president was marked by stability and dedication to democracy and economic progress. As secretary-general of the OAS, he oversaw the creation of the Special Committee for Consultation and Negotiation and the establishment of the Inter-American Export Promotion Center at Bogota.

Schroeder, Steven "Toward a higher identity: an interview with Mairead Corrigan Maguire." The Christian Century v. 111 (Apr. 20 '94) p. 414-16

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Community of Peace People of Northern Ireland.Civil rights--Burma.Northern Ireland--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: In an interview, Mairead Corrigan Maguire, a joint recipient of the 1976 Nobel Peace Prize and the cofounder of the Community of the Peace People in Belfast, Northern Ireland, discusses the response from the U.S., the United Nations, and the world community to sanctions in Burma; the chance that peace talks will succeed between England and Northern Ireland; the role of Sinn Fein in the peace process; the development of a separate Northern Irish identity; and the right of the Northern Irish to self-determination.

Schuessler, Rudolf. "Threshold effects and the decline of cooperation." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1990, v34n3, p. 476-494

ABSTRACT: A model where uncooperative action cannot be detected as long as it does not exceed a certain level is presented. Social theories are applied to this model of uncooperative action.

Schuessler, Rudolf. "Exit threats and cooperation under anonymity." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1989, v33n4, p. 728-749

ABSTRACT: A strategy contest in an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with an exit option after each game is developed. It turns out that egoistical cooperation is more robust than realized by most game-theoretical analyses.

Scott, William B. "New ceramic armor protects crews on peacekeeping flights." Aviation Week & Space Technology Jul 17, 1995, v143n3, p. 42-43

ABSTRACT: Thanks to a quick-reaction experimental program, USAF C-141 transports flying in Bosnia have been equipped with a new ceramic armor. The new composite armor is designed to protect flight crews from small-arms fire.

Sciolino, Elaine. "Puzzle in Somalia: the U.S. goal." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 5 '93) p. A8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.United Nations--United States.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: The failed raid on a stronghold of Somali faction leader Mohammed Farah Aidid casts the United States more than ever in a combatant role in Somalia, raising doubts about U.S. goals in the country. Clinton administration officials said last week that the United States was moving away from the purely military goal of capturing Aidid and was seeking a political solution, statements that call into question the purpose of the military raid that left at least 12 U.S. soldiers dead.

Sciolino, Elaine. "Statesman's role for Arafat and it suits him just fine." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Sept. 14 '93) p. A15

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Palestine Liberation Organization.Middle East peace conferences, 1991- --Accord, 1993.

ABSTRACT: Upon arriving in Washington for the signing of an agreement with Israel on Sept. 13, Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasir Arafat undertook with relish the difficult transformation of his image as a guerrilla leader to that of a statesman. The last time Arafat visited the United States was in 1974 to give a speech to the United Nations.

Sciolino, Elaine. "U.N. chief warning U.S. against pullout of force in Somalia." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 1 '93) p. A1+

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.United Nations--United States.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- .

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Aidid, Mohammed Farah.

ABSTRACT: In a letter delivered to Secretary of State Warren Christopher, UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali warned that a withdrawal of American forces from Somalia would destroy the UN peacekeeping operation there. In the letter, which was a response to a paper given to the secretary general by Christopher indicating the U.S. desire for a political solution, the UN leader said that a Security Council resolution requires him to continue to try to bring Somali faction leader Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid to justice.

Sciolino, Elaine. "A truce is offered by Somali general to U.N.-U.S. forces: envoy arrives in region." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 10 '93) p. 1+ (Sec 1)

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.United States--Diplomatic and consular service--Somalia.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: Robert B. Oakley, the U.S. special envoy to Somalia, arrived in Ethiopia on October 9 to begin a peace overture from the Clinton Administration in the wake of Somali faction leader Mohammed Farah Aidid's call for a cease-fire. In a broadcast from his radio station in Mogadishu, Aidid had said that his Somali National Alliance would no longer attack U.S. or UN forces, provided that they stopped attacking Somali troops.

Sciolino, Elaine. "The U.N.'s glow is gone." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 9 '93) p. 1+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.United Nations--United States.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: At one time President Clinton endorsed the proposal for creating an international standing army whose troops would be ready to risk their lives for making peace, but due to frustration and setbacks in Somalia and Bosnia, the administration is wary of sending U.S. troops to make peace in troubled nations. Instead, the administration has returned to the post-World War II foreign policy that says when U.S. troops are put in danger, they will take orders only from U.S. commanders.

Sciolino, Elaine. "Nairobi: the event of 1985." Ms. v. 14 (Jan. '86) p. 80-4+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: World Conference on the United Nations Decade for Women.

ABSTRACT: A section on last year's United Nations End-of-the-Decade for Women Conference. The Nairobi conference, held from July 15 to 26, has expanded the women's movement to a global scale. Over 13,500 women attended the unofficial "Forum '85," and 2,020 official delegates attended the "World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements for the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development, and Peace." Three peace tents were set up at the forum to demonstrate that peace is a feminist issue, and speakers--often from embattled countries--engaged in peaceful, constructive dialogue. Disabled women, finding barriers prevented their full participation in the conference, formed the Disabled Women's Caucus. A UN compilation of surveys during the decade indicated that much work needs to be done before women's rights becomes a reality. Future conferences may be held at the UN, and New Delhi may be the site of another meeting in 1990.

Sciolino, Elaine. "NATO commander asks arms-free zone at Bosnia city." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (May 21 '94) p. 7

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.North Atlantic Treaty Organization.Tuzla (Bosnia and Hercegovina).Serbia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: (May 20) U.S. Adm. Leighton W. Smith Jr., the top NATO commander in charge of Bosnia, called for a weapons-free zone around the city of Tuzla in a confidential letter to the UN commander in Bosnia. The request, and the fact that it was leaked in advance of a reply, puts the UN in a difficult position at a time when NATO favors more military action against the Serbs and the UN is opposed to more action.

Sciolino, Elaine. "Republicans say Congress could balk on Bosnia force." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Feb. 24 '94) p. A10

KEY WORDS: United States.--Congress.--Senate.--Committee on Foreign Relations.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Christopher, Warren.

ABSTRACT: (Feb. 23) Much of the hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee centered on Bosnia, where a partial Serbian withdrawal was obtained by the threat of NATO air strikes. At the hearing, Secretary of State Warren Christopher warned that the Muslim-led Bosnian government would not sign a peace treaty without an American pledge to send troops to take part in peacekeeping in Bosnia. Christopher also confirmed that the United States would not impose tighter sanctions on Haiti and that he would make his first trip to China as secretary of state early next month.

Scriven, Charles. "The Reformation radicals ride again." Christianity Today v. 34 (Mar. 5 '90) p. 13-15

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Anabaptists.

ABSTRACT: Anabaptists have been maligned and dismissed for centuries, but their distinctive vision is beginning to gain respect from theologians. The dechristianization of contemporary society and the postmodern rejection of antiauthoritarianism have created a more hospitable climate for the Anabaptist heritage, which invites solidarity with Christ even to the point of breaking radically with the dominant culture. In addition, the threat of nuclear war has focused attention on the central Anabaptist themes of peacemaking and nonviolence. Theologians who are interpreting the Anabaptist tradition for today include John Howard Yoder, who argues that Jesus' life and teachings are our criteria for social and political responsibility; Stanley Hauerwas, who stresses unembarrassed identification with the Jesus story as the basis for Christian identity; and James William McClendon, Jr., who believes that identical ideals govern the past, present, and future church.

Seastrand, Andrea.; Duignan, Peter. "Q : Is it time to consider U.S. withdrawal from the United Nations?" Insight on the News Aug 28, 1995, v11n33, p. 18-21

ABSTRACT: Seastrand believes the US should withdraw from the UN because US security and world peace would benefit from a pullback. Duignan believes that the US should remain in the UN, reforming the institution but continuing to be involved in it.

Seidman, Laurence S. "Crisis stability." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1990, v34n1, p. 130-150

ABSTRACT: One criterion for evaluating a nation's military structure is its impact on crisis stability. A model that captures the process of interacting expectations that determines whether initial suspicions are sufficient to cause a country to strike rather than wait in a crisis is presented.

Sellen, Robert W. "Reviews of Books : Pursuing a Just and Durable Peace. American Historical Review Feb 1990, v95n1, p. 297

ABSTRACT: Robert W. Sellen reviews "Pursuing a Just and Durable Peace: John Foster Dulles and International Organization," by Anthony Clark Arend.

Sergeev, V M.; Akimov, V P.; Lukov, V B.; Parshin, P B. "Interdependence in a crisis situation : A cognitive approach to modeling the Caribbean crisis." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1990, v34n2, p. 179-207

ABSTRACT: A counterfactual modeling technique was used to assess two of Pres Kennedy's speeches during the Cuban Missile Crisis in order to highlight the processes that led to a new political thinking about arms control. Text analysis shows an increased role for environmental variables and crisis tangles with multiple negative effects on US goals.

Sergiovanni, Thomas J. "The Dark Side of Professionalism in Educational Administration." Phi Delta Kappan Mar 1991, v72n7, p. 521-526

ABSTRACT: Recent efforts to inflate the credentials needed to become an educational administrator may have negative consequences. An alternative to these proposals would be to build the administrators special knowledge around interpersonal themes, leadership abilities, conflict resolution and organizational behavior.

Serrill, Michael S. "Beatings in place of bullets." Time v. 131 (Feb. 1 '88) p. 30

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Palestinian Arabs.

ABSTRACT: In his continuing attempt to stop the wave of unrest that has engulfed Israel's occupied territories, Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin has ordered soldiers to beat rather than shoot at stone-tossing protesters. Israeli troops with wooden truncheons were dispatched to the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, and by week's end United Nations relief officials reported that hundreds of Palestinians had been beaten. The new tactic and strict curfews have calmed the territories, but according to Israeli security sources, an underground Palestinian steering committee has been formed to organize and encourage disturbances. Shimon Peres, Israel's foreign minister and the Labor Party leader, is pushing the Reagan administration to renew its peacemaking efforts in the region, but with less than a year left in office, Reagan is in a poor position to offer any new peace initiatives.

Serrill, Michael S. "Beatings in place of bullets." Time v. 131 (Feb. 1 '88) p. 30

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Palestinian Arabs.

Serrill, Michael S. "Peace on the march." Time v. 132 (Sept. 26 '88) p. 34-6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.

ABSTRACT: The United States has agreed to pay $540 million in withheld dues to the United Nations in recognition of recent UN reforms and diplomatic triumphs. The announcement came just in time for the financially starved world organization, which counts on the United States for 25 percent of its general operating revenues. In the past eight months, the UN has played an important role in easing several of the world's most intractable conflicts. Among the peace breakthroughs that it can take partial credit for are the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan and the acceptance of a cease-fire in the Iran-Iraq war. In addition to the U.S. financial turnaround, the Soviet Union has also begun to reduce its UN debt. The idea of the superpowers competing to support the UN would have been unthinkable a few years ago, when the United States began withholding UN payments to protest administrative incompetence and anti-Western rhetoric.

Serrill, Michael S. "Back to the bullets." Time v. 130 (Sept. 14 '87) p. 38-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988--Economic aspects.

ABSTRACT: Even as the tanker war in the Persian Gulf was heating up again, United Nations secretary-general Javier Perez de Cuellar was preparing for a trip to Iran and Iraq that could lead to a lasting cease-fire. As the new diplomatic moves began, the United States criticized Iraq for renewing the Gulf war, an untimely escalation that threatens peace discussions at the UN, abandons the moral high ground to the Iranians, and poses a greater danger than ever to U.S. naval forces. At the UN, there was increasing pressure on both Iran and Iraq to exercise restraint, and Perez de Cuellar's visit to the warring capitals was approved by the Security Council. The latest escalation in hostilities may convince the members of the council to press more vigorously for a solution to the war.

Serrill, Michael S.; Chavira, Ricardo.; Mader, B. William. "Peace on the March." Time Sep 26, 1988, v132n13, p. 34-36

ABSTRACT: After a decade of criticizing the United Nations as a bastion of Third World radicalism and bureaucratic waste, the US has decided to stop withholding its $215 million annual dues. Recent UN achievements in Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Angola and the western Sahara are discussed.

Sethi, J. D. "Steps toward reform." World Press Review v. 32 (Dec. '85) p. 39-40

ABSTRACT: PART OF A SPECIAL SECTION ON THE UNITED NATIONS. In an excerpt from the September 27 issue of the Indian Express, the writer argues that the United Nations has proved ever more ineffective at preserving the peace and protecting human rights and is sorely in need of reform. The major powers have taken war and peace issues away from the agency while holding fast to their Security Council veto rights, which have prompted the emergence of contentious minority factions. Many multilateral security groups now function outside the UN. Meanwhile, the ideal of disarmament has regressed to arms control. The UN has not been able to resolve issues involving human rights, global economics, or the welfare of the world's poor. The answer to these problems lies not in detailing the agency's failures but in passing the reforms necessary to make it as effective as it can and should be.

Seufert-Barr, Nancy. "Seeking action for equality, development, peace." UN Chronicle Jun 1995, v32n2, p. 39-43

ABSTRACT: The Sep 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women will focus on the progress made in ensuring equality for women and what still needs to be done. A chronology of UN action taken since 1945 is presented.

Sewall, Sarah B. "Peace operations : A Department of Defense perspective." SAIS Review Winter 1995, v15n1, p. 113-133

ABSTRACT: The Presidential Decision Directive signed by Pres Clinton in May 1994 has caused controversy. One side characterizes the policy as ineffective and misguided; other critics accuse the US of failing to help th UN meet security challenges.

Sewall, Sarah B. "Peace operations : A Department of Defense perspective." SAIS Review Winter 1995, v15n1, p. 113-133

Shalikashvili, John M. "The mandate for American involvement abroad : Building the armed forces for the future." Vital Speeches of the Day Jul 1, 1995, v61n18, p. 550-552

ABSTRACT: In a speech, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff John M. Shalikashvili notes that the US must maintain its international leadership and develop a mandate for American involvement in peacekeeping missions.

Shalnev, A. "United Nations." Current Digest of the Soviet Press May 8, 1991, v43n14, p. 21-22

ABSTRACT: The UN package of decisions regarding Iraq are discussed. The package was to put an end to the conflict in the Persian Gulf.

Sharpe, Tom.; Brown, Marty.; Crider, Kim. "The effects of a sportsmanship curriculum intervention on generalized positive social behavior of urban elementary school students." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis Winter 1995, v28n4, p. 401-416

ABSTRACT: A study evaluated the effects of an elementary physical education curriculum among disadvantaged, urban elementary school children. The development of leadership and conflict-resolution skills was observed.

Shawcross, William. "Cambodia : The UN's Biggest Gamble." Time Dec 28, 1992, v140n26, p. 30-32

ABSTRACT: Under the banner of the UN, Cambodia has been inundated by 20,000 men and women from all over the world, who are charged with giving Cambodia democracy and peace. The UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia experiment is discussed.

Shchedrunova, Yelena. "Balkans : Duration of the military operation in Bosnia depends on the 'behavior of the Serbs'." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Sep 27, 1995, v47n35, p. 9

ABSTRACT: The UN plans to keep up its military air strikes until the Serbs meet its demands. The Bosnian Serb leadership has declared its readiness to negotiate and will hold a deciding vote regarding a Serb negotiating team.

Shelby, Barry. "'Potential for genocide'." World Press Review Jul 1995, v42n7, p. 26

ABSTRACT: The continuing tension in Rwanda between the Hutus and Tutsis, which has some African observers calling for separate Hutu and Tutsi states, is discussed. Some criticize UN measures to end assistance there.

Shelby, Barry. "Somaliland : Elders keep the peace." World Press Review Mar 1994, v41n3, p. 31

ABSTRACT: Officials in Somaliland, a territory of northern Somalia that has functioned independently for three years, want the UN to give them more aid instead of spending so much on the military action in the south.

Shelby, Barry. "Mozambique : 'Foresight and caution'." World Press Review Apr 1994, v41n4, p. 28

ABSTRACT: The UN Operation in Mozambique (UNOMOZ) hopes to rebuild the UN's reputation by establishing peace in the war-torn African nation. The UN is reportedly using extraordinary foresight and caution in seeking peace.

Shenon, Philip. "U.N. preparing to end its operation in Cambodia." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 12 '93) p. A6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Cambodia.Cambodia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: The largest United Nations peacekeeping operation ever is preparing to shut down in Cambodia by the end of November, meeting the timetable established under the 1991 peace treaty that brought the UN there. Dozens of lives were lost and billions of dollars spent in the UN effort to end a generation of suffering in Cambodia. For the first time since Vietnam invaded 15 years ago, the government of Cambodia should be entirely in the hands of Cambodians in a short while.

Shenon, Philip. "U.N. preparing to end its operation in Cambodia." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 12 '93) p. A6

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Cambodia.Cambodia--Politics and government.

Sherer, Jill L. "Resolving conflict (the right way)." Hospitals & Health Networks Apr 20, 1994, v68n8, p. 52-55

ABSTRACT: Successful CEOs and managers need strong conflict resolution and negotiations skills if they want to thrive in difficult work environments. Conflict resolution and negotiation skills are discussed.

Sherwood, Jane. "Making peace." Canada & the World Backgrounder Apr 1995, v60n6, p. 8-9

ABSTRACT: Despite its faults, the UN remains the world's best hope for finding alternatives to war. The UN's "An Agenda for Peace," which emphasizes preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace building and peace enforcement, is discussed.

Sherwood, Jane. "Agenda for peace." Canada & the World Sep 1993, v59n1, p. 14-15

ABSTRACT: UN Secy-Gen Boutros Boutros-Ghali has launched his "Agenda for Peace," a plan to reform the UN with the aim of giving it the necessary tools to do its job. Preventive diplomacy and peacebuilding are discussed.

Sherwood, Jane. "Making peace." Canada & the World Backgrounder Apr 1995, v60n6, p. 8-9

Shevardnadze, E A. "UN (USSR, too) Sanctions force in Gulf." Current Digest of the Soviet Press Jan 2, 1991, v42n48, p. 7-8

ABSTRACT: The prospect for peace in the Persian Gulf crisis is discussed. The international community is giving priority to law based on UN Charter and collective efforts against Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The present crisis cannot be linked to Arab-Israeli conflict.

Shevardnadze, Eduard. "The rebirth of the U.N." Vital Speeches of the Day v. 57 (Oct. 15 '90) p. 8-12

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Soviet Union.United Nations.--General Assembly (45th session)Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--Soviet intervention.

ABSTRACT: In an address to the UN General Assembly in New York, Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze calls for the United Nations to create the measures that world peace requires. He says that the positive political changes in the world have allowed a partnership in promoting universal human values. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, he maintains, is an important opportunity for the general assembly to review ways and means of maintaining world security. According to the foreign minister, the Soviet delegation suggests that the Security Council take steps to reactivate the work of the Military Staff Committee, complete a convention on the elimination of chemical weapons, set up a group of experts for contingency planning, plan a global strategy for economic partnership, set up environmental projects, and institute international law for suppressing aggression and threats to world peace.

Shields, Todd. "So this is how you spell r-e-l-i-e-f." U.S. News & World Report 114(June 28 '93 ) p. 39

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- .

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Aidid, Mohammed Farah.

ABSTRACT: A bloody battle in Mogadishu, Somalia, is raising new doubts about United Nations peacekeeping efforts. With the recent U.S. air attack on Somali warlord Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid's weapons caches, in which at least 60 Somalis and 5 UN peacekeepers were killed and scores were wounded in heavy fighting, what began as the U.S.-led Operation Restore Hope to fight famine became house-to-house combat. Even before the recent fighting, UN soldiers remained barricaded, venturing out only infrequently in armored vehicles, and relief operations that had been feeding about 600,000 Somalis daily were at a virtual standstill because the workers who ran them were gone or huddled inside walled compounds.

Shifrin, Carole A. "U.K.'s new defense strategy stresses role in preserving international stability." Aviation Week & Space Technology v. 137 (July 13 '92) p. 72-3

KEY WORDS: Great Britain--Military policy.

ABSTRACT: The United Kingdom recently outlined its new defense strategy, which emphasizes the risks and uncertainties in Europe and the world and Britain's determination to play a wider role in seeking to preserve international stability. Defence Secretary Malcolm Rifkind cited the "unforeseeable future" of the former Soviet Union, the remaining Soviet stockpile of arms, risks of ethnic and territorial conflict, economic and political instability, and proliferation of ballistic missiles and other weapons of mass destruction as examples of the uncertainty and instability that currently exist. The defense policy notes that promotion of Britain's wider interests could be achieved by a variety of means, including military assistance and training, deployments and exercises, and support for peacekeeping and other operations. U.K. defense spending will total $46.7 billion in 1992-93, $47.3 billion in 1993-94, and $47.9 billion in 1994-95.

Shih, Chih-yu. "A Cognitive Approach to International Organization : Perspective and Application." Behavioral Neuroscience Jul 1989, v34n3, p. 176-198

ABSTRACT: The search for identity at the individual and international levels is examined, with respect to two kinds of national role conceptions to conflict resolution. The cognitive approach is applied to East Asia to illustrate its analytical utility.

Shim Jae Hoon. "Reluctant Choice." Far Eastern Economic Review Jun 6, 1991, v151n23, p. 15

ABSTRACT: North Korea's intention to seek separate membership in the UN is discussed. The choice indicates a change in Kim Il Sung's claim that South Korea is an illegitimate regime.

Shiner, Cindy. "A disarming start." Africa Report May 1994, v39n3, p. 62-64

ABSTRACT: If Liberia's efforts at peace are successful, the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) military component's enforcement of the UN embargo against rebel Charles Taylor may be used as a model to solve other conflicts. Efforts to establish peace in Liberia are discussed.

Shinn, Roger Lincoln. "Cooperation among world religions." America v. 156 (June 13 '87) p. 482-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: International Seminar on the Future of Mankind and Cooperation Among Religions.

ABSTRACT: A report on a recent International Seminar on "The Future of Mankind and Cooperation Among Religions," held in Tokyo and sponsored by the United Nations University, the Japan Foundation for UNU, and the World Conference on Religions and Peace Japanese Committee. Topics of discussion included war and the arms race, imperiled ecosystems, growing inequities between rich and poor, and alienation among youths. In spite of a regrettable tendency toward platitudes, genuine religious commitment and self-criticism were apparent at the seminar, as were an openness to people of different commitments and a sincere concern for the issues at hand.

Shinyo Takahiro. "The conditions of permanent membership in the U.N. Security Council." Japan Echo Summer 1994, v21n2, p. 57-66

ABSTRACT: Japanese are hesitant about permanent membership on the UN Security Council because of what this might mean in terms of a military contribution to the UN. Peacekeeping problems in the post-Cold War era are discussed.

Short, Paula M.; Rinehart, James S. "Teacher empowerment and school climate." Education Summer 1993, v113n4, p. 592-597

ABSTRACT: Teachers from six states and eight schools participating in an empowerment project responded to a measure of empowerment and a measure of school climate. Findings suggest that as teachers are empowered, they should also be sensitized to conflict resolution and group processes.

Shubik, Martin.; Verkerke, J Hoult. "Open questions in defense economics and economic warfare." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1989, v33n3, p. 480-499

ABSTRACT: A considerable number of new economic problems have cropped up that were not present in defense economics prior to WWII. A distinction is made concerning five distinct war scenarios and a discussion is given of the different economic requirements for each of the scenarios.

Shuger, Scott. "What America hasn't learned from its greatest peacekeeping disaster." The Washington Monthly v. 21 (Oct. '89) p. 40-4+

KEY WORDS: United States.--Marine Corps--Forces in Lebanon--Terrorist attack, 1983.

ABSTRACT: Six years after the terrorist attack that killed 241 U.S. Marines in Lebanon, the responsibility for the debacle still has not been placed where it belongs: with the policymakers who put the Marines in danger in the first place. U.S. forces originally entered Lebanon as part of a multinational force (MNF) that supervised the withdrawal of PLO forces from Beirut in 1982. When sectarian violence continued, the Lebanese government asked that the MNF return, and the Marines went back into Beirut in late September. They were given no specific military objective or timetable, however, and were placed on highly vulnerable ground in and around the Beirut airport. Former U.S. secretary of state George Shultz, whose diplomacy stripped the mantle of evenhandedness from U.S. policy, and former National Security Council assistant Robert McFarlane, who zealously expanded the Marines' military role, made additional contributions to the mission's disastrous end.

Shuman, Michael H. "Force for peace." Nation Jul 17, 1995, v261n3, p. 77

ABSTRACT: An editorial says that the UN's failure in Bosnia shows that UN operations must be fundamentally changed, not abandoned. To be effective, the UN must have the power to enforce a cease-fire while remaining neutral.

Shuman, Michael H. "Force for peace." Nation Jul 17, 1995, v261n3, p. 77

Shultz, George Pratt "The Charter's goals and today's realities." Department of State Bulletin v. 85 (Nov. '85) p. 8-14

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--General Assembly (40th session)

ABSTRACT: In a September 23 address before the UN General Assembly, Secretary Shultz reflects on three major challenges facing the world forty years after the establishment of the United Nations: mankind's yearning for democracy and freedom, global peace, and economic progress. Democracies thrive in El Salvador, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Guatemala, but the democratic revolution of 1979 has been betrayed in Nicaragua. South Africa's black majority still aspires to be free. Communist colonialism is on the defensive in Afghanistan, Cambodia, Angola, and Nicaragua. Peace talks progress in the Middle East and on the Korean Peninsula, but war continues between Iran and Iraq. U.S.-Soviet relations have improved. Economies thrive in the democratic nations of Asia and the South Pacific, but debt plagues other developing nations. State-sponsored terrorism is a major threat. If member nations work together, however, the goals of the charter can be realized.

Shultz, George Pratt "Secretary Shultz attends UN General Assembly." Department of State Bulletin v. 87 (Nov. '87) p. 52-60

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Iraq.United Nations--Iran.United Nations.--General Assembly (42nd session)Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: In news conferences at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations, the secretary of state expresses strong support for UN Security Council Resolution 598 as the basis for an end to the Iran-Iraq War and announces that if Iran does not accept the resolution, the United States will call for an arms embargo against that country. Remarks by the secretary of state and Soviet foreign minister Shevardnadze concerning their discussion of the situation in the Persian Gulf are included.

Shultz, George Pratt "The United Nations after 40 years: idealism and realism." Department of State Bulletin v. 85 (Aug. '85) p. 18-21

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--History.

ABSTRACT: In an address before the United Nations Association of San Francisco, the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, and the World Affairs Council of Northern California, the secretary of state reflects on the history of the United Nations, noting particularly its failure to live up to its goal of world peace. The UN has enjoyed successes in Korea, in the Congo, in Cyprus, and on the Golan Heights. Several of its specialized agencies are commendable. UNESCO has been a signal failure, however. The UN's shortcomings have three causes: the transformation of membership from mainly democratic nations to mainly nondemocratic ones, the negative influence of the Soviet Union, and the division of member nations into blocs. The United States should take the United Nations seriously, rallying democratic, peace-loving nations to support U.S. interests, values, and ideals. In so doing, it will preserve and protect the organization's original noble goals.

Shultz, George Pratt "Security Council holds commemorative session." Department of State Bulletin v. 85 (Nov. '85) p. 14-15

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--Security Council (Meetings: 1985)

ABSTRACT: In a September 26 statement commemorating the fortieth anniversary of the United Nations, Secretary Shultz notes the value of the world organization. The UN founders established impossible goals, but their pursuit is worthwhile nonetheless. The UN has kept the peace in Korea, the Congo, Cyprus, and on the Golan Heights. Its failures have come when it was forced to serve selfish national or bloc interests. The Security Council, made up of the world's major powers, has used its authority in Resolution 242 to keep peace in the Middle East. To continue its positive role it must avoid ideological and political confrontation. Although the United Nations has a commendable past, it must look to the future, seeking to maintain peace and improve the human condition throughout the world.

Shultz, George Pratt "The administration's approach to Middle East peacemaking." The administration's approach to Middle East peacemaking.

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.United States--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: In an address before the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the secretary of state discusses the Middle East situation. He comments on the Palestinian uprising in the West Bank and Gaza; Jordan's involvement in the peace process; Israel's upcoming elections; the options before the Palestinians; the situation in Lebanon, Afghanistan, and Iran and Iraq; and the proliferation of ballistic missiles and chemical weapons in the region. He stresses that a negotiated settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict is possible, describes the U.S. approach to bringing about negotiations, and outlines effective policies toward that end.

Shusta, Robert M.. Multicultural law enforcement : strategies for peacekeeping in a diverse society. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, c1995.

SUBJECTS:Public relations--Police--United States. Discrimination in law enforcement--United States.

Multiculturalism--United States.Intercultural communication--United States.

CONTENTS:Multicultural communities: challenges for law enforcement -- The changing law enforcement agency: a microcosm of society -- Multicultural representation in law enforcement: recruitment, retention, and promotions -- Preparation and implementation of cultural awareness training -- Cross-cultural communication for law enforcement -- Law enforcement contact with Asian/Pacific Americans -- Law enforcement contact with African Americans -- Law enforcement contact with Latino/Hispanic Americans -- Law enforcement contact with Arab Americans and other Middle Eastern groups --Law enforcement contact with American Indians -- Hate/bias crimes: insights and response strategies -- Hate/bias crimes: reporting and tracking -- Hate/bias crimes: investigations, control, and victimology -- Peace officer image and cultural sensitivity -- Police officer professionalism and peacekeeping strategies in a diverse society.

Sidorov, Sergei.n "Double standard destroys peacekeeping." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Jun 21, 1995, v47n21, p. 7

ABSTRACT: The May 25-26, 1995 air strikes by NATO against Serbian targets near Pale Bosnia-Hercegovina have brought the sides in the conflict to the brink of total war. The UN peacekeeping forces are now being drawn into the war in earnest.

Silk, Leonard Solomon "Don't strangle the U.N." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Sept. 9 '93) p. A25

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Finance.United Nations--United States.

ABSTRACT: As 183 member nations prepare to convene for the 48th regular session of the UN General Assembly on Sept. 21, they seem unwilling to do the hard work needed to keep the UN healthy. UN peacekeeping forces are involved in no fewer than a dozen wars around the world, and the cost of peacekeeping has risen to $3.6 billion in the past fiscal year from $364 million in 1987. The UN is strapped for funds,however, because few countries pay their bills in full or on time. The worst offender is the U.S., which owes $786 million.

Simmons, Adele Smith "War, peace and liberal education." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 40 (Dec. '84) p. 3s-4s

ABSTRACT: PART OF A TEACHING GUIDE ON THE NUCLEAR CRISIS. Because the questions of peace, international security, and conflict resolution are crucial ones for the next generation, university curricula must include coursework relating to the nuclear issue. Students need to receive the background information and develop the intellectual skills that will help them make the decisions that will shape their future. Faculty members and administrators should encourage dialogue within and among their institutions

and develop programs that address the complex problems of the nuclear age.

Simon, Julian L. "Lebensraum : Paradoxically, population growth may eventually end wars." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1989, v33n1, p. 164-180

ABSTRACT: The hypothesis that population growth threatens shortages of land and therefore reduces one of the motives for making war is examined. Impending shortages often cause a search for, and the discovery of, ways to mitigate the shortages.

Simpson, Chris. "A Land in Limbo." Africa Report Nov 1992, v37n6, p. 68-70

ABSTRACT: Nearly a year after the UN Mission for the Organization of a Referendum in the Western Sahara, precious little progress has been made toward self-determination for its people. The long delays the referendum has faced are discussed.

Simpson, Michael. "Fifty years at the epicenter." Social Education Nov 1994, v58n7, p. 399

ABSTRACT: The 50th anniversary of the UN will also mark a rare and extended period in world history when there has been no war between the world's major powers. The changes that have occured since the UN was founded in 1945 are discussed.

Simpson, Peggy. "A decade of women: what have we gained?." Working Woman v. 10 (June '85) p. 50

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: World Conference on the United Nations Decade for Women.

ABSTRACT: This year marks the close of the United Nations Decade for Women. At a July meeting in Nairobi, Kenya, an international group of women will gather to discuss their status after ten years of activism. Gains have clearly been made. Women are now more politically involved, and many countries have eliminated legal biases against women. But these gains appear to be in jeopardy in the Arab world especially because of a growing reacceptance of fundamentalist, sexist practices. In America, the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment to gain legislative approval is a troubling signal that women's rights are not a top priority for politicians. The Nairobi meeting will focus on issues of development, equality, and peace. Maureen Reagan will lead the U.S. delegation.

Sinclair-Loutit, Kenneth. "Balkan lessons." Contemporary Review Sep 1994, v265n1544, p. 122-127

ABSTRACT: Kenneth Sinclair-Loutit reveals his impressions of the people of the Balkans. Involved in UN peace-keeping, Sinclair-Loutit notes that while ethnic cleansing exists in Bosnia, the majority of the Balkan people are governed by their legacy of good-natured spirit.

Sisco, Rebecca. "De-escalating workplace wars." Training (Minneapolis, Minn.) v. 29 (Feb. '92) p. 75-6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict management.

ABSTRACT: If left unchecked, interdepartmental conflict can lead to missed deadlines, aborted projects, and disgruntled customers. At the Center for Psychological Studies in a Nuclear Age, a nonprofit research firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Margaret Herzig and her colleagues have been studying international conflict and conflict among ideological groups, applying the principles of family systems therapy. Their research on international relations has practical implications for conflict resolution in the workplace. The development of conflicts between groups in the workplace is described, and Herzig's guidelines for breaking the conflict cycle, which is an "us versus them" attitude among groups, is provided.

Sislin, John. "The determinants of successful influence." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1994, v38n4, p. 665-689

ABSTRACT: A justification for US arms transfers is that the US can manipulate its arms exports to make the recipients of US aid comply with US wishes. A study examines the conditions under which attempts at arms influence succeed.

Siverson, Randolph M.; Emmons, Juliann. "Birds of a Feather : Democratic Political Systems and Alliance Choices in the Twentieth Century." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1991, v35n2, p. 285-306

ABSTRACT: An examination of the alliance choices of democratic states between 1920 and 1939 and between 1946 and 1965 is undertaken. It is determined if democracies have a tendency to ally with each other more than they ought to according to probability.

Skjelsbaek, Kjell. "The UN Secretary-General and the Mediation of International Disputes." Journal of Peace Research Feb 1991, v28n1, p. 99-115

ABSTRACT: The role of the UN Secretary-General in third party mediation of international disputes is examined in terms of the office's defined powers and responsibilities and in terms of the different styles of successive incumbents.

Slade, Mike.; Rosen, Alan.; Shankar, Radha. "Multidisciplinary mental health teams." International Journal of Social Psychiatry Autumn 1995, v41n3, p. 180-189

ABSTRACT: Current practice amongst 91 Indian and Australian staff working within multidisicplinary mental health teams was surveyed, with a focus on leadership skills, conflict resolution and therapeutic abilities. Clinical psychologists and psychiatrists undertook most research.

Smirnov, Alexander D.; Ershov, Emil B. "Perestroika : A Catastrophic Change of Economic Reform Policy."

Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1992, v36n3, p. 415-453

ABSTRACT: The general systems approach is used to study the dramatic change in public opinion from the approval of a centralized planning system to overwhelming support for a free-market system between 1985-91 during 1985-91 in the process of Soviet perestroika. A nonlinear model is developed as well, and the different outcomes of the growing conflict between the central and republican governments are discussed.

Smirnov, Andrei. "The situation on the Tajik-Aghan border : Peacekeeping increasingly resembles war." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press May 10, 1995, v47n15, p. 4

ABSTRACT: The current exacerbation of the situation on the Tajikistan-Afghanistan border is threatening to destroy the fourth round of intra-Tajikistan talks, which is planned for mid-Apr 1995.

Smith, Charles. "Vacuum Gleaner." Far Eastern Economic Review Dec 6, 1990, v150n49, p. 31

ABSTRACT: One result of the failed attempt of Japan Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu to enact a bill authorizing the dispatch of Japan's Self Defence Forces to aid in UN peace-keeping activities may have been to highlight Japan's extreme lack of political leadership. Kiichi Miyazawa is one of the most likely possible successors if Kaifu is forced to step down.

Smith, Charles D. "Book Reviews : A Life in Peace and War." Journal of American History Sep 1988, v75n2, p. 670-671

ABSTRACT: Charles D. Smith reviews "A Life in Peace and War," written by Brian Urquhart.

Smith, Charles. "Japan : Allies and enemies." Far Eastern Economic Review Feb 3, 1994, v157n5, p. 12-13

ABSTRACT: Electoral reforms are being stymied both by the Japanese prime minister's coalition partners and the opposition, paralyzing the country's government and politics. Japan has refused to join the UN peacekeeping force in the Balkans.

Smith, Dan. "Just war, Clausewitz and Sarajevo." Journal of Peace Research May 1994, v31n2, p. 136-142

ABSTRACT: If multilateral military intervention is to be a prominent international response to conflict, then nations need a better way to debate it than the current pattern of selective indignation and evasive pragmatism. Peacekeeping/intervention and Carl von Clausewitz's military policy philosophy as they apply to Sarajevo, the ex-Yugoslavian region, are discussed.

Smith, Dan. "Just war, Clausewitz and Sarajevo." Journal of Peace Research May 1994, v31n2, p. 136-142

Smith, Daniel M. "The United Nations Security Insurance Agency (UNSIA) proposal : A preliminary assessment." Futures Mar 1995, v27n2, p. 209-213

ABSTRACT: Success in peace operations requires solid financial support and confidence that the international community will respond to threats. These objectives could be achieved by creating a UN Security Insurance Agency that links costs of peace operations to the probability that nations might be threatened.

Smith, Kathy Mariani. "Blessed are the family peacemakers." U.S. Catholic v. 50 (June '85) p. 36-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Family--Religious life.

ABSTRACT: Parents are the primary teachers of peace to their children. They must set an example by praying for enemies, apologizing first, really listening to others, and supporting family members. Parents who are too busy with outside activities cannot teach peace at home. Creative conflict resolution and regular family meetings will also help, and many parents would profit from classes in parenting. While home is the hardest place to live peaceably, it is ultimately the most important one.

Smith, Melinda. "New Mexico youths use mediation to settle their problems peacefully." Corrections Today Jun 1990, v52n3, p. 112-114

ABSTRACT: The creation of a youth mediation program by the New Mexico Center for Dispute Resolution to teach New Mexico young offenders how to settle disputes peacefully is discussed. The program hopes to break the cycle of violence and abuse by teaching anger management and conflict resolution skills.

Smith, William E. "Hopeful U.S., skeptical Israel." Time v. 125 (June 17 '85) p. 40

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Middle East--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: A peace initiative for the Middle East, offered by Jordan's King Hussein, is raising doubts in Israel and hopes in the United States. Jordan had long opposed direct negotiations with Israel. Israelis state that they will accept only direct, unrestricted negotiations with Jordan and question whether Hussein will be open to those terms. U.S. secretary of state George Shultz informed Israeli prime minister Shimon Peres that he was pleased with Hussein's move and that the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) supported direct negotiations. The United States will not negotiate with the PLO unless it is publicly willing to acknowledge United Nations laws and to recognize Israel. Even as the initiative was being discussed, Finnish soldiers were kidnapped by the Israeli-supported South Lebanon Army. The establishment of a Palestinian state may be one obstacle in the negotiations. Another will be a Washington motion to halt arms sales to Jordan.

Smith, William E. "The beleaguered messenger." Time v. 136 (Aug. 27 '90) p. 28-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--Jordanian intervention.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on the Persian Gulf crisis. Squeezed by the conflicting demands of two old allies, the United States and Iraq, Jordan's King Hussein finds himself in a terrible predicament. The king's ability to survive this crisis is crucial to the long-term disposition of the Middle East. Gifted with considerable diplomatic skill, the monarch has emerged in the crisis as the only Arab leader who can meet on intimate terms with both Saddam Hussein and President Bush. Bush told the king that the United States expects Jordan to close the port of Aqaba to all Iraqi cargo, but while Hussein has pledged to uphold the United Nations' sanctions against Iraq, he has dallied on implementing the embargo and kept peace with pro-Iraq sentiment in his country. If he tilts toward the U.S. side, however, his popularity could quickly dwindle.

Smith, William E. "Now, the war of the cities." Time v. 125 (Mar. 25 '85) p. 48-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988.

ABSTRACT: The ongoing war between Iraq and Iran has spilled into its major cities in the past two weeks. Air strikes and ground explosions rocked Baghdad, and Tehran was blasted with air assaults and a human bomb. Even before the recent outburst, both countries had violated a United Nations agreement to avoid civilian targets. The Iraqi city of Basra, devastated in 1980, was attacked again. Iraqis realize that they do not have the military might to force peace negotiations, and Iran's Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini refuses to stop fighting until Iraqi president Saddam Hussein is deposed. To supplement conventional fighting, Iraqis have begun striking Iranian oil tankers in the Persian Gulf. Their tactic reportedly is to eliminate supplies of everything but food, medicine, and arms. An Iranian victory is no longer as assured as it had been, but that doesn't help civilians caught in the crossfire.

Smith, William E. "Shifting into first gear." Time v. 125 (June 10 '85) p. 47

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Palestine Liberation Organization.Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.

ABSTRACT: King Hussein of Jordan's recent visit to the United States produced no breakthroughs in the search for peace in the Middle East, but Hussein did succeed in sparking new interest in the Reagan administration in Arab-Israeli negotiations. The White House was pleased to hear that Hussein and moderate Palestinians want to pursue the peacemaking process with Israel and that Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Yasir Arafat may be ready to go along with those efforts. According to Hussein, Arafat now endorses UN resolutions that recognize Israel's right to exist. Hussein also reported to President Reagan that he will no longer insist on an international conference as the arena for Arab-Israeli talks. Instead, Hussein would accept an international "umbrella" meeting where permanent members of the UN Security Council would merely provide guidance for Arab-Israeli negotiators.

Smock, David R.. Making war and waging peace : foreign intervention in Africa. Washington, D.C. : United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993.

SUBJECTS:Africa--Politics and government--1960- Africa--Foreign relations--1960-

CONTENTS:French, British, and Belgian military involvement / A. Rouvez -- Ethiopia and Eritrea: The Defeat of the Derg and the establishment of new governments / P. Henze -- External involvement in the Sudanese civil war / A.M. Lesch -- Negotiations in Sudan / A.M. Lesch -- The process and stages of mediation: Two Sudanese cases / C. Mitchell -- The Angolan civil war and Namibia: The role of external intervention / D.S. Papp -- Negotiations and the end of the Angolan civil war / A. Williams -- Conflict resolution in Mozambique / W.W. Schneidman -- Role of the OAU: Past, present, and future / S.G. Amoo -- Strengthening African peacemaking and peacekeeping / C.A. Crocker.

Smolowe, Jill. "The U.N. Marches In." Time Mar 23, 1992, v139n12, p. 32-33

ABSTRACT: Peace keeping efforts by UN troops in Cambodia and Yugoslavia are discussed. The demanding mission of the peace keeping troops involves disarming and disbanding combatants and preparing the way for the return of hundreds of thousands of refugees.

Smolowe, Jill. "War on an elusive enemy." Time v. 128 (Oct. 6 '86) p. 38

KEY WORDS: Terrorism--France.Terrorists, Arab.

ABSTRACT: There is indignation in France at the recent wave of terrorist bombings in Paris, the declared aim of which is to force the release of Georges Ibrahim Abdallah, the imprisoned leader of the Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Factions (FARL). For the most part, the crisis has increased popular support for the government. The far-rightist National Front party, however, accused it of taking a "nonchalant" attitude toward terrorism, and one Paris weekly claimed that a French agent had negotiated with FARL. Both the European Community and the Paris government are exploring ways to deal with terrorists. Meanwhile, security forces in Paris have been increased and pressure is mounting to force France to abandon its peacekeeping role in Lebanon.

Smolowe, Jill. "The human cost of war." Time v. 138 (Nov. 25 '91) p. 52-4

KEY WORDS: Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: Yugoslavia's civil war, which erupted after the Croatian republic declared its independence on June 25, has left more than 7,000 people dead and caused an estimated 500,000 people to flee war-torn Croatia. Croatian paramilitary forces have been overwhelmed by the Yugoslavian federal army, which is working with Serbian militias under the pretext of defending Croatia's Serbian population. Serbian, Croatian, and federal army authorities have agreed to abide by a cease-fire under the auspices of UN peacekeeping forces, but they may not be able to control the region's many local paramilitary groups.

Smolowe, Jill. "Voting with their feet." Time v. 131 (Jan. 18 '88) p. 33

KEY WORDS: Elections--Haiti.

ABSTRACT: The upcoming elections in Haiti could produce a bloodbath like the one that halted last November's presidential election. Many Haitians believe that Brig. Gen. Henri Namphy, head of the ruling junta, will postpone or cancel the voting if he feels that he cannot impose his choice of a president on the rest of the army. The four leading opposition contenders, supported by some 50 civic, religious, and community associations in Haiti, are boycotting the election. Neither the United States nor other Caribbean nations have taken up proposals for a multinational peacekeeping force to ensure fair and peaceful elections.

Smooha, Sammy.; Hanf, Theodor. "The diverse modes of conflict-resolution in deeply divided societies." International Journal of Comparative Sociology Jan 1992, v33n1-2, p. 26-47

ABSTRACT: Several ethnic conflicts are examined to find ways of resolving them peacefully. Despite the violent roots of these conflicts, they are not intractable problems.

Smucker, Philip. "Voodoo politics." Maclean's Apr 3, 1995, v108n14, p. 31

ABSTRACT: There has been a reprieve from the almost constant gun fire in Port-au-Prince, the Haitian capital. A 6,000-member UN peacekeeping force takes over frokm the US-led multinational force that established order in Sep 1994 this week.

Sommerfeld, Meg. "Institute Director Discusses Teaching Peace, World Affairs." Education Week Sep 30, 1992, v12n4, p. 6-7

ABSTRACT: In an interview, US Institute of Peace Pres Samuel W. Lewis discusses teaching peace issues and world affairs, and he presents changes in the study of conflict resolution in the post-Cold war era.

Snider, Don M., Stuart J.D. Schwartzstein. The United Nations at fifty : sovereignty, peacekeeping, and human rights. Washington, D.C. : Center for Strategic & International Studies, c1995.

SUBJECTS:United Nations--Anniversaries, etc.

CONTENTS:The United Nation<s> at fifty: the rapporteur's report / John M. Flanagin -- Haiti and the growth of a democracy enTITLEment / Robert F. Turner -- Sovereignty and the Security Council / James C. O'Brien -- The Recent evolution and future of UN peacekeeping / Hedi Annabi -- NATO participation in peacekeeping operations / Richard J. Evraire -- The Changing role of the United Nations in protecting and promoting human rights / John Shattuck -- Human rights: an Asian perspective / Sarasin Viraphol.

Snow, David A. "Book Reviews : Social Interaction as Drama." Social Forces Dec 1986, v65n2, p. 574-575

ABSTRACT: David A. Snow reviews "Social Interaction as Drama: Applications from Conflict Resolution," by A. Paul Hare.

Solarz, Stephen J. "Cambodia Depends on Funds for the U.N. Peacekeepers." Insight May 11, 1992, v8n19, p. 20-21

ABSTRACT: The case for supporting peace-keeping in Cambodia, the biggest and most expensive UN peacekeeping effort proposed, is particularly compelling. With this effort, the US hopes to keep the Khmer Rouge from returning to power.

Solomon, Charlene Marmer. "Conflict resolution." Black Enterprise Sep 1994, v25n2, p. 48

ABSTRACT: When managers are faced with resolving a conflict between employees, they need to be good listeners and demonstrate that they hear what is being stated. Good listening skills from a manager can defuse a great deal of emotion.

Soloman, Richard. "Prospects for Peace in Cambodia." US Department of State Dispatch Oct 21, 1991, v2n42, p. 776-778

ABSTRACT: A comprehensive political settlement agreement for Cambodia is about to be signed, which will achieve a new and constructive international consensus on the country. The key elements of the settlement process, which will be among the most difficult the UN has ever taken on, are discussed.

Solomon, Richard H. "Cambodia and Vietnam : Time for Peace and Normalization." US Department of State Dispatch Apr 22, 1991, v2n16, p. 281-286

ABSTRACT: A comprehensive political settlement agreement is now within reach in Cambodia and Vietnam, if the two countries will cooperate. UN efforts to achieve a political settlement to the Cambodian conflict are discussed.

Solomon, Richard H. "Prospects for peace in Cambodia." US Department of State Dispatch v. 2 (Oct. 21 '91) p. 776-8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Cambodia.Cambodia--Politics and government.United States--Foreign relations--Cambodia.

ABSTRACT: In a statement before the Asian and Pacific affairs subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, the assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific affairs discusses the prospects for national reconciliation and reconstruction in Cambodia: On October 23, 1991, after two years of persistent effort, a comprehensive political settlement for Cambodia is to be signed in Paris. The document is designed to prevent the Khmer Rouge's return to power, verify the withdrawal of foreign forces from Cambodia, and give the Cambodian people the opportunity for self determination through free and fair elections. To that end, it provides for a strong UN role, verification of the withdrawal of Vietnamese troops and advisers, return of Cambodian refugees and displaced persons under peaceful and secure conditions, cantonment of all factional military forces, and strong human rights protections.

Solomon, Richard H. 'Cambodia and Vietnam: time for peace and normalization." US Department of State Dispatch v. 2 (Apr. 22 '91) p. 281-6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Cambodia.Cambodia--Politics and government.Cambodia--Foreign relations--Vietnam.

ABSTRACT: In a statement before the subcommittee on Asian and Pacific affairs of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, the assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific affairs reviews the U.S. government's continuing efforts to achieve a political settlement to the Cambodia conflict. He states that two years of diplomatic activity by the Paris conference on Cambodia and the permanent members of the UN Security Council have brought a comprehensive settlement agreement within reach, provided that the Cambodian parties and others, including Vietnam, are willing to cooperate.

Sopher, Barry. "Concession behavior in a bargaining game : A laboratory test of the risk dominance principle." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1994, v38n1, p. 117-137

ABSTRACT: A report on an experiment involving a two-stage, two-person, simultaneous-demand bargaining game is offered. The results supported the risk dominance prediction.

Sorokin, Gerald L. "Alliance formation and general deterrence : A game-theoretic model and the case of Israel." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1994, v38n2, p. 298-325

ABSTRACT: The relationship between alliance formation and general deterrence in regional rivalries was studied in the conflict between Israel and Egypt and Syria, taking into account the role of the US as Israel's ally. An alliance is formed only when the potential ally would not intervene without one and would always intervene with one in a game-theoretic model.

Southern Center for International Studies. The United Nations videorecording : issues of peace and conflict. Atlanta, Ga. : The Center, c1989.

SUBJECTS: (Search using s=)United Nations. World politics--1945-

CONTENTS:Pt. 1. U.S./U.N. relations: changing over time--Pt.2. U.S./U.N. relations: structural and political problems--Pt.3. U.N. peacekeeping role: expectations and accomplishments--Pt.4. U.S.S.R./U.N.: cooperation & competition--Pt.5. The U.N. and global problems: questions of national sovereignty, the North/South dialogue.

CREDITS:Producers, Lawrence E. Spivack, Julia Johnson ; director, M. Arthur.

Spencer, Miranda. "Conflict over peace education." Scholastic Update (Teachers' edition) v. 121 (Mar. 24 '89) p. 10-11

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Peace studies.

ABSTRACT: Part of an issue on world peace. A growing number of teachers are leading role-playing exercises designed to help students understand international conflicts and think of possible ways to solve them. Such programs, generally referred to as "peace studies," focus on understanding all sides of an issue and often move from examining personal problems to contemplating those in the larger society. Critics of the programs, including former education secretary William Bennett, contend that peace studies allow liberal activists to promote naive, simplistic ideas. Three conflict-resolution exercises are presented.

Spencer, Miranda. "Conflict Over Peace Education." Scholastic Update (Teacher's Edition) Mar 24, 1989, v121n14, p. 10-11

ABSTRACT: Many teachers are creating courses on peace in an effort to teach young people how nations can diffuse problems, rather than make them worse. Critics, however, believe that such courses are naive. Peace education is discussed and three conflict-resolution exercises are described.

Speth, James Gustave. "United Nations at risk : From peacekeeper to armed caretaker?" Earth Island Journal Spring 1995, v10n2, p. 35

ABSTRACT: Trends in UN development assistance and in the UN's response to situations that involve both humanitarian emergencies and armed conflicts are discussed. The UN would find it cheaper to address the root causes of these problems with long-term social development, rather than treating the tragic symptoms.

Spethmann, Betsy. "Target marketing: Girbaud heads back to school." Brandweek v. 34 (Aug. 16 '93) p. 9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Marithe & Francois Girbaud (Firm)--Marketing.Target marketing.Clothing industry--Marketing.

ABSTRACT: Marithe & Francois Girbaud will extend its "Peace Movement" educational program into 10 markets this fall as part of its grassroots marketing strategy. The company combines community service with targeted direct mail and sampling to create word-of-mouth support for the brand and its image. The program, which was introduced last year in the company's home state of North Carolina, provides classroom materials on conflict resolution for grades 6-8 and includes a fine arts contest with cash prizes.

Stanglin, Douglas. "Peacekeeping, Russian-style." U.S. News & World Report 114(June 21 '93) p. 46-7

KEY WORDS: Georgia (Republic)--Nationalism.South Ossetian (Georgia)--Nationalism.Russia (Republic)--Armed Forces--Forces in Georgia (Republic).

ABSTRACT: A Russian peacekeeping force in South Ossetia, formed last summer after more than a year of ethnic warfare between Georgians and Ossetians left 700 dead and 100,000 homeless, has brought an uneasy stability to the troubled land. The Russians are finding it hard to relinquish the peacekeeper's burden, however, and few expect the peace to last should the Russian troops ever leave.

Stanley, Alessandra. "Urged by Russia, Bosnia Serbs yield on airlift." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Mar. 2 '94) p. A10

KEY WORDS: Serbia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Relief work.Russia (Republic)--Foreign relations--Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia--Foreign relations--Russia (Republic).Tuzla (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Airports.

ABSTRACT: (Mar. 1) Radovan Karadzic, the leader of the Bosnian Serbs, agreed today to allow the reopening of an airfield near the city of Tuzla for flights carrying food and medicine. Karadzic agreed to the action under strong pressure from Russia, which promised to send its own observers there as part of the United Nations peacekeeping force.

Stanley, Timothy. "A better way to keep the peace." American Legion Magazine Mar 1993, v134n3, p. 32-33+

ABSTRACT: The UN should form its own permanent peacekeeping force instead of relying on the US military. A UN force would have no national identity and would still be a symbol of international law and order.

Stanton, Martin N. "Lessons learned from counter-bandit operations." Marine Corps Gazette Feb 1994, v78n2, p. 30-32

ABSTRACT: Humanitarian assistance programs often have a strong security dimension, such as the case in Somalia. This places a premium on small-unit tactics and special demands on small-unit leaders.

Starr, Harvey. "Democratic Dominoes : Diffusion Approaches to the Spread of Democracy in the International System." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1991, v35n2, p. 356-381

ABSTRACT: An attempt to indicate how diffusion approaches, based on the concepts of linkage and interdependence, can be of help in our thinking about the spread of democracy is presented.

Stassen, Glen. "Schooling for democracy." The Christian Century v. 106 (Dec. 20-27 '89) p. 1199-1201

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Protestant churches--Germany (East).

ABSTRACT: The church in East Germany has gained credibility and trust for its role in promoting democratic reforms. Church members and political activists agree that the churches provided a crucial forum for discussion during the reform effort and also influenced demonstrators to be nonviolent and disciplined. By articulating the people's demands, the churches increased the pressure on the government. Two years of ecumenical discussion led to the document Justice, Peace, and the Preservation of Creation, which demanded a specific list of freedoms and expressed the East German people's views on peacemaking, environmental issues, and human rights.

Steadman, Kenneth. "Is peacekeeping a job for GIs?" VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine Oct 1994, v82n2, p. 15

ABSTRACT: Unity of command and clearer guidelines for humanitarian and military intervention are necessary if the frustrations of Somalia, Bosnia and Rwanda are to be avoided. The use of US military forces for peacekeeping efforts is discussed.

Steele, Scott. "Eye of the storm." Maclean's Jun 6, 1994, v107n23, p. 58-59

ABSTRACT: Canadian Romeo Dallaire heads the UN peacekeeping forces in Rwanda, the world's most dangerous UN mission. Dallaire, who is known for staying cool under fire, is profiled.

Steele, Dennis. "Cooperative Nugget 95 : Partnership for peace."

ABSTRACT: The aim of Cooperative Nugget is to foster interoperability within the participating forces from various nations through the development of common tactics and communications processes. Cooperative Nugget was established by NATO.

Steele, Scott. "Defiant acts." Maclean's Jun 19, 1995, v108n25, p. 38-39

ABSTRACT: Several days of intense UN pressure and international negotiations led to the release of 108 UN peacekeepers and three UN military observers by Bosnian Serb militiamen. Developments in the Balkans continued to frustrate and embarrass Western leaders last week.

Stedman, Stephen John. "Alchemy for a new world order : Overselling 'preventive diplomacy'." Foreign Affairs May 1995, v74n3, p. 14-20

ABSTRACT: Many foreign policy elites have advocated early military intervention to bring peace in areas savaged by civil war. The popularity of the concept of preventive diplomacy is examined.

Steinberg, Adria. "How schools can help stem violence in today's youth." The Education Digest v. 57 (Nov. '91) p. 40-3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict resolution--Study and teaching.School violence.

ABSTRACT: An article condensed from the July/August 1991 issue of the Harvard Education Letter. Educators can now turn to an expanding prevention curriculum to help stem student violence. The Health Promotion Program at the Educational Development Center in Newton, Massachusetts, for example, will soon distribute a 10-session course, developed by Deborah Prothrow-Stith of Harvard University's School of Public Health, that helps adolescents understand and control their anger by learning and practicing conflict resolution. Similar efforts include the Child Development Project in San Ramon, California, which is now entering its second decade and will expand to new districts, and Educators for Social Responsibility in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which has developed a training program for K-6 educators that encourages them to create a school environment where students will resolve conflicts peacefully.

Steinem, Gloria.; Myers-Parrelli, Anna. "Steps toward transformation : A conversation with Gloria Steinem." Women & Therapy 1995, v17n3-4, p. 477-488

ABSTRACT: Myers-Parrelli relates a conversation with Gloria Steinem in which Steinem discusses her accomplishments as a feminist foremother. Steinem is currently focusing on the shared origins and parallels of caste systems based on sex and race and on non-violent conflict resolution.

Stephen, Chris. "Bosnia hopes to hold out." New Statesman & Society May 13, 1994, v7n302, p. 10

ABSTRACT: Hopes for peace in Bosnia have been dimmed by the refusal of Haris Silajdzic, Bosnia's prime minister, to discuss peace until the UN's man in Bosnia, Yasushi Akashi, resigns. It was the Serbs who last refused to negotiate.

Stephen, Chris. "Bosnia hopes to hold out." New Statesman & Society May 13, 1994, v7n302, p. 10

Stephenson, Max O Jr.; Pops, Gerald M. "Conflict Resolution Methods and the Policy Process." Public Administration Review Sep 1989, v49n5, p. 463-473

ABSTRACT: A report which presents a descriptive model that permits a better grasp of the realities of how conflicts are resolved in the policy process is provided. Factors such as the number of interested parties, intensity of preferences, financial and organizational skills of the parties and issue complexity are looked at collectively to determine the decision mode (coalition, adjudication, or negotiation).

Sternberg, Robert J.; Dobson, Diane M. "Resolving Interpersonal Conflicts : An Analysis of Stylistic Consistency." Journal of Personality & Social Psychology Apr 1987, v52n4, p. 794-812

ABSTRACT: Three experiments examined people's consistency in their styles of resolving interpersonal conflicts. The results show that there are strong consistencies in styles of conflict resolution in individuals across various conflicts.

Stets, Jan E.; Henderson, Debra A. "Contextual Factors Surrounding Conflict Resolution while Dating : Results from a National Study." Family Relations Jan 1991, v40n1, p. 29-36

ABSTRACT: A study that examines interpersonal aggression using a national representative sample of young, never married persons who date is presented. By examining how aggression varies across different subgroups of the young, those who are at high risk for interpersonal aggression are better located.

Stevens, Lizbeth J.; Bliss, Lynn S. "Conflict resolution abilities of children with specific language impairment and children with normal language." Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Jun 1995, v38n3, p. 399-611

ABSTRACT: A study explored the conflict resolution ability of 30 children with specific language impairment (SLI) and 30 children with normal language (NL). Similarities and differences in types of strategy used by children with SLI and NL were found in both tasks performed.

Stewart, Thomas A. "Now to win the peace." Fortune v. 123 (Mar. 25 '91) p. 30-3

KEY WORDS: Persian Gulf War, 1991--Peace and mediation.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Economic aspects.Middle East--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on the chance for a new world order in the wake of the Persian Gulf War. The United States must take advantage of its success in the war to lead the way in establishing international peace, beginning in the Middle East. The immediate postwar agenda calls for security for all Mideast countries, arms control, economic development, and Arab-Israeli detente. In his plans, President George Bush is looking for a revitalized UN. Besides possibly overseeing an Arab peacekeeping force in the Gulf, the UN could function as a forum for settling other regional disputes.

Stiles, Kendall W.; MacDonald, MaryEllen. "After Consensus, What? Performance Criteria for the UN in the Post-Cold War Era." Journal of Peace Research Aug 1992, v29n3, p. 299-311

ABSTRACT: Four distinct performance criteria extant in the literature on UN performance are developed and discussed in regard to assessing the UN's peace-keeping operations.

Stoll, Richard J. "Steaming in the Dark? Rules, Rivals, and the British Navy, 1860-1913." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1992, v36n2, p. 263-283

ABSTRACT: It is argued that if arms control researchers assume that decision makers use simple rules and concentrate on the weapons stock of their rivals, highly accurate models of arms races can be produced. A study tested these premises by examining the size of the UK navy from 1860-1913.

Stomfay-Stitz, Aline M. "Conflict resolution and peer mediation : Pathways to safer schools." Childhood Education 1994, v70n5, p. 279-282

ABSTRACT: Most educators agree that finding ways to resolve conflicts peaceably in US schools may be their primary challenge. The process of using conflict resolution and peer mediation to create safer schools is discussed.

Stone, I. F. (Isidor Feinstein) "Gulf--or abyss?." The Nation v. 244 (June 20 '87) p. 838-9

KEY WORDS: United States.--Navy--Forces in the Persian Gulf region.Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988--Economic

spects.

ABSTRACT: Persian Gulf oil is endangered more by President Reagan's policies on the Iran-Iraq war than by the war itself. Seven years of the war have had little effect on the oil market, and as long as the war is kept limited, the rest of the world can bear it and even profit from it through arms sales. It is Reagan's impulsive bent that threatens to widen the conflict. This is why the Arab oil countries, Western Europe, and Japan opt not to join the United States in the Gulf and why members of Congress are trying to prevent American "flagging" of Kuwaiti vessels. Peacekeeping efforts founded on a pro-Iraq bias may only drive Iran to desperate acts that could severely hurt the United States. The administration should seriously consider a Soviet offer to seek an end to the Gulf war jointly.

Stover, William James.; Schiechl, James A.; Flint, Melanie A. "The United Nations' future : In good hands." International Journal on World Peace Sep 1994, v11n3, p. 25-28

ABSTRACT: The programs the UN sponsors for young people from all nations will greatly enhance their ability to collectively solve the pressing problems of the future. Such a program is described.

Strasser, Judith; with Gwynne Dyer. Dilemmas of war and peace sound recording. Madison, Wis. : The Audio Store <distributor>, c1993.

SUBJECTS:War. Peace.

CONTENTS:The bombing of Dresden -- The incident at Melos -- Desperate glory -- Propoganda battlefields -- Brothers across the border -- Beyond gender in peace and war -- Just wars and the Persian Gulf -- Movements of peace -- Nuclear terror, conventional threat -- Central America : security at risk -- Reforming the United Nations -- Nonviolent revolution in Eastern Europe -- Ways of peace.

Stremlau, John. "The new global system and its implications for peace and security in Africa." US Department of State Dispatch v. 2 (Sept. 2 '91) p. 657-60

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: New world order.Africa--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: In an address before a UN workshop on conflict resolution in Yaounde, Cameroon, the deputy director of the policy planning staff discusses the prospects for peace and security in Africa in light of the emerging new world order: In the wake of the cold war, many countries are helping to form a more cooperative world community. These countries share a commitment to increasing democracy, prosperity, and peace through consultation and collective action. Because many of today's conflicts are taking place in Africa, Africans can play a leading role in devising and implementing creative new security arrangements that might serve as models for others to emulate. The many efforts that are under way in Africa to promote and consolidate democratic values and market reforms will help form the foundation for the new international system.

Stringer, Kevin D. "The MAGTF in OOTW." Marine Corps Gazette Nov 1995, v79n11, p. 53-54

ABSTRACT: The USMC's Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) possesses unique capabilities that make it well suited for Operations Other Than War (OOTW). The Corps should emphasize and enhance the MAGTF's skills in this area.

Strother, Deborah Burnett. "Cooperative Learning : Fad or Foundation for Learning?" Phi Delta Kappan Oct 1990, v72n2, p. 158-162

ABSTRACT: The requirements for a successful cooperative learning program and factors that lead to failure are described. The International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution at Teachers College, Columbia University, is discussed.

Sudetic, Chuck. "Canadian troops report ordeal in Serbian hands." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Dec. 28 '93) p. A6

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Canada--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Serbia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Prisoners and prisons.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: (Dec.27) Last week, 11 Canadian troops serving with the United Nations peacekeeping force in Bosnia-Herzegovina were seized by Serbian fighters, lined up against a wall, and subjected to gunfire aimed over their heads. They were released unharmed after a 2-hour ordeal, but 3 of the soldiers were shaken up and are under medical observation.

Sudetic, Chuck. "Bosnia fighting rages as U.N. tries to broker cease-fire." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Apr. 8 '94) p. A10

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Serbia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.Gorazde (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1992- .

ABSTRACT: (April 7) Serbian nationalists shelled the United Nations-declared safe area of Gorazde for the 10th day straight today. The UN commander, Lieut. Gen. Sir Michael Rose of Britain, spent most of the day shuttling a draft cease fire plan between the headquarters of the Bosnians and the Serbs in a new bid to broker a lasting cease-fire.

Sudetic, Chuck. "Serbs propose Bosnia cease-fire as they pound enclave." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Apr. 7 '94) p. A3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Gorazde (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1992- .Serbia--Nationalism.

ABSTRACT: (April 6) Serbian nationalist leaders in Bosnia proposed a countrywide cease-fire today, but they continued their offensive on the government-held town of Gorazde and reneged on a pledge to allow the top United Nations commander in Bosnia to visit the beleaguered enclave. About 65,000 people, two-thirds of them refugees, are trapped in the enclave.

Sudetic, Chuck. "Bosnia aides ask U.S. guarantee as peace talks are set to resume." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 30 '93) p. A6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.United Nations--Yugoslavia.Muslims--Bosnia and Hercegovina.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Serbia--Nationalism.Croatia--Nationalism.United States--Foreign relations--Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia--Foreign relations--United States.Bosnia and Hercegovina.

ABSTRACT: As peace talks between Bosnian Serb, Croat, and Muslim negotiators resume in Geneva, the leaders of Bosnia's parliament has called on the United States and NATO to enforce any peace agreement that might result from the negotiations. Miro Lazovic, president of the mostly Muslim Bosnian parliament, said that a final agreement would not be respected and implemented without the participation of the United States and NATO.

Sudetic, Chuck. "Bosnian Parliament votes 65 to 0 to reject the U.N. peace proposal." Bosnian Parliament votes 65 to 0 to reject the U.N. peace proposal.

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.Muslims--Bosnia and Hercegovina.Serbia--Nationalism.Croatia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Bosnia and Hercegovina.

ABSTRACT: Bosnia's Muslim-dominated parliament voted unanimously to reject a UN peace plan and return the Bosnian negotiating team to Geneva to seek territorial and constitutional adjustments to the plan, which would split the country into 3 ethnic republics. The parliament's vote makes a prolongation of the war in Bosnia likely, because Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic has threatened renewed Serbian military action if the UN plan was rejected.

Sudetic, Chuck. "In Mostar's Muslim area, 35,000 endure in rubble." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Sept. 30 '93) p. A10

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Muslims--Bosnia and Hercegovina.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .Croatia--Nationalism.Mostar (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1993- .

ABSTRACT: The battle for Mostar, a city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, has left some 35,000 people, including thousands of refugees, struggling to survive. The city has been without electricity for 3 months, and the Croats have allowed only 3 United Nations relief convoys into the city since May. The Bosnian parliament's recent rejection of a proposed peace plan has intensified worries among Mostar's residents that the fighting will intensify.

Sudetic, Chuck. "Bosnians condemn U.N.'s peace plan." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 28 '93) p. 4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.Muslims--Bosnia and Hercegovina.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Croatia--Nationalism.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Nationalism.Bosnia and Hercegovina.

ABSTRACT: The mostly Muslim members of the Bosnian Parliament today overwhelmingly rejected a United Nations peace plan, saying that formerly Muslim-majority districts must be joined to a proposed Muslim-dominated Bosnian republic. The plan, drawn up earlier this month in Geneva, would reorganize Bosnia and Herzegovina into a loose union comprising a Serbian, a Croatian, and a predominantly Muslim republic.

Sullivan, Stacy. "Mission impossible?" Scholastic Update (Teacher's Edition) Oct 6, 1995, v128n3, p. 6-11

ABSTRACT: Confusion has plagued the UN mission in Bosnia-Hercegovina from the start, and it threatens to undermine the UN's role as a world peacemaker. When the Serbs attacked a UN-designated "safe area" last May, civilians were killed and the peacekeepers' weakness was exposed.

Summers, Harry G. The new world strategy : a military policy for America's future. New York : Simon & Schuster, c1995.

SUBJECTS:International police. World politics--1989- United States--Military policy. United States--Armed Forces--Organization.

CONTENTS:1. The Peculiar Relationship -- 2. The American Way of War -- 3. The New World Disorder -- 4. The Spectrum of Conflict -- 5. Warfighting Doctrines -- 6. Reorganization for Combat -- 7. Combat Operations -- 8. Peace Operations -- 9. Peacekeeping -- 10. Dangers to Democracy -- 11. The Ten Commandments.

Sun Wei. "'Peace-keeping' or 'peace-enforcing'." Beijing Review Jul 24, 1995, v38n30, p. 20

ABSTRACT: The role of UN troops in Bosnia is questioned. While some believe they are on a peacekeeping mission, others feel they are actively engaging in war.

Suryanarayana, P. S. "Time to break the Yalta order." World Press Review v. 39 (Oct. '92) p. 13-14

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on the United Nations' peace-keeping role in the world. An article excerpted from the Hindu of Madras. UN secretary-general Boutros Boutros Ghali has called for the establishment of a permanent UN peace-keeping force. The efficacy of such a force in a conflict involving one or more of the permanent members of the Security Council is questionable, however. The UN should consider opening the Security Council to major regional organizations, which could check and balance the major powers on the question of regional conflicts.

Susskind, Lawrence.; McKearnan, Sarah. "Enlightened conflict resolution." Technology Review Apr 1995, v98n3, p. 70-72

ABSTRACT: An ounce of consensus building is worth a pound of confrontation when companies tangle with regulators and public-interest groups over environmental issues.

Sutter, Daniel. "Settling old scores : Potholes along the transition from authoritarian rule." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1995, v39n1, p. 110-128

ABSTRACT: Under certain conditions both the opponents and supporters of an authoritarian regime can benefit from the peaceful liberalization of the regime. The ways in which the punishment of the ex-ruler(s) by a successor government after power has been transferred renders a pact ineffective and prevents a peaceful transition are examined.

Svetlova, Inga. "Bombs are NATO's argument--Serbs again punished for sins of others." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Aug 9, 1995, v47n28, p. 23

ABSTRACT: NATO warplanes launched a strike on Serbs in retaliation for the Bosnian Serbs offensive operation against Srebrenica, considered a safe zone. The Serbs push towards the Muslim enclave of Zepa and react to violations of the status and arrangements governing the six demilitarized zones agreed upon by the UN.

Sylvan, Donald A.; Thorson, Stuart J. "Ontologies, problem representation, and the Cuban missile crisis." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1992, v36n4, p. 709-732

ABSTRACT: Two concepts critical to understanding foreign policy decision making are "problem representation" and "ontology." These concepts are examined, and it is argued that the conflict resolution process can be enhanced by inclusion of concerns with "problem representation" and "ontology" along with traditional interest in "option selection."

Sysoyev, Gennady. "NATO forces arrive in Bosnia." Moscow News Dec 15, 1995, n49, p. 5

ABSTRACT: NATO has deployed troops to Bosnia and Herzegovina to enforce the agreements made in the Dayton OH treaty between Bosnian leaders. NATO's role in the Bosnian peacekeeping strategy and other details of the NATO operation are discussed.

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