Annotated Bibliograpy of Peace Operations Literature

MacFarquhar, Emily. " Cambodia starts over." U.S. News & World Report v. 111 (Nov. 25 '91) p. 43-4+

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Cambodia.Cambodia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: The most extensive UN peacekeeping mission ever is set to take place in Cambodia. The signing of a political pact in Paris has formally put the country at peace for the first time in 20 years and has paved the way for the return of Prince Norodom Sihanouk, who was ousted in 1970. The determining factor for a lasting peace will be Sihanouk's ability to get his former enemies, the Khmer Rouge and members of the Vietnamese-backed government, to work together. The UN operation is charged with monitoring the cease-fire, helping repatriate and resettle some 350,000 refugees on the Thai border, assisting some 175,000 people displaced inside Cambodia, demobilizing 4 warring armies while blocking illegal arms imports, supervising organization of the country's first free elections, helping rebuild the country's infrastructure, and removing as many as 4 million land mines. There is widespread doubt that these goals are achievable or affordable.

MacFarquhar, Emily. "Even $2 Billion May not Buy Peace." US News & World Report Dec 21, 1992, v113n24, p. 68

ABSTRACT: The ambitious nature of the UN's peacekeeping effort in Cambodia and the failure of the effort to bring lasting peace to Cambodia are discussed. Civil war in the country is expected to resume when UN troops eventually leave.

MacFarquhar, Emily. "Fireworks on the Mekong River." US News & World Report Nov 23, 1992, v113n20, p. 18

ABSTRACT: Diplomatic action being conducted in order to preserve a peace plan in Cambodia is discussed. The UN is considering sanctions against Cambodia if free elections are not held in the near future.

MacFarquhar, Emily.; Kreiger, John. "The U.N.'s other quagmire." US News & World Report May 24, 1993, v114n20, p. 45-47

ABSTRACT: The UN has brokered a peace agreement and organized elections in Cambodia, ending 12 years of civil war, but it has not been able to disarm the Khmer Rouge or prevent other parties from terrorizing would-be voters.

MacFarquhar, Emily. "Cambodia starts over." U.S. News & World Report v. 111 (Nov. 25 '91) p. 43-4+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Cambodia.Cambodia--Politics and government.

MacInnis, John A.; Berkowitz, Bruce. "The rules of engagement for U.N. peacekeeping forces in former Yugoslavia : A response." Orbis Winter 1995, v39n1, p. 97-100

ABSTRACT: The rules of engagement (ROEs) employed by the UN Protection Force in the former Yugoslavia did not impede robust self-defense or the planning and execution of more aggressive action by higher-level commanders, MacInnis argues. Berkowitz responds that ROEs are based on bad policy.

MacKenzie, Lewis W. "Hard realities." Maclean's Jul 31, 1995, v108n31, p. 30

ABSTRACT: The current UN peacekeeping mission in Bosnia has become what military commanders call "mission creep." It has expanded beyond the realm of available resources. Many of the discussions on what to do in the area are without a solid political basis.

Mackenzie, Hilary. "The UN's only war." Maclean's v. 101 (Aug. 29 '88) p. 16

KEY WORDS: Korean War, 1950-1953--Canadian participation.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on Canada's participation in the UN peacekeeping mission in Iran and Iraq. Canada also responded to the UN's call for assistance during the Korean War, the only war fought under the UN flag, dispatching a total of 21,940 troops to South Korea between 1950 and the end of the war in 1953. Sixteen other countries heeded the UN's call for action against North Korean aggression, and the Canadians fought alongside British, Australian, New Zealand, and American troops. The Canadian naval destroyers Crusader, Athabaskan, Haida, and Sioux earned fame for destroying more supply trains by shelling than any other UN ships.

Mackenzie, Hilary. "Brokers for peace." Maclean's v. 103 (Oct. 15 '90) p. 44-5+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Persian Gulf region.United Nations.Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations is finally starting to assume its intended role as the world's peace broker. Established in 1945, the organization soon became mired in cold war politics that restricted its effectiveness. In the last two and a half years, however, as relations between the United States and the Soviet Union have grown warmer, the UN's influence on world affairs has increased. In 1988, it helped negotiate the cease-fire in the Iran-Iraq war, and in 1989, it helped orchestrate the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. The prospect of war in the Middle East has cemented its new authority. Since the August 2 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the UN Security Council has passed nine resolutions condemning the annexation and has sanctioned the international blockade of Iraq. According to UN ambassadors, the UN's ability to maintain unity among its members will be tested by its handling of environmental issues and the economic division between Third World and industrial nations.

Mackenzie, Hilary. "A voice of hope and moderation." Maclean's v. 100 (June 22 '87) p. 21

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Palestine Liberation Organization.Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Jordan--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: In an interview, Hassan bin Talal, the crown prince of Jordan, discusses the proposal made by Israeli foreign minister Shimon Peres and endorsed by Jordan's King Hussein to hold an international peace conference on the Middle East under the auspices of the United Nations Security Council; whether proposed peace talks are reasonable, in light of the division within the Israeli government; the possibility of including the Palestine Liberation Organization in the talks; the issue of the PLO's representativeness of all Palestinians; whether PLO leader Yasir Arafat would be able to recognize Israel in the talks; and Jordan's position in the Middle East situation.

Mackenzie, Hilary. "Stepping into the Fray." Maclean's Apr 20, 1992, v105n16, p. 18-20

ABSTRACT: Many times, Canadians are called upon to be part of UN peacekeeping forces throughout the world. Canadian troops are being used in Croatia to police the shaky ceasefire between rival factions. Canadians are taking part in other UN peacekeeping missions around the world, but the government says it will pull the troops if progress is not made.

Mackenzie, Hilary. "Brokers for Peace." Maclean's Oct 15, 1990, v103n42, p. 44-47

ABSTRACT: The Persian Gulf crisis is forging an unheard-of unity in the UN and between the US and the USSR. The growing ability of the UN to arbitrate global conflicts will be tested by how well it addresses the economic gap between rich and poor nations and its response to environmental issues.

MacLeod, Scott. "A very civil servant." Time v. 132 (Dec. 5 '88) p. 50-2

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces.Nobel prizes.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Urquhart, Brian E.

ABSTRACT: In an interview, former UN under secretary-general for special political affairs Sir Brian Urquhart discusses his experiences over the course of his 41-year career as a senior UN official. Urquhart will travel to Oslo as part of the delegation that will receive the 1988 Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to the UN for its peacekeeping missions in Lebanon, Cyprus, Afghanistan, and other trouble spots.

MacLeod, Scott. "A very civil servant." Time v. 132 (Dec. 5 '88) p. 50-2

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces.Nobel prizes.

Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce. "Conflict and Conflict Management in the Western Sahara : Is the Endgame Near?" Middle East Journal Autumn 1991, v45n4, p. 594-607

ABSTRACT: In Jan 1992, a UN referendum will determine the future of the Western Sahara, the last remaining former colony in Africa whose political status has not been legitimized. Efforts to end the conflict in the region are discussed.

Majeski, Stephen J.; Fricks, Shane. "Conflict and cooperation in international relations." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1995, v39n4, p. 622-645

ABSTRACT: An experiment in which nation-states, represented as groups, can communicate is presented. Data indicate that most groups appear to be motivated by fear of the opponent, and communication appears to be a good mechanism for alleviating this fear.

Major, John. "Keeping the Peace." Vital Speeches of the Day Mar 1, 1992, v58n10, p. 294-295

ABSTRACT: The prime minister of the UK exhorts the UN Security Council and the leaders of the world to redouble their efforts in the cause of peace. Economic development and prosperity are needed to achieve lasting peace and stability.

Major, John. "50th anniversary of the United Nations - John Major." Vital Speeches of the Day Nov 15, 1995, v62n3, p. 69

ABSTRACT: The UK was present at the birth of the UN 50 years ago, and the country has stood by the organization and its responsibilities in the security council. The UK is the largest contributor of troops to UN peacekeeping operations.

Makovsky, David. "A turn for the worse." U.S. News & World Report v. 114 (Apr. 12 '93) p. 33-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Palestinian Arabs.Middle East peace conferences, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: The magnitude and ferocity of the latest round of violence in Israel and the occupied territories are threatening any hopes of peace in the Middle East. In March, 13 Israelis and 25 Palestinians died. Attacks by Arabs are growing increasingly indiscriminate as militants from the PLO and Islamic fundamentalists from the Hamas organization attempt to outdo each other with more daring attacks. They are being joined by free-lance assailants who are fueled by private grievances. The attackers are also better armed than in the past. Israel, meanwhile, is responding with unusually harsh and angry measures. The violence has also eroded domestic support for the peacemaking policies of Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, helped to resuscitate the fortunes of Israel's right-wing politicians, and put Palestinian peace negotiators on the defensive with their own people. The article discusses renewed proposals for completely separating the Israeli and Palestinian populations.

Mahon, Mark. "The UN : Growing pains at fifty." Peacekeeping & International Relations Mar 1995, v24n2, p. 5-6

ABSTRACT: As it nears its 50th birthday, the UN faces an uncertain future and an increasingly unsupportive membership. The UN is suffering from growing pains.

Malik, Kenan. "Good and evil blur in Somalia." World Press Review Oct 1993, v40n10, p. 17-18

ABSTRACT: Certain images of war have a way of lodging permanently in the memory. A haunting image from the current conflict in Somalia in which UN peacekeeping forces are acting as warlords is discussed as are other atrocities committed by peace keeping forces.

Malik, Kenan. "Good and evil blur in Somalia." World Press Review Oct 1993, v40n10, p. 17-18

Manegold, C. S. "A bloody road to peace." Newsweek v. 113 (Apr. 17 '89) p. 37

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia.SWAPO.Namibia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: The peace plan that would secure the independence of Namibia nearly came undone when guerrillas from the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) crossed the Angolan border into Namibia and came face-to-face with South African forces. As the attack occurred, United Nations officials in the Namibian capital of Windhoek were launching the independence plan that took ten years and the work of five countries to achieve. SWAPO officials insisted that their troops had already been in Namibia and were trying to find UN peacekeeping forces. SWAPO leader Sam Nujoma finally ordered his troops back into Angola, but his organization had suffered a major military setback and damaged its credibility. The UN was criticized for poor planning and its use of South African troops to repel the guerrillas.

Maniruzzaman, Talukder. "Arms transfers, military coups, and military rule in developing states." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1992, v36n4, p. 733-755

ABSTRACT: An examination of the impact of arms transfers on civil-military relations in developing states is presented. According to the results, arms transfer facilitates the occurrence of coup d'etat and lengthens the period of military rule. It is also suggested that large-scale deaths from political violence might be the result rather than the cause of military rule.

Manning, Steve. "Keeping the peace." Scholastic Update (Teachers' edition) v. 121 (Mar. 24 '89) p. 6-7

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces.

ABSTRACT: Part of an issue on world peace. The United Nations is experiencing a renaissance after decades of being dismissed as irrelevant to the world's problems. Once heralded as a "super-government" that would end all conflict between nations, the 40-year-old organization was plagued by U.S.-Soviet tensions during the 1950s and 1960s and dominated by Third World countries during the 1970s. Now the UN is helping to end the long-running conflicts in Afghanistan, the Persian Gulf, southwestern Africa, the western Sahara, Cyprus, and Cambodia, and its peacekeeping operations won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988. Experts attribute the UN's resurgence to the improvement in U.S.-Soviet relations and the readiness of many combatants to stop fighting. They caution, however, that the UN's future is hard to predict because its fortunes depend on the international climate. A sidebar provides information on UN peacekeeping forces.

Manning, Steven. "Keeping the Peace." Scholastic Update (Teacher's Edition) Mar 24, 1989, v121n14, p. 6-7

ABSTRACT: The United Nations, long called irrelevant and ineffective, won the Nobel Peace Prize for 1988 because of its peace-keeping efforts around the world. The areas of the world where UN forces are at work are listed.

Mansfield, Edward D. "The concentration of capabilities and the onset of war." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1992, v36n1, p. 3-24

ABSTRACT: No consensus has been produced on what relationship, if any, exists between the concentration of capabilities and the onset of war. Results indicate that concentration is related to the frequency of war.

Maoz, Zeev.; Abdolali, Nasrin. "Regime types and international conflict, 1816-1976." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1989, v33n1, p. 3-35

ABSTRACT: Previous findings on the relations between regime type, conflict involvement measures and units of analysis are examined during 1816-1976. Empirical analyses reveal that there are no relations between regime type and conflict involvement measures when the unity of analysis is the individual polity.

Marcum, John A. "Africa: a continent adrift." Foreign Affairs v. 68 Special Issue (<'89>) p. 159-79

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United States--Foreign relations--Southern Africa.Africa--Politics and government.United States--Foreign relations--Africa.

ABSTRACT: Although the 1980s have been a period of economic, environmental, and social decline throughout Africa, the United States has focused on a narrow field of continental concerns, primarily the perceived threat of Soviet expansion in Angola, Mozambique, and Ethiopia and the issue of apartheid in South Africa. American policymakers should continue to address the specific challenges of southern Africa, but they should also develop initiatives to assist the continent as a whole. To this end, the United States should encourage the Soviet Union and other nations to cease arm sales to self-destructing African societies like Ethiopia, Sudan, Sahara, and Angola and help promote conflict resolution and economic reconstruction. Policymakers should also build on international consensus, as in the case of Angola, to rechannel African energies in self-sustaining ways.

Marcus, Leonard J.; Dorn, Barry C. "More conflict means more need for resolution skills." American Medical News Dec 13, 1993, v36n46, p. 27-28

ABSTRACT: A major source of conflict in the current healthcare system is the emergence and growth of managed care. Typical scenarios illustrating problems in managed care are described, and tips for effectively dealing with such conflicts, such as negotiation, conflict resolution and problem solving, are offered.

Marinoff, Louis. "Maximizing expected utilities in the prisoner's dilemma." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1992, v36n1, p. 183-216

ABSTRACT: The results are presented of a computer experiment with iterated prisoner's dilemmas conducted as an interactive tournament of competing strategies and families of strategies. The strategy that maximizes expected utility with the most cooperative initial weighting is found to be the most robust in the interactive environment.

Mark, Ken. "The Blue Berets." Canada & the World Sep 1988, v54n1, p. 21-23

ABSTRACT: Canadian forces, more than those of any other country, have donned the blue beret of the United Nations peacekeeper.

Marks, Jane. '"There's got to be a better way".' Parents v. 62 (Sept. '87) p. 106-8+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict resolution.Parent-child relationship.

ABSTRACT: Parents can use the five-step problem-solving technique that is often employed in family therapy to resolve conflicts with their children. The technique involves identifying the problem, communicating about it, generating options, selecting a solution that meets everyone's needs, and firming up the agreement. For minor issues, such as who chooses a TV program or who gets to sit in the front seat of the car, standard trade-offs are more appropriate.

Marks, John. "Germany conquers the cringe factor." US News & World Report Mar 20, 1995, v118n11, p. 50-51

ABSTRACT: Germany is looking to play a larger role in international missions, and it is presently staking its future in such matters on an effort to establish democratic rule in the Bosnian city of Mostar. A German, Hans Koschnik, is running Mostar at the request of the warring factions there.

Marks, Jane. '"There's Got to Be a Better Way".' Parents Sep 1987, v62n9, p. 106-114

ABSTRACT: Five steps of conflict resolution are discussed. Creative conflict solving involves the identification of everyone's individual needs and finding a solution that meets all those needs.

Marlowe, Lara. "Agony in Beirut." Maclean's v. 102 (Dec. 4 '89) p. 26-7

KEY WORDS: Lebanon--Politics and government.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Moawad, Rene Assassination.

ABSTRACT: Only 17 days after being elected president of war-torn Lebanon, Rene Moawad has been assassinated by a massive bomb that also killed at least 23 other people. A Maronite Christian, Moawad had been advocating reconciliation with the Syrians and their Lebanese Muslim allies. This position was denounced by Lebanese Christian army general Michel Aoun, who remains determined to expel the 40,000 Syrian troops that are in Lebanon ostensibly as a peacekeeping force. No one claimed responsibility for the bombing, but the Syrians and many Lebanese suspect Aoun. Iraq, which supports Aoun, blamed Syria and Iran, while other Arab world members blamed the Israelis, who have controlled a so-called security zone in southern Lebanon since 1978. Christian and Muslim parliament members have selected Maronite Christian Elias Hrawi, also a moderate, as Moawad's successor.

Marnika, Maurice. "The challenge for peacemaking in Africa : Conflict prevention and conflict resolution." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jul 1995, v24n4, p. 5

ABSTRACT: Ideas on conflict prevention and conflict resolution in Africa that were addressed at a regional conference are discussed. The causes of conflicts in Africa are both external and internal, and the primary challenge for peacemaking in Africa is building more tolerant societies.

Marnika, Maurice. "The changing balance of power in the Balkans." Peacekeeping & International Relations Sep 1995, v24n5, p. 3-4

ABSTRACT: The current political situation in Bosnia-Hercegovina is discussed. The military balance in the country has been altered, with the Bosnian Serbs losing territory and holding a much less secure position in the overall strategic picture.

Marnika, Maurice. "Peace in Liberia : Has the time finally arrived?" Peacekeeping & International Relations Sep 1995, v24n5, p. 5-6

ABSTRACT: There are signs that the six-year civil war in Liberia may be coming to an end. A new Council of State government has taken steps at reestablishing order in the country. Current peace negotiations are discussed.

Marnika, Maurice. "Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations." Peacekeeping & International Relations Sep 1995, v24n5, p. 7-8

ABSTRACT: A summary of the report "Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peace-keeping Operations in All Their Aspects" by the UN's Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations is presented. The report contains proposals, recommendations and conclusions on how international peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the UN can be improved.

Marnika, Maurice. "Report on the ASEAN Regional Forum on peacekeeping." Peacekeeping & International Relations May 1995, v24n3, p. 19

ABSTRACT: On Mar 7-9, 1995, a seminar called "Peacekeeping: Challenges and Opportunities for the ASEAN Regional Forum" was held in Bandar Sari Begawan in Brunei Darussalam. Options to strengthen the capacities of the UN in peacekeeping operations were discussed.

Marnika, Maurice. "Rwanda and UNAMIR--The backlash to ethnic slaughter." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jul 1995, v24n4, p. 14

ABSTRACT: The UN Security Council's decision to scale down the UN peacekeeeping mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR) is discussed. From the war's beginnings, the UNAMIR force was too small and was dispatched too late to end the genocide there.

Marnika, Maurice. "The unending predicament in former Yugoslavia." Peacekeeping & International Relations May 1995, v24n3, p. 8

ABSTRACT: The seemingly unending futility of efforts to bring about a peaceful solution to the crisis in the former Yugoslavia has been illustrated by events in the last several weeks. It seems more and more likely that NATO will play an expanded role in Bosnia-Hercegovina.

Marnika, Maurice. "The United Nations in Bosnia-Herzegovina : The beginning of the end?" Peacekeeping & International Relations Jul 1995, v24n4, p. 6

ABSTRACT: Fundamental questions surrounding the deployment of the UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) in Bosnia-Herzegovina are discussed. A lasting UN presence in the region is uncertain, especially since the conflict is expected to continue indefinitely.

Marnika, Maurice. "United Nations update." Peacekeeping & International Relations May 1995, v24n3, p. 4

ABSTRACT: A key resolution pertaining to the improvement on the direction and financing of peacekeeping operations was adopted by the 49th session of the UN General Assembly on Feb 9, 1995. The resolution put forth a series of recommendations including the enhancement of consultation and coordination mechanisms and the establishment of a more sound command and control structure.

Marnika, Maurice. "Some comments on the UN mandate in the former Yugoslavia." Peacekeeping & International Relations Sep 1993, v22n5, p. 9-10

ABSTRACT: The perceptible shortcomings of the UN mission on the ground in both the republics of Croatia (UNPROFOR I) and Bosnia-Hercegovina (UNPROFOR II) are examined. Little success has been achieved in either situation.

Marnika, Maurice. "The challenge for peacemaking in Africa : Conflict prevention and conflict resolution." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jul 1995, v24n4, p. 5

Marnika, Maurice. "Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations." Peacekeeping & International Relations Sep 1995, v24n5, p. 7-8

Marra, Robin F.; Ostrom, Charles W Jr.; Simon, Dennis M. "Foreign policy and presidential popularity : Creating windows of opportunity in the perpetual election." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1990, v34n4, p. 588-623

ABSTRACT: A model of public support for the president that draws on three possible explanations and partitions the presidentially relevant factors into domestic and foreign policy subsets is presented. Empirical analysis demonstrates that factors derived from all three explanations contribute to the prediction of public support.

Mars, Perry. "State intervention and ethnic conflict resolution." Comparative Politics Jan 1995, v27n2, p. 167-186

ABSTRACT: The role of the state in resolving conflicts between potentially hostile ethnic groups in Guyana and the English-speaking Caribbean is examined. It is argued that the relative autonomy of the typical third world state allows for flexible modes of intervention in various types of domestic conflict.

Mars, Perry. "Foreign influence, political conflicts and conflict resolution in the Caribbean." Journal of Peace Research Nov 1995, v32n4, p. 437-451

ABSTRACT: Mars discusses the interconnection between international factors and domestic political conflicts in the Third World context, with specific reference to Caribbean nations. Theories suggesting either no correlation or a direct linear linkage between international and domestic conflicts are criticized.

Marshall, Robert.; Janigan, Mary. "The People's Verdict." Maclean's Jul 1, 1991, v104n26, p. 10-76

ABSTRACT: Twelve Canadians of divergent views recently took part in an intensive weekend of conflict resolution and came up with a vision of national government for Canada. The 12 participants and three leaders are profiled and the document they produced is presented. The root of Canada's problem lies in the British North America Act, which created a state so ambiguous that it set off a constitutional power struggle that haunts Canada 124 years later.

Martenson, Jan. "The United Nations World Disarmament Campaign." The Courier (Unesco) v. 39 (Aug. '86) p. 25-6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.

ABSTRACT: The World Disarmament Campaign provides objective, factual, and balanced information on the issue of disarmament and international security and on that of disarmament and development. The campaign also gathers information. The international constituency that seeks disarmament uses the campaign to further its objectives. The campaign has reached hundreds of thousands of people throughout the world. A sidebar describes the University for Peace, a multidisciplinary academic institution located in Costa Rica.

Martin, Sandra L.; Cotten, Niki U.; Browne, Dorothy C.; Kurz, Brenda.; Robertson, Elizabeth. "Family violence and depressive symptomatology among incarcerated women." Journal of Family Violence Dec 1995, v10n4, p. 399-411

ABSTRACT: A study examined the potential association between witnessing parental violence as a child and later adult depressive symptomatology within a population of incarcerated women. Data indicate that increasing levels of physically violent conflict resolution strategies were associated with increasing levels of depressive symptomatology.

Martin, Michael J.; Schumm, Walter R.; Bugaighis, Margaret A.; Jurich, Anthony P.; Bollman, Stephen R. "Family Violence and Adolescents' Perceptions of Outcomes of Family Conflict." Journal of Marriage & the Family Feb 1987, v49n1, p. 165-171

ABSTRACT: A rural and urban sample of 181 families with at least one adolescent member was used to compare levels of verbal and physical violence within the family with an adolescent family member's attitudes toward key variables of family conflict and family satisfaction. Results suggest that nonviolent families are much more likely to report successful outcomes from conflict resolution than both types of violent families.

Martz, Larry. "From the editor." World Press Review Sep 1994, v41n9, p. 4

ABSTRACT: An editorial questions whether one country or the UN should intervene in other countries to prevent human suffering and death, especially when caused by atrocities. Previous interventions have not been very successful.

Martz, Larry. "'NATO's Waterloo'." World Press Review Feb 1995, v42n2, p. 15-16

ABSTRACT: The US has given in to its European allies, agreeing in effect that the Serbs had won the Bosnian civil war and would get more concessions to make peace. World editorial opinion suggests that the UN and NATO have failed in their efforts to halt the war.

Masland, Tom. "The pitfalls of peacekeeping." Newsweek Jul 26, 1993, v122n4, p. 32-33

ABSTRACT: It is said that the mismanagement of the peacekeeping effort in Mogadishu Somalia has been a team effort led by the UN. Somalia may signal a failure that raises the question of whether there is really a difference between "peace enforcement" and military occupation.

Masland, Tom. "The pitfalls of peacekeeping." Newsweek Jul 26, 1993, v122n4, p. 32-33

Massialas, Byron G. "Educating Students for Conflict Resolution and Democratic Decision Making." Social Studies Sep 1990, v81n5, p. 202-205

ABSTRACT: The gap between traditional democratic/ethical values and the acts of young people in the US is widening daily. What schools and teachers do in promoting democratic or anti-democratic behavior among students are examined.

Matson, Rosemary. "Nairobi--where the end is the beginning." The Humanist v. 45 (Nov./Dec. '85) p. 12-16

ABSTRACT: PART OF A SPECIAL SECTION ON THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD CONFERENCE ON WOMEN. The writer describes her experiences at the United Nations Decade for Women Conference in Nairobi. Fourteen thousand women attended the nongovernmental Forum 85 that preceded the official conference. A Peace Tent provided a center for women with differing views to listen respectfully to one another. Bus tours and gatherings introduced visiting participants to the women of urban and rural Kenya. Bella Abzug led a session based on the responses of women members of parliament to the question "What if women ruled the world?" The writer and a Soviet woman led a workshop on the role of women's friendships in creating international peace. Although the conference marked the official end of the UN Decade for Women, the solidarity it created brings new prospects for women throughout the world.

Matsubara, Nozomu. "Conflict and limits of power." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1989, v33n1, p. 113-141

ABSTRACT: Theoretically, power has provided the coordinate system in which to view politics, with power and cooperation on extreme ends. Characteristics of power in international politics are formulated.

Maurer, John H. "The Anglo-German Naval Rivalry and Informal Arms Control, 1912-1914." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1992, v36n2, p. 284-308

ABSTRACT: The 1912-14 Anglo-German naval arms race is studied in order to evaluate current theories about the development of cooperation between the two states. The domestic, political, diplomatic and strategic factors that promoted mutual restraint in the battleship-building programs of the UK and Germany are discussed.

Maxime, S. "Blue helmets, black markets." World Press Review Oct 1993, v40n10, p. 17

ABSTRACT: The "blue-helmets" are members of the UN peace keeping forces who have taken up positions on the black-market front. Sadly, some governments are lining their pockets at the expense of the UN.

Mayfield, Jacqueline Rowley.; Bain, Trevor.; Mayfield, Milton Ray, Jr. "Learning about health care cost containment: the CWA-Bell South case." Labor Studies Journal v. 18 (Fall '93) p. 50-61

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: BellSouth Corporation--Collective bargaining.Communications Workers of America--Collective bargaining.Insurance, Health--Cost control.

ABSTRACT: The BellSouth Medical Assistance Plan, a cost containment program that resulted from negotiations between the Communication Workers of America and BellSouth, provides a model for health care cost containment in the communications industry. The program has achieved substantial cost savings, improved employee-management relations, and resulted in significant contributions to conflict resolution on an industry-wide level. The effectiveness of the program can be attributed to joint union/management commitment to cooperative problem solving, extensive and continuing consumer education, and an emphasis on both quality and efficiency of care.

Maynes, Charles William. "A cause worth fighting for." The Nation v. 241 (Sept. 21 '85) p. 236-8

ABSTRACT: PART OF A SPECIAL SECTION ON THE UNITED NATIONS. Growing opposition to the United Nations comes not from the general public but from the American foreign policy elite, which sees the UN as a haven for the Third World. Racism, the humiliating U.S. defeat in Vietnam, and the Palestinian impact on the progressive internationalist coalition play a role in this attitudinal change. The far right will probably succeed in its attempt to drive Americans away from the progressive ideas symbolized by the UN. Those who want to stem the tide must understand the UN's achievements and be more critical of its flaws. Although international cooperation has declined while bureaucracy has burgeoned, the UN has initiated the use of peacekeeping forces, condemned military annexation of territory, taught underdeveloped countries the basics of development and planning, and promoted a new norm for international accountability on human rights.

Mayor, Federico. "Tomorrow, Another Peace." UNESCO Courier May 1991, n5, p. 2

ABSTRACT: It is the hope of the founders of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) that if all societies' ethical, philosophical and religious ideas circulate freely, perhaps one day war will be eradicated from the human mind.

Mayor, Federico. "Building a culture of peace." UNESCO Courier Jan 1995, n1, p. 34-35

ABSTRACT: Two global threats that are jeopardizing the world's future and require action by UNESCO are discussed. The first is the split between North and South, and the second is the threat that compromises peace between ethnic groups.

Mayor, Federico. "A new beginning." UNESCO Courier Nov 1995, n11, p. 6-7

ABSTRACT: Peace-keeping is at the very core of the UN mandate, but this means that the UN must take preventive action. Preventive actions attract neither recognition nor thanks.

M'Bow, Amadou-Mahtar. "Peace and human values." The Courier (Unesco) v. 38 (May '85) p. 4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Unesco.Peace.

ABSTRACT: PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE COMMEMORATING THE END OF WORLD WAR II. Unesco's Director-General reflects on the organization's founding after World War II: Fueled by intolerance and prejudice, the Second World War attacked the cultural and spiritual values that sustain people. The remembrance of those who lost their lives to preserve civilizations and freedom must also include those who began reconstruction after the war by founding the United Nations and Unesco. Unesco's mission--to buttress world peace through education, science, and culture--is even more necessary today. Both the arms race and local wars with international ramifications pose the threat of mutual destruction despite the growth in worldwide communication and the potential for cooperation. On the fortieth anniversary of the end of World War II, Unesco remains dedicated to fostering a respect for the rights and achievements of all peoples as a means of preserving world peace.

M'Bow, Amadou-Mahtar. "The International Year of Peace." The Courier (Unesco) v. 39 (Jan. '86) p. 2

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: International Year of Peace, 1986.

ABSTRACT: During the International Year of Peace, it is especially important for intellectuals around the world to strive cooperatively for a greater understanding of global problems. After the Second World War, a conflict caused by the forces of ignorance and prejudice, UNESCO was founded to foster communication among all peoples. UNESCO has brought together scientists, educators, artists, and other intellectuals with the goal of creating a lasting peace. UNESCO and other United Nations organizations are responsible for many of humanity's advances toward universal respect and solidarity.

McAllister, J. F. O. "Pity the peacemakers." Time 141(June 28 '93) p. 46-8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces.

ABSTRACT: The UN has not had much success in its new role as world peacekeeper. It has broken its precedents and stretched its mandate to repair the ravages of war and internal breakdown, but it unfortunately lacks the money and men to do the job that has been set out. The job is a difficult one: The organization has been asked to patrol war zones, create governments out of feuding factions, and supply humanitarian relief even when UN members lack the political will to impose peace on belligerent parties. UN members must redefine the meaning of vital interests and undertake decisive action. The article discusses current UN involvements in Somalia, Bosnia, and Cambodia.

McAllister, J F O.; Purvis, Andrew. "Pity the peacemakers." Time Jun 28, 1993, v141n26, p. 46-48

ABSTRACT: The UN faces immense difficulty in places like Somalia and Bosnia, as it tries to make peace before the warring parties are ready. The dilemmas facing UN peacekeeping forces in Somalia, Bosnia and Cambodia are discussed.

McAllister, J F O.; Purvis, Andrew. "Pity the peacemakers." Time Jun 28, 1993, v141n26, p. 46-48

McAllister, J. F. O. "When to go, when to stay." Time v. 142 (Oct. 4 '93) p. 40-1

KEY WORDS: United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.

ABSTRACT: With murky conflicts like Somalia and Bosnia proliferating, the Clinton Administration is faced with redefining when the U.S. should intervene abroad and whether to do so alone, through the UN, or through permanent or ad hoc alliances. As the death toll of peacekeepers and civilians in Somalia rises and Mogadishu remains in chaos, American support for the mission has declined. According to a recent Time/CNN poll, only 43 percent of those surveyed approve of continued U.S. involvement there, while 46 percent disapprove. The growing opposition raises questions about whether the U.S. military is equipped, and whether the American people have the will, to assume the burden of peacekeeping. The article discusses the development of Clinton's policy on managing America's foreign obligations and the president's promise to deploy troops to help NATO police Bosnia.

McAllister, J F O. "Uncertain beacon." Time Nov 27, 1995, v146n22, p. 38-44

ABSTRACT: The conflict in Bosnia has proved that the world needs US leadership and that Americans do not care to provide it. The resolution of this dilemma by Pres Clinton and Congress is discussed.

McCaffrey, Stephen C. "Current Developments : The Forty-Third Session of the International Law Commission." American Journal of International Law Oct 1991, v85n4, p. 703-709

ABSTRACT: The 43rd session of the UN International Law Commission, which was held in Geneva Switzerland from Apr 29, 1991 to Jul 19, 1991, is described. The session's draft articles on jurisdictional immunities, international watercourses, draft code of crimes against the peace and security of mankind and other issues are discussed.

McCaffrey, Stephen C. "Current Developments : The Forty-Second Session of the International Law Commission." American Journal of International Law Oct 1990, v84n4, p. 930-943

ABSTRACT: At the 42nd session of the International Law Commission of the UN, held May 1, 1990-Jul 20, 1990, the establishment of an international criminal court was discussed and three articles of the Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind were adopted. They deal with terrorism, drug trafficking and polluting of international watercourses.

McCaffrey, Stephen C. "Current Developments : The Fortieth Session of the International Law Commission." American Journal of International Law Jan 1989, v83n1, p. 153-171

ABSTRACT: The International Law Commission of the UN held its 40th session in 1988. The Commission adopted six articles of the Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind and 14 articles on the law of non-navigational uses of international watercourses. The 20 articles are examined.

McCall, Brian P. "Interest arbitratrion and incentive to bargain." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1990, v34n1, p. 151-167

ABSTRACT: An asymmetric information model of final-offer arbitration is developed. If the union negotiator has superior information about the bargaining environment, then the union may find it best to require the negotiator to go to arbitration.

McCarthy, Abigail. "The war within." Commonweal v. 117 (July 13 '90) p. 408

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Wellesley College.Feminism.Commencement addresses.

ABSTRACT: The controversy over the choice of Barbara Bush as Wellesley's commencement speaker raised the question of what example or advice can be offered by a woman whose status and activities are the result of her marriage. Two strains of feminism were also highlighted: the struggle for rights and equality and the recognition of the caring, unpaid contributions that women have made to the world. A petition put forth by 150 members of Wellesley's senior class stated that the choice of Mrs. Bush contravened what they had been taught during their four years at Wellesley. Mrs. Bush invited Soviet First Lady Raisa Gorbachev to join her in speaking, and each addressed the controversy in her own way. Mrs. Bush emphasized compassion, the need for respecting differences among people, and the importance of love and friendship in addition to career dedication. Mrs. Gorbachev's speech focused on the longtime women's mission of peacemaking, humanism, mercy, and kindness.

McCarthy, Colman. "Needed : Teaching peace literacy by numbers." National Catholic Reporter Dec 25, 1992, v29n9, p. 14

ABSTRACT: The teaching of nonviolent conflict resolution and peacemaking is seen as radical in most schools. Unfortunately, the peace illiteracy that results from not having this teaching creates a land awash in violence. A federal office of peace education, if allowed to be innovative, could be decisive in turning the country away from the vise of violence that grips it.

McCleary, Rachel M.. Seeking justice : ethics and international affairs. Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1992.

SUBJECTS:International relations--Moral and ethical aspects.

CONTENTS:"Just cause"? ; the 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama -- A fragile agreement : the 1972 Vietnamese peace negotiations -- Sharing a global commons : the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea -- Debt and sovereignty : the IMF and Nigeria, 1983-1986 -- Gatt fair trade practices : European Community enlargement and the United States -- Preserving the rain forest : Brazil and the "internalization" of Amazonia.

McCormick, Shawn H. "The lessons of intervention in Africa." Current History Apr 1995, v94n591, p. 162-166

ABSTRACT: Somalia, Rwanda and Mozambique have shown that the UN is an unwieldy, cumbersome and often inept bureaucracy lacking accountability. The lessons of the UN's interventions in Africa are discussed.

McDaniel, William C.; Sistrunk, Francis. "Management Dilemmas and Decisions : Impact of Framing and Anticipated Responses." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1991, v35n1, p. 21-42

ABSTRACT: The impact of decision framing and the anticipated behavior of others on chossing to cooperate in social dilemma problems is assessed. Findings raise questions concerning the extent of applicability of prospect theory to social dilemmas.

McDonald, Robert. "Guarding the line." Maclean's v. 102 (Mar. 27 '89) p. 24

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Cyprus.

ABSTRACT: The 25th anniversary of the United Nations Forces in Cyprus (UNFICYP) passed without special ceremony. On March 14, 1964, the first UN contingent landed in Cyprus, forestalling a threatened Turkish invasion. The UN force was established after virtual civil war broke out between the country's Greek majority and Turkish minority less than four years after Cyprus gained independence from Britain. The peacekeeping force was intended to remain on the island just three months, but Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders are still nowhere near a resolution of the conflict. The UN operation changed dramatically in 1974, when Turkey used a Greek coup against the Cyprus government as an excuse to invade the country and seize the northern third of the island for the Turkish Cypriots. As a result, the UNFICYP now monitors the cease-fire lines, with one of the toughest tasks going to the Canadian force patrolling the so-called Green Line that divides the capital, Nicosia.

McCurry, Michael. "Support for the war crimes tribunal for the former Yugoslavia." US Department of State Dispatch Jan 2, 1995, v6n1, p. 12

ABSTRACT: The creation of an international war crimes tribunal for the former Yugoslavia by the UNSC reaffirms a fundamental principle that binds civilized societies: Those who commit crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity must be held accountable for their actions. Otherwise, there can be no lasting peace in Bosnia.

McDermott, Anthony and Kjell Skjelsbaek. The multinational force in Beirut, 1982-1984. Miami : Florida International University Press, c1991.

SUBJECTS:United Nations--Armed Forces--Lebanon--Beirut. Multinational Force in Lebanon.

CONTENTS:Theory and practice. Multinational peacekeeping in the Middle East and the United Nations model / Richard W. Nelson -- What went wrong? / Nathan A. Pelcovits -- The demise of the MNF / Augustus Richard Norton -- The multinational force in Beirut / Richard W. Nelson -- UN authority and U.S. power / Ramesh Thakur -- The MNF players. The American peacekeeping role in Lebanon / Geoffrey Kemp -- The ambiguous role of France / Anthony McDermott and Kjell Skjelsbaek -- Italy's role in peacekeeping operations / Franco Angioni and Maurizio Cremasco -- Some lessons from British participation / J.A. Kenny and Peter Woolley -- Other interested parties. "If we take fire ... we're gonna return it" : how a peacekeeping force took sides / Robert Fisk -- A tragic experiment in the diplomacy of misunderstandings / Ghassan Tueni -- The relationship between the MNF and the Lebanese armed forces / Mounir Rohayem.

(cont.) Israeli expectations and conclusions / Ze'ev Schiff -- The Palestinians and the MNF / Helena Cobban -- The Shiites and the MNF / Augustus Richard Norton -- External interventions and internal wars in Lebanon, 1770-1982 / Marwan Buheiry -- A summary of the international workshop / John MacKinlay.

McDonald, Marci. "A hint of hope in the Gulf." Maclean's v. 103 (Dec. 10 '90) p. 28-30+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Persian Gulf region.Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--American intervention.Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: Less than 24 hours after the UN Security Council voted to authorize the use of "all means necessary" against Iraq unless it withdraws from Kuwait by January 15, President George Bush announced that he would hold direct talks with Iraq to resolve the situation. Bush's announcement, which was the first hint of hope in the Persian Gulf crisis, represented a stunning reversal of his previous refusal to deal with Iraq directly. The president invited Iraq's foreign minister, Tariq Aziz, to Washington and said that he would send Secretary of State James Baker to Baghdad sometime between December 15 and the January 15 deadline. The president's sudden reversal appeared to be intended less for Iraq than for the growing concern in the United States over a potential war. In testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, a number of former military commanders warned of the risks of a war and urged Bush to give economic sanctions more time to have an effect.

McDonald, Robert. "Cyprus : A peacekeeping paradigm." World Today Oct 1993, v49n10, p. 182-184

ABSTRACT: Minority and ethnic violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots is discussed, as are efforts by the UN to help the two sides reach a peace agreement. The UN has a lack of funds and a clear definition of what its role in Cyprus should be.

McDonald, Robert. "Cyprus : A peacekeeping paradigm." World Today Oct 1993, v49n10, p. 182-184

McDonald, Robert. "Guarding the Line : UN Troops Mark 25 Years on the Job." Maclean's Mar 27, 1989, v102n13, p. 24

ABSTRACT: Twenty five years ago 29 Canadians were in the vanguard of UN intervention which prevented Turkey from invading Cyprus. Today that force has increased many times over, but the situation remains the same. After a quarter century of fragile peace, the task of the UN force is as important as ever.

McDonald, Hamish.; Vatikiotis, Michael. "A Distant Light." Far Eastern Economic Review Mar 8, 1990, v147n10, p. 10-11

ABSTRACT: As a result of an Australian plan to involve the UN in the reconciliation process, recent talks between Cambodia's warring factions may lead to compromise. Peace negotiations involving Cambodia and Vietnam are discussed.

McFarland, William P. "Counselors Teaching Peaceful Conflict Resolution." Journal of Counseling & Development: JCD Sep 1992, v71n1, p. 18-21

ABSTRACT: The interpersonal conflict theory and the role of communication skills in conflict resolution are discussed. Counselors can teach persons to resolve interpersonal conflicts skillfully, effectively and peacefully.

McGinnis, Michael D. "Richardson, Rationality, and Restrictive Models of Arms Races." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1991, v35n3, p. 443-473

ABSTRACT: The argument is presented that the substantive complexities of arms rivalries can be implicitly addressed by simple rational models that are considerably less restrictive than the Richardson model.

McGregor, Alan. "Psychological cost of war." Lancet Apr 16, 1994, v343n8903, p. 968

ABSTRACT: "I Dream of Peace" is a collection of drawings and writings by children in schools and refugee camps in former Yugoslavia that is an indication of the cost of the psychological effects of war on children. The UNICEF publication and the agency's emergency program are discussed.

McLaughlin, Donal. "Design for peace : Origin of the UN emblem." UN Chronicle Sep 1995, v32n3, p. 20-21

ABSTRACT: In an excerpt from McLaughlin's memoirs, the origin of the familiar blue-and-white UN emblem is discussed. The UN emblem design became official on Dec 7, 1946.

Meacher, Michael. "Descent into Hell." New Statesman & Society Sep 25, 1992, v5n221, p. 41

ABSTRACT: The civil war in Somalia is discussed. A fragile ceasefire is in place, but without a more determined action by the UN, prospects for a lasting peace are minimal at best.

Mecham, Michael. "Administration cancels missile sale; Congress critical of Middle East policy." Aviation Week & Space Technology v. 126 (June 15 '87) p. 70-1

KEY WORDS: United States.--Navy--Forces in the Persian Gulf region.Guided missiles, Saudi Arabian.Guided missile industries--Export-import trade.United States--Commerce--Saudi Arabia.

ABSTRACT: In the face of bipartisan congressional opposition triggered by Saudi unwillingness to aid U.S. peacekeeping efforts in the Middle East, the Reagan administration has withdrawn its proposal to sell 1,600 Maverick radar-guided antitank missiles to Saudi Arabia. The administration's proposal to reflag 11 Kuwaiti oil tankers has also met with strong bipartisan criticism in Congress.

Mecham, Michael. "SAF fills new role with U.N. relief flights." Aviation Week & Space Technology v. 137 (Nov. 23 '92) p. 104-5

KEY WORDS: United Nations--United States.--Air Force.--Military Airlift Command--Armed forces.Airplanes in relief work.Airports--Sarajevo (Bosnia and Hercegovina).Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Air Force's airlift capacity continues to be a mainstay of UN peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia and elsewhere. NATO, the Western European Union, and other security forces do not have the necessary political consensus to mount significant peacekeeping or military operations in the Balkans, but individual NATO members have provided peacekeeping and escort forces for UN operations in war-torn Bosnia-Herzegovina. The United States has not committed ground troops to the effort, but U.S. commanders expect to sustain airlift operations in the former Yugoslavia for the foreseeable future. U.S. airlift efforts in Sarajevo, the former Soviet Union, Somalia, and Angola are discussed.

Mehic, Dzenita. "We are dying of your protection". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Mar 1995, v51n2, p. 41-44

ABSTRACT: The UN has not been able to protect the citizens of Sarajevo, and they are literally dying of UN protection. Reasons the mission has not worked are examined. It has been suggested that the UN took sides by ignoring the differences between victims and aggressors.

Meisler, Stanley. United Nations : the first fifty years. New York : Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995.

SUBJECTS:United Nations--History. United Nations--Anniversaries, etc.

CONTENTS:1. The Beginnings: From Dumbarton Oaks to San Francisco -- 2. Trygve Lie and Iran: Off to a Bad Start -- 3. Ralph Bunche and the Infant State of Israel -- 4. The Korean War: No More Manchurias -- 5. Dag Hammarskjold -- 6. Suez: The Empires Strike Out -- 7. The Battles of Katanga and the Crash of Hammarskjold -- 8. Adlai Stevenson and the Cuban Missile Crisis: The U.N. as Theater -- 9. U Thant and the Quest for Peace in Vietnam -- 10. The Six-Day War -- 11. Kurt Waldheim: The Big Lie -- 12. Zionism Is Racism -- 13. UNESCO: Defenses of Peace in the Minds of Men -- 14. Javier Perez de Cuellar and the End of the Cold War -- 15. The Persian Gulf War -- 16. Boutros Boutros-Ghali -- 17. The Somalia Debacle -- 18. Alibi: The U.N. in Bosnia -- Epilogue: The Fiftieth Anniversary -- Appendix I. A U.N. Chronology -- Appendix II. U.N. Peacekeeping Missions (as of April 1995) -- Appendix III. The U.N. System.

ISBN0871136163

Meisler, Stanley. United Nations : the first fifty years. New York : Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995.

SUBJECTS:United Nations--History. United Nations--Anniversaries, etc.

Mendez, Ruben P. "Paying for peace and development." Foreign Policy Fall 1995, n100, p. 19-31

ABSTRACT: Viable alternative sources of UN financing that can yield substantial sums to supplement the current method of financing are examined. The foreign exchange market could be a rich source of UN finance through the creation of a Foreign Currency Exchange.

Mendlesohn, Farah. "Gender, power, and conflict resolution : "Subcommittee" by Zenna Henderson." Extrapolation Summer 1994, v35n2, p. 120-129

ABSTRACT: A critique of Zenna Henderson's short story "Subcommittee" is presented. The story uses gender stereotypes to explore aspects of power, communication and conflict resolution.

Menon, Bhaskar.; Sommer, Theo. "A dangerous time for peace-keepers." World Press Review Oct 1993, v40n10, p. 15-16

ABSTRACT: Generational changes in UN peace keeping operations are discussed. While questions arise about the UN's ability to relieve strife, a debate centers on just what its proper role should be.

Menon, Bhaskar.; Sommer, Theo. "A dangerous time for peace-keepers." World Press Review Oct 1993, v40n10, p. 15-16

Meri, Lennart. "Estonia, NATO and peacekeeping." NATO Review Apr 1994, v42n2, p. 7-10

ABSTRACT: Estonia's desire to more fully integrate with NATO to guarantee security on the Russian continent is discussed, focusing on Estonia's signing of the Partnership for Peace and relations with Russia. Estonia's primary objective is to eventually gain full membership in NATO.

Messing, Jeffrey K. "Mediation : An intervention strategy for counselors." Journal of Counseling & Development: JCD Sep 1993, v72n1, p. 67-72

ABSTRACT: Conflict resolution is a rapidly expanding field, one in which counselors need to be more knowledgeable. An overview of conflict resolution and mediation concepts is presented with a comparison to therapeutic counseling interventions.

Metz, Michael E.; Rosser, B R Simon.; Strapko, Nancy. "Differences in conflict-resolution styles among heterosexual, gay, and lesbian couples." Journal of Sex Research 1994, v31n4, p. 293-308

ABSTRACT: Metz et al examined whether different patterns of resolving relationship conflict distinguished heterosexual, gay, and lesbian couples. Results indicated that most couples across type of relationship reported a high degree of relationship satisfaction and moderately low levels of conflict.

Meyer, Gary. "Practice conflict resolution safely on a PC." HRMagazine v. 37 (Feb. '92) p. 30+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Wisdom Simulators Inc.Computer simulation.Conflict management--Study and teaching.Computer-based training--Programs.Personnel management--Data processing--Programs.

ABSTRACT: Wisdom Simulators' new management development microcomputer program, Hold Your Fire ($495), enables personnel managers to simulate touchy, high-risk supervisor-subordinate confrontations on a personal computer. Each of the 10 scenarios on the system diskette begins with a brief outline of a dilemma; at every decision point, a choice of 5 different courses of action is presented. The program alerts the user if the wrong action is chosen and can provide an instant replay of the choices made to that point, with analysis and commentary on the appropriateness of each. The tool is suitable to a wide range of organizations. It is simple and instantly usable, has excellent and well-researched learning content, has an interesting presentation style, is reasonably priced, is portable, has outstanding job relevance, and holds significant potential to help a manager develop important people skills and avoid dangerous pitfalls.

Meyer, Karl E. "Almost forgotten on Veterans Day." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Nov. 11 '93) p. A26

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: World War, 1914-1918--Peace.International relations--History.United States--Foreign relations--History.

ABSTRACT: Although he lost the peace, Woodrow Wilson, who was president during World War I, has prevailed as a prophet of hope and change. In a January 1917 speech, Wilson proposed a League of Peace to collectively check aggression. The League proved unable to keep peace after Wilson failed to win Senate approval for American participation; but in vital respects, Wilson was correct. Great colonial empires have vanished, and new countries are looking to the United Nations for protection.

Meyer, Richard. "Managing in Mogadishu." Financial World Mar 1, 1994, v163n5, p. 22-23

ABSTRACT: The UN mission in Somalia can't be called a failure, though it could have achieved more if the UN were more efficient. Some of the lessons the UN should learn from its experience in Somalia are discussed.

Michaels, Marguerite. "In the heart of darkness." Time v. 136 (Sept. 10 '90) p. 51-2

KEY WORDS: Liberia--Civil War, 1990- .

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Taylor, Charles McArthur.Doe, Samuel Kanyon.

ABSTRACT: In Liberia, a civil war has pitted the Gio tribe, which supports rebel leader Charles Taylor, against the Krahn, the tribe to which President Samuel Doe belongs. In the past eight months, troops led by Taylor have overrun most of Liberia, and only small pieces of the capital city of Monrovia remain in the control of Doe, who has ruled with an iron hand for the past decade. Although few soldiers or rebels have died in battle, thousands of civilians have been killed. In an effort to stop the bloodshed, five West African countries--Nigeria, Ghana, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Gambia--have sent a peacekeeping force to Monrovia. Taylor has challenged the legitimacy of the peacekeepers and has refused to accept a cease-fire.

Michaels, Marguerite. "In the land of blood and tears." Time v. 136 (Oct. 29 '90) p. 62-3

KEY WORDS: Liberia--Civil War, 1990- .

ABSTRACT: The bloody civil war in Liberia, which has cost an estimated 10,000 lives since it began ten months ago, shows no sign of ending. Last December, rebel leader Charles Taylor launched a campaign to oust President Samuel K. Doe, and a separate rebel faction was later formed by Prince Johnson. Six weeks ago, Johnson's troops captured, tortured, and killed Doe, but the president's death has not stopped the violence, hunger, and general chaos in the country. Taylor's and Johnson's supporters are battling each other, while some 1,000 of the slain president's followers still control the executive mansion in Monrovia and are fighting on. Furthermore, a 6,000-man, five-nation West African peacekeeping force trying to stop the violence has instead become actively involved in the war. Even if the conflict were to come to an immediate halt, the country's recovery would take years.

Michener, H Andrew.; Salzer, Mark S.; Richardson, Greg D. "Extensions of value solutions in constant-sum non-sidepayment games." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1989, v33n3, p. 530-553

ABSTRACT: The results of a study on goodness-of-fit show that the lambda-transfer value and the lambda-transfer disruption value were about equally accurate in predicting the observed payoffs to players in constant-sum non-sidepayment games. Solution concepts for lambda-person cooperative games are discussed.

Midlarsky, Manus I. "The Origins of Democracy in an Agrarian Society : Land Inequality and Political Rights." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1992, v36n3, p. 454-477

ABSTRACT: Three models for the development of democracy in agrarian society during the 1973-87 period are examined. It is suggested that agricultural density is related to land inequality, which in turn leads to increased political rights in formerly tribal/hereditary polities.

Midlarsky, Manus I. "Environmental influences on democracy." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1995, v39n2, p. 224-262

ABSTRACT: Four ancient civilizations, Sumer, Mesoamerica, Crete and China, are examined for the existence of early democracy and its inhibition by the onset of widespread warfare. Rainfall and sea borders as two dimensions of minimized environmental threat are tested systematically in a multivariate analysis, along with two societal variables, land inequality and economic development.

Mieses, Stanley. "The peacemaker." New York v. 19 (Nov. 3 '86) p. 30

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Institute for Mediation and Conflict Resolution.

ABSTRACT: Laura Blackburne, president of the Institute for Mediation and Conflict Resolution (IMCR), is New York's top conflict mediator. The explosion of lawsuits and the increase in service industries have created plenty of conflicts that require the intervention of a peacemaker who can help adversaries reach some negotiated settlement of a common problem. Blackburne and other IMCR mediators use the "pyramid approach": Establish trust, clarify issues, explore options, build the agreement, and celebrate. She and the other negotiators at IMCR resolve more than 5,000 disputes each year.

Mihajlov, Mihajlo.; Straus, Ira. "A way out for Yugoslavia." The New Leader v. 74 (July 15-29 '91) p. 2, 8-10

KEY WORDS: Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .Yugoslavia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: Yugoslavia faces a choice not between disintegration and preservation but between fashioning a new federal system and becoming a European Lebanon. Although nationalist fighting has already begun, it is still possible to prevent the country's disintegration, provided the will exists to preserve the union. If Yugoslavia is to be brought back from the brink of disaster, four steps must be taken: an international peacekeeping force should be put in place to assure that any agreements reached will be adhered to; direct, multiparty federal elections should be held after a truce is arranged, so that a legitimate federal government can be assembled; the resulting federal government should participate in negotiations for a new federal constitution; and an effort should be made to form a Balkan confederation that includes Albania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and, after it makes some democratic reforms, Romania.

Miljus, Robert C.; Moore, William M. "Economic reform and workplace conflict resolution in China." The Columbia Journal of World Business v. 25 (Winter '90) p. 49-58

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Management by contract.Industrial relations--China.China--Economic policy.

ABSTRACT: China's reform movement has not produced the economic and industrial outcomes that were expected. The new contract responsibility system has resulted in greater power being given to enterprise management, but workers now have diminished influence in the workplace and society. China has achieved material benefits far above those in most developing Third World nations, but these benefits remain low by Western standards, and the economic gap between China and its Pacific Rim neighbors is widening. China's continued growth is challenged by massive unemployment and underemployment, badly congested urban areas, pollution, shortage of critical energy resources, extensive corruption among Chinese Communist Party and government officials, and the need to upgrade the educational system and modernize the infrastructure. Major workplace and labor market changes, such as greater labor mobility, formal grievance procedures, and trade union reform, are called for.

Miller, James Grier. "Kenneth Ewart Boulding : Born January 18, 1910--Died March 18, 1993." Behavioral Science Apr 1994, v39n2, p. 89-92

ABSTRACT: Kenneth Ewart Boulding, former director of the Center for Research on Conflict Resolution at the University of Michigan, died on Mar 18, 1993. As a Quaker and as a scholar, Boulding worked throughout his life for the cause of peace.

Miller, Suzanne. "Middle-schoolers "do justice" by their classmates." Education Digest Nov 1993, v59n3, p. 13-16

ABSTRACT: School-based conflict resolution programs seek to show young people that they have many choices for dealing with conflict and to give them the skills to make those choices real in their own lives. One such program and suggestions for starting one are discussed.

Miller, Robert. Aid as peacemaker : Canadian development assistance and Third World conflict. Ottawa : Carleton University Press ; Don Mills, Ont. : Distributed by Oxford University Press Canada, 1992.

SUBJECTS:Economic assistance, Canadian--Developing countries. Human rights--Developing countries. Peace.

CONTENTS:Aid as peacemaker : Central America / David Close -- Canada, aid, and peacemaking in Southern Africa / Linda Freeman -- Principled intervention : Canadian aid, human rights, and the Sri Lankan conflict / David Gillies -- Canadian aid, social change, and political conflict in the Philippines : prospects for conflict resolution / David Wurfel -- CIDA as peacemaker : integration or overload? / Gerald J. Schmitz -- United Nations peacekeeping in a new era : implications for Canada / Gregory Wirick -- CUSO and liberation movements in Southern Africa : an appeal for solidarity / Christopher Neal ... <et al.> -- The International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development : a new approach to politics and democracy in developing countries? / Andres Perez -- Immunization and cease-fires / Robin Hay and Clyde Sanger -- Food for guns : when foreign aid helps to stop the fighting / Brian Hanington -- The Horn of Africa Project : modelling alternative conflict resolution / Ronald J.R. Mathies, Harold Miller and Menno Wiebe.

SUBJECTS:Economic assistance, Canadian--Developing countries. Human rights--Developing countries. Peace.

Minasyan, Liana. "Peacekeepers accused of disloyalty." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Apr 19, 1995, v47n12, p. 23-24

ABSTRACT: The Russian peacekeeping operation in Abkhazia Georgia is in trouble, and the 18-month-long discussions to settle the conflict there have reached an impasse.

Mintz, Alex.; Stevenson, Randolph T. "Defense expenditures, economic growth, and the "peace dividend"."Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1995, v39n2, p. 283-305

ABSTRACT: It is not known whether defense spending hinders or promotes economic growth. Results of a study show that military expenditures have a significant positive effect on growth in only about 10% of the cases.

Mintz, Alex. "The decision to attack Iraq : A noncompensatory theory of decision making." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1993, v37n4, p. 595-618

ABSTRACT: An attempt at explaining the decision to use force against Iraq is presented using a noncompensation theory of decision making. The noncompensatory theory suggests that decisions on the use of force are often based on the rejection of undesirable alternatives on the basis of one, or at most a few, criteria.

Mintz, Alex.; Geva, Nehemia. "Why don't democracies fight each other?" Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1993, v37n3, p. 484-503

ABSTRACT: The "democratic peace" phenomenon is evaluated in an experimental setting. Results of three experiments confirm democratic peace findings and suggest that democracies do not fight each other because their leaders have few political incentives to do so.

Mitchard, Jacquelyn. "Kids killing kids." TV Guide v. 42 (Apr. 23-29 '94) p. 22-3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Youth and firearms.Conflict resolution in television.Television and youth.Violence.

ABSTRACT: CBS's hour-long special Kids Killing Kids offers solutions to teen violence. The show tells 4 stories that end in death or grievous injury; then, onscreen, the tape rewinds and each of the teen protagonists gets a chance to replay his destiny without a gun. The show is hosted by former Cosby Show star Malcolm-Jamal Warner and includes profiles of real-life teens who are working against gun violence in their communities. The Fox TV network made the unusual decision to air the special at the same time as CBS, and both shows will appear without commercials.

Mitchell, Jared. "An attack on civilians." Maclean's v. 98 (Mar. 18 '85) p. 29

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988.

ABSTRACT: Last week's devastating attack on the Iraqi city of Basra by Iranian artillery is just one more battle in the increasingly costly four-and-half-year conflict between the two nations. That strike and an Iraqi offensive against an Iranian city on March 4, injured or killed 500, bringing the total number of war casualties to 250,000. The United Nations has been unable to maintain peace in the area, and an accord signed last June was broken with these most recent attacks. Both countries remain firm in their resolve to continue the fighting. Iraq began the war and now wants to see it end but claims that Iran's demands to oust its president, withdraw from Iranian territory, and pay $200 million in reparations, are unreasonable. The Iran-Iraq war looks as if it may continue for many years.

Mitterrand, Francois "The rule of law." Vital Speeches of the Day v. 57 (Oct. 15 '90) p. 4-8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--France.United Nations.--General Assembly (45th session)Rule of law.Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--French intervention.

ABSTRACT: In an address to the UN General Assembly in New York City, the president of the French Republic, Francois Mitterrand, states that the French policies on the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait are those of the United Nations. His instructions are to ensure the implementation of the resolutions of the Security Council, to contain aggression, and to serve peace without surrendering to violence. He says that France's approach implies dialogue between the parties concerned, an agreement with the neighboring states, and the indispensable international guarantee that the general assembly represents.

Mitterand, Francois. "The Rule of Law." Vital Speeches of the Day Oct 15, 1990, v57n1, p. 4-8

ABSTRACT: In an address to the UN General Assembly, the French president discusses the recent easing of East-West tensions, the urgency of peace between Israelis and Palestinians and states that, despite previously friendly relations between Iraq and France, his nation is committed to abide by international laws of sovereignty.

Mohr, Jakki.; Spekman, Robert. "Characteristics of partnership success: partnership attributes, communication behavior, and conflict resolution techniques." Strategic Management Journal v. 15 (Feb. '94) p. 135-52

ABSTRACT: Data from 124 surveys on vertical relationships between manufacturers and dealers in the personal computer industry were examined in order to explore the determinants of partnership success. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze satisfaction with manufacturer support, satisfaction with profit, and dyadic sales. The results show that the main indicators of partnership success are attributes of commitment, coordination, and trust; communication quality and participation; and an emphasis on joint problem solving.

Moir, Hughes. "Books for Keeping the Peace." Instructor Apr 1991, v100n8, p. 22-23+

ABSTRACT: Using literature to teach conflict resolution is discussed. When stories mirror a child's own experience, they can provide valuable lessons for resolving conflicts. A list of suggested readings is offered.

Molander, Per. "The prevalence of free riding." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1992, v36n4, p. 756-771

ABSTRACT: In a study, the prospects for the spontaneous emergence of cooperation in n-person prisoner's dilemma were studied within an evolutionary framework. The results indicated that spontaneous cooperation in general collective-action games appears less likely than much of the literature seems to indicate.

Mo, Jongryn. "The logic of two-level games with endogenous domestic coalitions." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1994, v38n3, p. 402-422

ABSTRACT: R. D. Putnam's conjecture that greater domestic constraints can be a bargaining advantage in international negotiations is examined through the more realistic model of negotiator behavior. Results indicate that the relationship between the negotiator's domestic constraints and the bargaining outcome is more complex than Putnam's examination suggests.

Mollins, Carl. "Diplomacy on trial." Maclean's Dec 12, 1994, v107n50, p. 38-39

ABSTRACT: The continued fighting in Bosnia-Hercegoniva is discussed. The small, warring groups have defied the efforts of the UN, the US and the EC. The UK and France are urging the US to release Bosnian Muslims from an arms embargo and to order more air strikes on the Serbs.

Mollins, Carl. "Call to conscience." Maclean's Jul 31, 1995, v108n31, p. 26-27

ABSTRACT: The continuing problems in Bosnia and the way they effect other countries around the world are discussed. The fighting has made a mockery of the UN and challenged US world leadership.

Mollins, Carl. "Troubled birthday." Maclean's Oct 23, 1995, v108n43, p. 28-29
ABSTRACT: The UN turns 50 years old on Oct 24, 1995, and it still faces many problems. One problem is that many countries, including the US, owe huge back dues. Pres Clinton has a plan to pay the debt, but the Republican-backed Congress does not want to go along with the idea.

Molot, Maureen Appel and Harald von Riekhoff. Canada among nations, 1994 : a part of the peace. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1994.

SUBJECTS:Canada--Foreign relations--1945-Canada--Politics and government--1980-

CONTENTS: A part of the peace / Harald von Riekhoff and Maureen Appel Molot -- Global economic change: fashioning our own way / Alan S. Alexandroff -- The future of Canadian multilateralism / Tom Keating -- United Nations structural and financial reform / W. Andy Knight -- Nothing is agreed until everything is agreed: first thoughts on the implications of the Uruguay Round / John M. Curtis and Robert Wolfe -- Europe after Maastricht / David Long -- A new security strategy for Europe / Alexander Moens -- From South to East? financing the transition in Central and Eastern Europe / Jeanne Kirk Laux -- NAFTA, Uruguay, and Canada- U.S. relations: inside looking out / Charles F. Doran -- Open regionalism: East Asia sets the pace / Wendy Dobson -- Russia's Monroe Doctrine: peacekeeping, peacemaking, or imperial outreach? / Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone -- Le maintien de la paix au Cambodge: la victoire de la diplomatie tranquille / Jocelyn Coulon -- Beyond peacekeeping: Somalia, the United Nations and the Canadian experience / Nancy Gordon -- Bosnia and other Balkan powder kegs / John M. Fraser.

Molot, Maureen Appel and Harald von Riekhoff.Canada among nations, 1994 : a part of the peace . Ottawa : Carleton University Press, 1994.

SUBJECTS:Canada--Foreign relations--1945-Canada--Politics and government--1980-

Monroe, Craig.; Borzi, Mark G.; DiSalvo, Vincent S. "Conflict Behaviors of Difficult Subordinates." Southern Communication Journal Summer 1989, v54n4, p. 311-329

ABSTRACT: Existing models of conflict resolution/management make assumptions regarding personal and relational variables which make them inappropriate for many important conflict situations. One such conflict situation is discussed.

Moore, Charles. "'Our boys' in Bosnia are admirable and brave. That doesn't mean they are doing the right thing." Spectator Jul 29, 1995, v275n8716, p. 8

ABSTRACT: The UK's policy in Bosnia is centered on what is in the best interests of British peacekeeping troops. People are failing to see that Serbia is trying to destroy the legitimate government of Bosnia and that "peace-keeping" only makes sense when each side is in an equivalent position.

Moore, Mike. "Make it so." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Mar 1995, v51n2, p. 2

ABSTRACT: An editorial discusses the problems facing the UN as it celebrates its 50th anniversary. Pres Clinton is becoming wary of getting too deeply involved in the peacekeeping process, and the Congress is hostile toward the UN.

Moore, Mike. "U.N. peacekeeping, a glass half empty, half full." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Mar 1995, v51n2, p. 22-23

ABSTRACT: Peacekeeping has become the most visible and the most controversial activity the UN participates in. Cold War-era peacekeeping ventures were few and far between, but the number has increased since the collapse of the USSR.

Moore, Will H. "Action-reaction or rational expectations? Reciprocity and the domestic-international conflict nexus during the "Rhodesia problem"." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1995, v39n1, p. 129-167

ABSTRACT: A case for expanding the focus from national-attribute studies of intranational conflict toward stragetic behavior studies of intranational conflict is made. One payoff of such a move is that it enables researchers to specify a linkage between the strategic behavior of both domestic and international actors and thus address the often theorized, but rarely established, intranational-international conflict nexus.

Moose, George E. "U.S. commitment to conflict resolution in Africa." US Department of State Dispatch Jun 20, 1994, v5n25, p. 412-413

ABSTRACT: The US is helping the Organization of African Unity (OAU) develop a credible capability to plan, coordinate and supervise efforts in conflict resolution. Funding for the OAU and downsizing the military in Africa are discussed.

Moorman, Margaret. "Rocky road to peace and understanding." Art News v. 84 (Feb. '85) p. 11

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: ROCI (Exhibition)

ABSTRACT: At a reception at the United Nations, artist Robert Rauschenberg announced his plans for the Rauschenberg Overseas Cultural Interchange (ROCI), a five-year world tour of twenty-two countries. Rauschenberg is scheduled to begin ROCI in April at the Rufino Tamayo Museum in Mexico City with an exhibition of 150 of his works from the past twenty years. He plans to work with artists from each country on the tour, adding to the exhibition as he goes along. At the close of 1984, however, Rauschenberg had received confirmation from only six of the twenty-two nations he plans to visit, and some of the ROCI's funding has fallen through. The artist's rambling speech at the U.N. only served to confuse many patrons. Nevertheless, Rauschenberg is firmly committed to ROCI and plans to implement the program.

Moran, Victoria. "Effective Communication." Animals' Agenda Sep 1992, v12n7, p. 42-43

ABSTRACT: Suggestions are offered for opening a meaningful discussion and using principles of conflict resolution within an organization. The parties should find a time to talk, plan the context of the discussion, talk the problem out and make a well-balanced deal.

Moreau, Ron. "Cambodia's war rages on." Newsweek v. 116 (Sept. 10 '90) p. 38

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Khmer Rouge.Cambodia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: Despite the recent talk of peace by officials at the United Nations, the war in Cambodia shows no sign of letting up. Instead, Khmer Rouge rebel forces are intensifying their attacks. Documents captured recently from the Khmer Rouge instruct rebel forces to prepare for another six to eight years of war. The rebels hope to drain the economy by forcing the Phnom Penh government to continue to spend 30 percent of its budget on the military. This year alone, more than 2,000 Cambodians have died, and more casualties are inevitable as rebels move closer to the capital.

Moreau, Ron. "Giving peace a chance." Newsweek v. 121 (June 7 '93) p. 30

KEY WORDS: Elections--Cambodia.

ABSTRACT: Despite threats of violence from the Khmer Rouge, nearly 90 percent of Cambodia's registered voters recently participated in 6 days of UN-supervised polling, completing the first free and fair election in the country's history. The results should be announced soon, but already the true winner appears to be the popular will for peace. The Khmer Rouge, who are still fighting a bitter civil war, had threatened to sabotage the election, but a 22,000-member UN peacekeeping operation--the largest in UN history--and an enthusiastic public appear to have led to the largely nonviolent polling. Both the country's current ruler, the Vietnamese-backed Cambodian People's Party (CPP), and the royalist opposition party, known as Funcinpec, have said that they are confident of victory. Unfortunately, if the CPP wins the election, it may resume the civil war with the Khmer Rouge, and if it loses, it may not transfer power to its rivals peacefully.

Moreno, Rafael.; Vega, Juan Jose. "Lessons from Somalia." Peacekeeping & International Relations May 1994, v23n3, p. 11-12

ABSTRACT: Somalia became the "laboratory" of the revolutionary new ideas of UN Secy-Gen Boutros Boutros-Ghali about the imposition of peace and the reconstruction of nations in chaos, but the mission did not have the expected results. Some of the lessons to be learned from the Somalia experience are discussed.

Moreno, Rafael.; Vega, Juan Jose. "Lessons from Somalia." Peacekeeping & International Relations May 1994, v23n3, p. 11-12

Morgan, T Clifton.; Bickers, Kenneth N. "Domestic discontent and the external use of force." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1992, v36n1, p. 25-52

ABSTRACT: The diversionary theory of international conflict is revised. It is argued that a state leader will treat an erosion of domestic support more seriously when it comes from within segments of society that are critical in the maintenance of the leader's ruling coalition than when it comes from other domestic groups.

Morgan, T Clifton.; Campbell, Sally Howard. "Domestic Structure, Decisional Constraints, and War : So Why Kant Democracies Fight?" Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1991, v35n2, p. 187-211

ABSTRACT: It is argued that previous studies have misspecified the theoretical argument that democracies are less war-prone than other forms of government. For countries that are major powers, decisional constraints lead to a lower probability that conflicts will escalate to war.

Morganthau, Tom.; Barry, John. "On the march." Newsweek Dec 11, 1995, v126n24, p. 28-32

ABSTRACT: After three years of hoping the Bosnia problem would vanish, Pres Clinton is committing both 20,000 US troops and his political future to the perils of a hard Balkan winter. Questions remain, however, about how once the soldiers go into Bosnia, when and how will they get back out again.

Morris, Stephen J. "Skeletons in the closet." The New Republic v. 202 (June 4 '90) p. 17-20

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Khmer Rouge.Cambodia--Politics and government.United States--Foreign relations--Cambodia.

ABSTRACT: Some Americans who consider themselves peace activists are backing a policy that ensures that the war in Cambodia will continue. With the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, there is a chance that the major powers will reach an agreement on an interim United Nations takeover of Cambodia that would guarantee the withdrawal of Vietnamese troops as well as free and fair elections. The Vietnamese Communists, knowing that their Kampuchean puppets would lose the election, are trying to subvert the agreement. Unfortunately, their efforts are being aided by the Campaign to Oppose the Return of the Khmer Rouge, which is directing an effort to cut off American aid and Western support for the Khmer Rouge-aiding coalition known as the non-Communist resistance (NCR). If aid to the NCR is ended, however, Cambodian nationalists will turn to the Khmer Rouge, which was responsible for the evisceration of the Cambodian population between April 1975 and December 1978.

Morrison, Alex. "The world of the future." Peacekeeping & International Relations May 1993, v22n3, p. 1

ABSTRACT: The international security game in the years to come is discussed in an editorial. Many believed that the end of the Cold War would bring peace and harmony, but peacekeeping forces are still needed in hot spots around the world.

Morrison, Alex. "From the editor." Peacekeeping & International Relations Mar 1994, v23n2, p. 1

ABSTRACT: An editorial assesses the impact of UN peacekeeping activities in Bosnia. The UN must remain engaged in peacekeeping activities in Bosnia and continue its valuable work of saving lives and contributing to international peace, security and stability.

Morrison, Alex. "From the editor." Peacekeeping & International Relations Mar 1994, v23n2, p. 1

Morrison, Alex. "From the editor." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jul 1994, v23n4, p. 1

ABSTRACT: The problem areas of Sarajevo Bosnia-Hercegovina, Haiti, Burundi and the Rwandan refugee situation are discussed in an editorial. The post Cold War international situation shows that the international community is not capable of solving all of the world's problems at the same time and some of the challenges are incapable of being met.

Morrison, Alex. "From the editor." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jul 1995, v24n4, p. 1-2

ABSTRACT: UN Secy-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali has told leaders of Rwanda and Burundi that they cannot expect increased international aid unless they first help themselves. An editorial discusses Boutros-Ghali's emphasis on "political will" in helping countries solve their problems.

Morrison, Alex. "From the editor." Peacekeeping & International Relations Sep 1995, v24n5, p. 1-2

ABSTRACT: The work of those at the UN's Department of Peacekeeping Operations is praised in an editorial. They supervise the movement of tens of thousands of peacekeepers to peacekeeping operations by air, land and sea.

Morrison, David C. "Black and blue helmets." National Journal Feb 20, 1993, v25n8, p. 483

ABSTRACT: Peacekeeping is enjoying a boom, with about 60,000 UN "blue helmets" serving in 13 operations around the world. However, many peacekeeping operations have become unglued. The UN's role as a successful peacekeeper is questioned.

Morrison, David C. "Republicans at war with peacekeeping." National Journal Mar 11, 1995, v27n10, p. 615-621

ABSTRACT: The new Republican Congress seems to have declared war on the multinational peacekeeping ethos started by Pres George Bush's New World Order. Legislation concerning national security and peacekeeping is discussed.

Morrison, David C. "Make peace--Or else!" National Journal Oct 3, 1992, v24n40, p. 2250-2254

ABSTRACT: Peacekeeping has become a booming business for the UN, but fierce debate is growing over a scheme to endow the UN with a standing army designed to stop the world's many explosive tinderboxes. The UN's role as peacekeeper is discussed.

Morrocco, John D. m" U.S. trains for peacekeeping." Aviation Week & Space Technology v. 140 (Apr. 25 '94) p. 36-41+

KEY WORDS: United States.--Air Force.Military maneuvers.

ABSTRACT: U.S. military units from all 3 services plus the Alaskan National Guard participated in Northern Edge '94, an 8-day peacekeeping scenario simulated in Alaska. More than 15,000 military personnel participated in the exercise, which mirrored ethnic conflicts around the globe by simulating a peace enforcement operation in which U.S. forces, acting under a UN mandate, intervene to separate opposing forces from 2 fictitious nations warring over a disputed ethnic region. The scenario and the roles of the units taking part are described in a cover story. Related articles discuss the operations and technology of the Air Force's 366th composite wing, which participated in the exercise; the new power projection role being emphasized by the U.S. Alaskan Command; and the modernization and enlargement of the Alaskan Command's training range complex.

Morrow, James D. "Alliances, credibility, and peacetime costs." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1994, v38n2, p. 270-297

ABSTRACT: A formal model of alliances as signals of intentions to explore the credibility of alliances is offered. The model with alliances presented a wide range of strategic behaviors.

Morrow, James D. "Electoral and Congressional Incentives and Arms Control." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1991, v35n2, p. 245-265

ABSTRACT: Two arguments about how the democratic institutions of the US influence arms control bargaining are presented and tested.

Morrow, James D. "A twist of truth : A reexamination of the effects of arms races on the occurrence of war." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1989, v33n3, p. 500-529

ABSTRACT: A study was made that considered the effects of arms races on the occurrence of wars and why some arms races end in war and some don't. The results of the study are discussed.

Morse, Philip S.; Andrea, Ron. "Peer mediation in the schools : Teaching conflict resolution techniques to students." NASSP Bulletin Mar 1994, v78n560, p. 75-82

ABSTRACT: The presentation of conflict resolution skills can be an effective alternative to the two choices students face--fight or flee. A program called Peer Mediation that teaches students how to communicate with one another rationally and effectively in order to resolve conflicts is described.

Mott, Gordon. "Judgment on Flight 655." Newsweek v. 112 (July 25 '88) p. 49

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--Security Council (Meetings: 1988)United Nations--Iran.Iranian air disaster, 1988.

ABSTRACT: In seeking UN Security Council condemnation of the United States for a U.S. warship's obliteration of Iran Air Flight 655 over the Persian Gulf, Iran has discovered how isolated it has become in the world. Instead of condemning the United States, the council has called upon Iran to honor UN Resolution 598 by consenting to a cease-fire in the Iran-Iraq War. Vice President George Bush scored rhetorical points by arguing that Iran's disregard for Resolution 598 directly contributed to the U.S. attack that killed 290 civilians. Washington has also won support for its avowal to pay compensation to the families of the victims, although it remains unclear how the United States could make restitution without involving the Iranian government. Meanwhile, by withdrawing forces from two areas of captured Iraqi territory, Iran has shown that it may be ready to wind down the Gulf war. U.S. officials contend that Iraq can be pressured into a peace settlement.

Moul, William Brian.; Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio. "Predicting the severity of great power war from its extent--Comment/reply." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1994, v38n1, p. 160-172

ABSTRACT: Moul comments on a study by Cioffi-Revilla that predicted that the battle fatalities of an Iraq-UN war would be between 100,000 and approximately 1 million. Cioffi-Revilla offers a response.

Moul, William B. "Polarization, polynomials, and war." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1993, v37n4, p. 735-748

ABSTRACT: Michael Wallace (1973) reports a very pronounced curvilinear relationship between a new measure of the polarization of the state system and warfare during 1815-1964. The theory that there is no relationship--linear, monotonic or nonmonotonic--between polarization and the number, severity or magnitude of international wars during the period 1815-1976 is discussed.

Mueller, Jean West.; Schamel, Wynell Burroughs. '"Out of Fear and into Peace" : President Eisenhower's Address to the United Nations.' Social Education Mar 1990, v54n3, p. 163-166

ABSTRACT: On Dec 8, 1953, Pres Dwight D. Eisenhower's proposal "Atoms for Peace" was made to the UN General Assembly. The initial response of the assembly was complete silence followed by rousing cheers. The first seven pages of Eisenhower's address are analyzed as a document and discussed as a teaching tool.

Mueller, John. "The catastrophe quota : Trouble after the Cold War." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1994, v38n3, p. 355-375

ABSTRACT: The quest for things to worry about has continued as the major problems associated with the Cold War have been resolved. The notion that international affairs have now become especially tumultuous, unstable and complex is discussed.

Mujawamariya, Monique. "The obligation to rescue II." Social Research Spring 1995, v62n1, p. 13-21

ABSTRACT: A refuge from Rwanda who had been involved in human rights work discusses her rescue. She was saved by individuals, including her house servants and a soldier who was supposed to kill her. She asserts that the UN has proved itself a failure in rescuing people who are victims of a civil war.

Muldoon, James P. "What happened to humanitarian intervention?" Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Mar 1995, v51n2, p. 60-61

ABSTRACT: The UN doctrine of humanitarian intervention appears to be failing almost everywhere its tried. It has become difficult to rationalize humanitarian intervention with armed forces.

Muller, Albrecht A. C. von. "More to do." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 45 (May '89) p. 43-4

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on the arms control criteria proposed by Thomas C. Schelling and Morton H. Halperin in 1961. The Schelling-Halperin objectives were conceived at a time when the rivalry between the United States and Soviet Union dominated international politics, but the situation is much different today. Confrontational politics is being replaced by a growing awareness of new, global concerns that call for far-reaching international cooperation. In this context, arms control has become a tool for conflict resolution, as indicated by the willingness of both sides to make substantial concessions. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev has positioned himself at the leading edge of this shift in world politics, perhaps because he sees the new arrangement as the only way for the Soviet Union to remain a world power. The West should actively join in this process and work to achieve a peaceful resolution to the superpower rivalry.

Muller, Edward N.; Weede, Erich. "Cross-national variation in political violence : A rational action approach." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1990, v34n4, p. 624-651

ABSTRACT: The question of why nations differ in rates of domestic political violence is of intrinsic interest as all governments strive to political stability. Two rational propositions about determinants of political violence are tested at the cross-national level.

Murayama, Tomichi. "50th anniversary of the United Nations - Tomichi Murayama." Vital Speeches of the Day Nov 15, 1995, v62n3, p. 74-75

ABSTRACT: The people of Japan are grateful to the international community for its aid in recovering from the devastation of WWII and engaging in national reconstruction. The role of the UN is growing and diversifying as it attempts to deal with issues of a stable food supply and environmental protection.

Murphy, Richard W. "Remaking the Mideast." World Monitor v. 4 (Apr. '91) p. 28-30+

KEY WORDS: Persian Gulf War, 1991--Peace and mediation.United States--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: The United States should capitalize on its decisive victory in the Persian Gulf War by pursuing creative diplomacy in the Middle East. President Bush needs to spell out his long term plan of action for the region. Such a plan should address five areas: how peacekeeping forces should operate after the speedy exit of U.S. forces from the Gulf, how to strengthen the UN for mediating regional disputes, how the Arab members of the allied coalition will interact with other states in the region, how to take timely advantage of the indebtedness that Israel and Arab allies feel toward the United States, and how to control and reduce arms in the region. This American-initiated diplomacy should be respectful of and cooperative with the UN.

Murphy, Richard W. "U.S. role in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East peace process." Department of State Bulletin v. 88 (June '88) p. 43-6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.United States--Foreign relations--Middle East.United States--Foreign relations--Persian Gulf region.

ABSTRACT: In an address at the Citadel in Charleston, South Carolina, the assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern and South Asian affairs discusses U.S. policies regarding the Persian Gulf and the Arab-Israeli conflict. He states that the United States is pursuing a two-track policy on the Iran-Iraq War, consisting of military measures to protect U.S. interests while the war continues and attempts to find a diplomatic solution in the United Nations to end the war. He outlines steps that the United States has taken to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict over the years and describes a new U.S. peace initiative that is designed to bring both parties to the negotiating table.

Murray, Shoon. "Turning an Elite Cross-Sectional Survey into a Panel Study While Protecting Anonymity." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1992, v36n3, p. 586-595

ABSTRACT: A procedure for turning an elite cross-sectional survey into a panel study, even when no records exist that link individuals to their original questionnaires and which protects the respondents' anonymity, is described.

Mursi, Ahmed. "A Secretary-General on the firing line." World Press Review v. 39 (Oct. '92) p. 12-13

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--Secretary-General.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on the United Nations' peace-keeping role in the world. An article excerpted from Al-Mussawar of Cairo. An international campaign has been launched against UN secretary-general Boutros Boutros Ghali on a scale unprecedented in the organization's history. The parties to the campaign have different goals, motives, and political and philosophical perspectives. Various criticisms that have been made of Boutros Ghali are reviewed.

Myers, Wendy S. "Confronting the bears in your office." Women in Business May 1995, v47n3, p. 8

ABSTRACT: Dealing with difficult people in the office is a professional issue, not a personal one. Some situations that will test one's conflict-resolution skills are presented.

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Nadein, Vladimir. "Grachev and Perry clear the way for penultimate meeting between Yeltsin and Clinton." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Nov 8, 1995, v47n41, p. 26-27

ABSTRACT: Russian Minister of Defense Pavel Grachev and US Secretary of Defense William Perry met to discuss each other's positions on certain issues and pave the way for a meeting between President Yeltsin and President Clinton. The situation between Russia and NATO and the presense of peacekeeping forces in Bosnia are discussed.

Nadein, Vladimir. "Operation 'Fig Leaf'." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Dec 6, 1995, v47n45, p. 23-24

ABSTRACT: An agreement has been reached under which Russian troops will participate in the Bosnia peacekeeping mission, but they will not be under NATO command. All parties appear to be pleased with the agreement.

Nadein, Vladimir. "A stunning success with an unclear outcome." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Nov 22, 1995, v47n43, p. 6-7

ABSTRACT: Boris Yeltsin and Bill Clinton reached complete agreement concerning the participation of Russian military in the peacekeeping mission in Bosnia-Hercegovina. Russia's involvement in the crisis could become a turning point in relations between the two super-power countries.

Nadein, Vladimr. "Under bombardment--To the roundtable." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Sep 27, 1995, v47n35, p. 8

ABSTRACT: US and NATO officials are very pleased with the air strikes against the Bosnian Serbs. NATO aircraft are operating like clockwork, neatly taking out air-defense systems and weapons depots, and there are no casualties. While the air strikes were going on, Bosnian Serb Pres Slobodan Milosevic was having lunch with US Assistant Secretary of State Richard Holbrooke.

Nam Hyeon Kim.; Wall, James A Jr.; Dong-Won Sohn.; Kim, Jay S. "Community and industrial mediation in South Korea." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1993, v37n2, p. 361-381

ABSTRACT: The mediations of 95 community and 95 industrial mediators in South Korea are investigated. The dependency strategy is very consistent with the Confucian emphasis on interpersonal harmony.

Nastasi, Bonnie K.; Clements, Douglas H.; Battista, Michael T. "Social-Cognitive Interactions, Motivation, and Cognitive Growth in Logo Programming and CAI Problem-Solving Environments." Journal of Educational Psychology Mar 1990, v82n1, p. 150-158

ABSTRACT: Extending earlier work, a study investigated whether children working in two educational computing environments--Logo and computer-assisted instruction (CAI) problem solving--exhibited differing amounts of behaviors indicative of cooperative interaction, conflict and resolution, effectance motivation and self-evaluation. Results are reported.

Natale, Jo Anna. "Saving for what future?." Psychology Today v. 21 (Aug. '87) p. 16

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Nuclear warfare--Psychological aspects.Saving and savings.

ABSTRACT: Research by economist Joel Slemrod revealed that savings patterns are influenced by people's feelings about the threat of nuclear war. He estimated the annual savings rates for 1948 through 1984 and compared these with two indexes of the public's perception of the nuclear threat. The comparison revealed that when the public's perception of the nuclear threat increased, the savings rate decreased, and when the perception fell, the savings rate rose. The results of his research appeared in Journal of Conflict Resolution (Vol. 30, pp. 403-19).

Nau, Henry R. "Winning the peace." National Review v. 43 (Apr. 1 '91) p. 35-7

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on the Persian Gulf War. In order to win the peace in the Middle East, America must maintain engagement there. Those who say that the United States should come home do not understand the mistakes of 1945. America's peacemaking role in Europe after World War II proves that war itself never ensures peace, that there cannot be peace without either an armed balance or a political community, and that the best way to political community is open commerce, both within a region and between states of that region and like-minded states elsewhere. Others can help provide the economic means, but the United States must provide the political vision, the military stability, and the diplomatic direction for peace in the Middle East.

Neack, Laura. "UN peace-keeping : In the interest of community or self?" Journal of Peace Research May 1995, v32n2, p. 181-196

ABSTRACT: Neack examines whether state participation in UN peace-keeping results from a state's idealistic commitment to the global community and international peace or whether participation is tied to the state's national interest.

Neack, Laura. "UN peace-keeping : In the interest of community or self?" Journal of Peace Research May 1995, v32n2, p. 181-196

Negin, Elliot. "Spoiling the party." Scholastic Update (Teacher's Edition) Oct 6, 1995, v128n3, p. 12-13

ABSTRACT: US lawmakers and commentators have called the UN an inefficient, wasteful, corrupt and useless organization. The eroding support for the UN and the successful missions of the UN are noted.

Neier, Aryeh "Watching rights." The Nation v. 255 (Sept. 28 '92) p. 317

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Somalia.United Nations--Yugoslavia.United Nations--Cambodia.Relief work--Bosnia and Hercegovina.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Relief work.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Relief work.

ABSTRACT: Despite the potential success of its efforts in Cambodia and El Salvador, the UN needs to clarify its mission and establish bureaucratic accountability if relief efforts such as those in Bosnia and Hercegovina and in Somalia are to have any effect. With the end of the cold war, the UN has been able to act as a stabilizing force in Cambodia under an ambitious plan to demobilize 4 armies and prepare the way for national elections. In El Salvador, too, the UN has helped negotiate a peace settlement. In Bosnia, however, the UN's deliveries of humanitarian aid are doing nothing to halt the genocidal conduct of the Serbian armed forces, and the UN should be denouncing specific crimes against humanity there. In Somalia, the UN should stop trying to negotiate with tribal leaders and instead deliver massive humanitarian aid in the hope of ending conflicts over food. In the absence of cold war influences, the UN now has a chance to fulfill its potential.

Neier, Aryeh. "Watching rights." Nation Mar 7, 1994, v258n9, p. 296

ABSTRACT: The tendency of top UN officials to mete out blame equally among all three sides in the Bosnian war has caused many Bosnians to loathe the UN. Ways in which some UN officials promoting peace have attempted to distort the reality of the situation are discussed.

Neier, Aryeh "Watching rights." The Nation v. 253 (Sept. 9 '91) p. 257

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--El Salvador.Civil rights--El Salvador.El Salvador--Civil War, 1980- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: The UN's establishment of ONUSAL, a human rights monitoring agency, in El Salvador indicates that it is at last fulfilling the hopes of those who envisioned it as a vehicle for protecting human rights. ONUSAL is the most significant of the UN's efforts in El Salvador, where UN mediators are negotiating a peace agreement between the government of President Alfredo Cristiani and the FMLN guerrillas. In August, ONUSAL was opening offices in a half dozen Salvadoran cities to monitor civil rights. The agency staff, including lawyers and others with extensive experience documenting violations, is being recruited from outside El Salvador. Until now, the UN had little role in civil wars and held a dismal record in fighting human rights violations.

Neier, Aryeh. "Watching Rights." Nation Jun 8, 1992, v254n22, p. 775

ABSTRACT: Cambodia is the most striking example of the UN's new interventionist role in ending the civil war there, holding elections and promoting human rights. If the UN can breathe new life into Cambodia, the world will turn to it to do the same for other devastated states.

Neimeyer, Charles P. "'Gone to fight Indians ... Be back when it's over'--Peace operations reconsidered." Marine Corps Gazette Jan 1994, v78n1, p. 29-31

ABSTRACT: Many historical lessons, once well known to Marines but now long neglected and forgotten, need to be revisited, relearned and applied to current operations, particularly peacekeeping forces. Lessons the USMC can learn from past military experiences are discussed.

Nelan, Bruce W. "Not-so-rapid response." Time Jun 19, 1995, v145n25, p. 29-30

ABSTRACT: Despite NATO's bluster, UN peacekeeping reinforcements won't change a thing in Bosnia. The first French reinforcements reached Bosnia last week, and their arrival was apparently meant to send the Serbs some signals.

Nelan, Bruce W. "Bombs and bluster." Time Jul 31, 1995, v146n5, p. 42-43

ABSTRACT: After a 16-nation emergency meeting in London, the allies have issued an ambiguous warning to the Serbs, threatening to strike back if the last remaining safe area in Bosnia is attacked. Legislation to lift the US arms embargo against Bosnia is unlikely to be useful by the time it is a reality.

Nelan, Bruce W. "A convert among the dying." Time Mar 29, 1993, v141n13, p. 39

ABSTRACT: During his six months as commander of the UN peace force in Bosnia Hercegovina, French General Philippe Morillon earned a reputation as a maverick. Although no one considered Morillon to be inclined toward heroics, he surprised many recently when he decided to remain in Bosnia and stand with the thousands of people caught in the Serb siege.

Nelan, Bruce W.; Thompson, Mark. "Tears and terror." Time Jul 24, 1995, v146n4, p. 40-47

ABSTRACT: Last week Serb rebels stormed into Srebrenica, the eastern Bosnian zone that the UN had declared a "safe area" in 1993, and then mounted a full-scale "ethnic cleansing" operation. Two days later, all but a few of Srebrenica's 42,000 Muslims have been expelled. Nelan reports on Serb advances in Bosnia, and Thompson discusses the Pentagon's contingency plan for pulling 25,000 peacekeepers out of the country.

Nelan, Bruce.; Fedarko, Kevin. " Unshakable vacillation." Time Jun 12, 1995, v145n24, p. 50-55

COMPANY NAMES AS SUBJECTS:North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNATO

ABSTRACT: This week, Bosnian Serbs released several of their UN peacekeeper hostages, but shot down a US plane, the US offered to send more troops to the Balkans but then withdrew the offer, and NATO continued to vacillate.

Nelan, Bruce W. "What price glory?" Time Nov 27, 1995, v146n22, p. 46-51

ABSTRACT: The US is searching to create a policy for putting its troops in harm's way even when the country is not directly threatened. Congress is sending signals to Pres Clinton that it will fight him vigorously on any deployment in which it has no say.

Nelan, Bruce W. "Words are not enough." Time v. 143 (Feb. 28 '94) p. 44-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.Sarajevo (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1991- .Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Aerial operations.Serbia--Nationalism.

ABSTRACT: Despite the Serbs' promise to withdraw their guns from Sarajevo in the wake of threatened air strikes by NATO, peace remains out of reach. The siege will not be over as long as Serbian troops ring Sarajevo, and the war will not be over as long as Bosnia's ethnic factions continue to battle across the countryside. Meanwhile, many observers wonder if the Bosnian Serbs have received too good a deal. The only peace plan under discussion--the United Nations-backed Owen-Stoltenberg proposal--will allow the Serbs to keep what they have captured and partition Bosnia into 3 ethnic pieces. The Muslim-led government has rejected the plan, but the European allies believe the U.S. has agreed to push the Bosnians into accepting the Owen-Stoltenberg divisions. At best, the brokered cease-fire will make civilian life a bit more tolerable while the peace talks continue.

Nelan, Bruce W. "A convert among the dying." Time v. 141 (Mar. 29 '93) p. 39

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.Muslims--Bosnia and Hercegovina.Serbia--Nationalism.Srebrenica (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1992- .Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Relief work.

ABSTRACT: French General Philippe Morillon, commander of the UN peace force in Bosnia, recently risked his life, his reputation, and the UN's dwindling credibility to help thousands of people caught in the eastern Bosnian town of Srebrenica, which remains besieged by Serbs. Serbian forces on the Serbian-Bosnian border had been preventing a convoy of UN relief trucks from reaching the town, where as many as 80,000 people, mostly Muslim refugees, are still trapped by Serbian shelling. When Morillon went to Srebrenica in March, 20 or more people were dying there every day, and refugees were suffering from illness, starvation, and cold. The French general, who had earlier earned a maverick reputation, decided to stay in the city, setting up a standoff with Serbian troops. He then traveled to the border, where he forced the Serbs to allow the UN trucks to enter the town. Still, more supplies are needed in Srebrenica, and even food and medicine cannot stop the "ethnic cleansing.".

Nelan, Bruce W. "A convert among the dying." Time Mar 29, 1993, v141n13, p. 39

Nelson, Daniel N. "Not all quiet on the eastern front." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 46 (Nov. '90) p. 35-8

KEY WORDS: Eastern Europe--Politics and government.Eastern Europe--Defenses.

ABSTRACT: With renewed nationalism rekindling old disagreements between many Eastern European nations, Eastern European leaders are looking for ways to enhance security. All have at least expressed interest in the confidence- and security-building measures under discussion at the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Taking the lead in proposing new security measures, Hungary has called for verification of military equipment by air, initiated bilateral discussions concerning locations and amounts of equipment and weaponry to be inspected, and proposed drastic reductions of border forces and a ban on military maneuvers in frontier zones. Czechoslovakia has endorsed the idea of a European conflict center and suggested the formation of a military committee that would maintain peacekeeping forces.

Nelson, Kelly. "Development from the bottom up: an innovative aid organization helps turn Chinese peasants into entrepreneurs." China Business Review v. 18 (Jan.-Feb. '91) p. 18-19

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Trickle Up Programs Inc.New business enterprises--China.

ABSTRACT: The New York-based Trickle Up Program (TUP) scouts for prospective business partners among Chinese peasants with neither experience nor capital. The program was designed to help the poor develop business management skills by establishing their own enterprises. TUP is aimed at segments of society that have been traditionally ignored as potential contributors to family and community income, such as women and the young. TUP organizes such people into entrepreneurial groups and provides them with $100 in start-up capital. Volunteers from local institutions or from organizations such as the Peace Corps and the United Nations coordinate the business projects and facilitate planning and decision making. TUP estimates that more than 200 Chinese businesses it helped start two years ago now earn over $84,000 in gross revenue annually.

Nelson, Liza. "Taking the trauma out of custody cases." McCall's v. 117 (Apr. '90) p. 27+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Justice Center of Atlanta (Ga.)Arbitration and award.Custody of children.

ABSTRACT: Conflict-resolution centers offer an alternative to the high cost and emotional stress of litigating disputes like child custody. The centers provide neutral mediators who help parties in disagreement to reach their own solutions. A notable example of a conflict-resolution center is the Justice Center in Atlanta, which mediates more than 3,000 cases a year and boasts a 70 percent success rate. Information on obtaining a directory of dispute-resolution centers is provided.

Nemeth, Mary. "A struggle for unity." Maclean's v. 102 (June 5 '89) p. 25

KEY WORDS: Arab League.

ABSTRACT: At a recent meeting, the 22-member Arab League supported a proposal by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to negotiate directly with Israel for an independent Palestinian state, but it couldn't reach agreement on Lebanon's civil war. PLO leader Yasir Arafat won support for his peace plan, which involves free elections under international supervision, and for the Palestine National Council's decision to renounce terrorism and recognize Israel's right to exist alongside an independent Palestine. The league's attempt to find a solution to the civil war in Lebanon failed when Syria refused a proposal by Jordan's King Hussein to replace Syrian and other foreign troops in Lebanon with an Arab peacekeeping force.

Nemeth, Mary. "Voting for peace." Maclean's v. 102 (Jan. 2 '89) p. 44-5

KEY WORDS: Elections--Sri Lanka.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Premadasa, Ranasinghe.

ABSTRACT: Despite death threats from Marxist radicals, about 55 percent of Sri Lanka's eligible voters went to the polls in the country's recent presidential elections. The island has been racked by violence since 1983, with the mainly Hindu Tamil minority waging a struggle for independence from the Buddhist Sinhalese majority. Marxist and nationalist terrorists in the south have been retaliating against President Junius Jayewardene's concessions to the Tamils and his 1987 Indo-Sri Lankan accord, which invited Indian peacekeeping forces to the northern part of the island. The winner of the election was Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa, a Sinhalese, who will be Sri Lanka's first leader from outside the high-caste elite.

Nergard, Trude Brita. "Solving conflicts outside the court system." British Journal of Criminology Winter 1993, v33n1, p. 81-94

ABSTRACT: Conflict Resolution Boards function to allow conflicts to be resolved outside the formal legal system. The results of an evaluation of Conflict Resolution Boards is offered.

Ness, Erik. "'Life, death, and aid'." Progressive Jan 1994, v58n1, p. 13-14

ABSTRACT: Doctors Without Borders, an international medical relief group, recently released a report damning UN peacekeeping efforts. The report accuses the UN of using aid for political leverage.

Neuman, Stephanie G. "Identifying the peace America wants to keep." Insight on the News Aug 7, 1995, v11n30, p. 23

ABSTRACT: If the US is going to embrace peacekeeping intervention as a policy tool, the question of how and when to intervene must be carefully weighed in terms of national interests. If peacekeeping operations are to be a new form of US military assistance, then deciding which side to support and why is as critical today as it was during the Cold War.

Newhouse, John. "The Diplomatic Round : In a New Era and Groping." New Yorker Dec 16, 1991, v67n43, p. 90-104

ABSTRACT: The fall of communism aroused expectations that the UN would play an expanded role in the new world order, but now those expectations are being trimmed. Recent changes at the UN and how much the organization's role will be expanded are discussed.

Newman, Richard J. "Zimmermann, Tim. "Keepers of the peace."

ABSTRACT: Pres Clinton plans to send 20,000 or so US troops to Bosnia if a peace agreement can be reached in negotiations that began this week at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton OH. The day-to-day peacekeeping will involve chores such as uncovering mass graves and cleaning up the carnage after a car bombing.

Newman, Peter C. "Martin's $1-billion defence-spending hit." Maclean's Jan 23, 1995, v108n4, p. 41

ABSTRACT: A significant reduction in defense spending will be one of the biggest hits in Paul Martin's budget. However, Peter C. Newman believes the notion that Canada can unilaterally disarm and contribute only peacekeepers to the world's security net is naive and wrong.

Newport, Frank.; Saad, Lydia. "Americans want to keep at arm's length from Bosnian conflict." Gallup Poll Monthly Jun 1995, n357, p. 16-22

ABSTRACT: According to a recent poll, Americans are generally wary of any increased level of US involvement in the Bosnian war. Pres Clinton's approval rating on foreign policy is currently at 40%.

Nichols, Mark. "A middle power at the top." Maclean's v. 101 (June 20 '88) p. 32

KEY WORDS: Canada--Foreign relations.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the 1988 economic summit in Toronto. In the 76 years since it established its first external affairs department, Canada has become a distinctive middle power noted for its peacekeeping missions, behind-the-scenes mediation, and extensive membership in international organizations. Concurrently, Canada's economic weight has earned it invitations to the Western economic summit talks and membership in the powerful Group of Seven nations. The shape of Canada's modern foreign policy emerged after World War II, when External Affairs officials Escott Reid and Dana Wilgress argued that the country's overriding goal should be to prevent war between the United States and the Soviet Union. To that end, Canada helped create NATO and the United Nations and has maintained a wary but flexible stance toward Moscow. Despite its strategy of quiet compromise, Canada has occasionally taken independent stands that have angered its allies.

Niehoff, Marilee S. "Common Sense Rules." Public Relations Journal Feb 1988, v44n2, p. 19-20

ABSTRACT: Research on the role of value differences in a territorial struggles is examined. An exploration of opponents' values before meeting makes negotiations run more smoothly and are likely to lead to peaceful and successful conflict resolution.

Nina, Daniel. "Community justice in a volatile South Africa : Containing community conflict, Clermont, Natal." Social Justice Fall 1993, v20n3-4, p. 129-142

ABSTRACT: A case study of community justice in Clermont South Africa is discussed. The case of Clermont gives insight into the current situation in South Africa regarding community conflict resolution.

Nincic, Miroslav.; Hinckley, Barbara. "Foreign Policy and the Evaluation of Presidential Candidates." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1991, v35n2, p. 333-355

ABSTRACT: Recent work on social cognition is applied to examine the impact of foreign policy on presidential elections.

Nishimura, Mutsuyoshi. "Peace-Keeping Operations : Setting the Record Straight." Japan Echo Autumn 1992, v19n3, p. 50-56

ABSTRACT: A raging Japanese debate relating to legislation that would allow members of the armed forces to participate in UN peace-keeping operations is discussed. On a deeper level, the debate concerns the broader question of how Japan should contribute to the cause of global peace.

Noble, Kenneth B. "As Liberia's factions talk, strife and fear drag on." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Nov. 5 '93) p. A3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Liberia.Liberia--Civil War, 1990- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: For the last 3 months, Liberia's political factions have engaged in peaceful negotiations to resolve the bitter differences that have led Liberia from dictatorship to anarchy. The 3 main armed factions remain deadlocked on the issue of forming a national government, however, and politicians, foreign diplomats and relief workers fear that Liberia may be heading toward a full-scale civil war.

Noble, Kenneth B. "After 13 years of a vicious war, Liberians dare to hope for peace." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 2 '93) p. A2

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Liberia.Liberia--Civil War, 1990- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: A peace accord brokered by the United Nations took effect in Liberia on August 1, reportedly ending virtually all shooting between Liberia's warring factions. Liberia's civil war, which has claimed almost 150,000 lives, began in December 1989 when the forces of Charles Taylor, the leader of one of the main factions, attacked the military dictatorship of President Samuel K. Doe.

Nolin, Christine. "Conflict resolution: guiding members toward agreement." Association Management v. 45 (Sept. '93) p. 32-4+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Dispute resolution.Conflict management.Associations, institutions, etc.--Management.

ABSTRACT: Conflict management skills are important for association executives. As associations enter the mid 1990s, the increasing work force diversity and decreasing economic resources will spur many conflicts. Although conflict can bring stagnation and major problems, it can also allow associations to rejuvenate, discard entrenched ways of thinking, and emerge healthier and more dedicated to quality service. As an association divides itself, the CEO may feel pressured to resolve the conflict. But since the conflict is between members, the solution must be generated by the members. The CEO should only facilitate negotiations, by defining the issue, creating an agenda for discussion, gathering information, considering underlying motives, brainstorming for possible solutions, and identifying possible settlements.

Nordland, Rod. "'What am I doing here?'." Newsweek Jun 12, 1995, v125n24, p. 26

ABSTRACT: Life for UN peacekeepers in Bosnia is dangerous and humiliating on a daily basis. The personal struggles and danger that UN peacekeepers must endure in what to them is an undefined mission are discussed.

Nordland, Rod. "Playing the Jordan card." Newsweek v. 106 (Nov. 4 '85) p. 40

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Palestine Liberation Organization.Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Israel--Foreign relations--Jordan.

ABSTRACT: In a surprising speech at the United Nations, Israel's Shimon Peres offered to go to Amman by the end of the year for peace talks with King Hussein. The prime minister stated that the Soviets would have to restore diplomatic relations with Israel before his nation would participate in a forum including the Soviet Union. Hussein called Peres "a man of vision" and suggested that he might drop Yasir Arafat and the Palestine Liberation Organization as negotiating partners if their terror tactics continue. Encouraged by Hussein's remarks, Peres returned to Israel to face right-wing opposition to any trade of peace-for-land with Jordan. Although his vulnerable coalition government may not survive under the pressure of a trip to Amman, Peres appears willing to take a first step.

Nordland, Rod. "King Hussein: last chance?."

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Jordan--Foreign relations--Middle East.United States--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: In an interview, Jordan's King Hussein discusses his Middle East peace initiative and his hopes for his upcoming visit to Washington and the United Nations: The prospects for renewing the peace process and settling the West Bank Palestinian issue have never been so good. The Palestinians are prepared, a second-term president is in the White House, and a U.S.-Soviet dialogue has begun. But it is disappointing that there has been little progress toward joint Jordanian-Palestinian talks with Israel. A meeting of U.S. officials and non-PLO Palestinians could spark a dialogue among all parties. It is difficult to understand why the United States and Israel oppose an international conference that would include the Soviets, who cannot be ignored. Jews have as much to gain as Arabs. If Congress rejects the proposed arms sale, Jordan will be forced to look elsewhere.

Nordland, Rod. "Beirut's Friday bomber." Newsweek v. 105 (Mar. 18 '85) p. 34-5

KEY WORDS: Terrorism--Lebanon.

ABSTRACT: At least 92 people died in Beirut last week when a bomb exploded outside the home of Sheikh Muammad Hussein Fadlallah, the spiritual leader of the Hizbullah (Party of God), a Shi'ite fundamentalist group. It was the worst bombing since the October 1983 massacre, in which 241 U.S. Marines were killed. Hizbullah militiamen immediately blamed the United States and Israel for the disaster, although the most likely suspects are Lebanese factions opposing Hizbullah in a pitched battle for control of the Shi'ite Amal militia. Nevertheless, the bombing set off a new round of threats against the handful of Americans left in Beirut. The next day, suicide bombers destroyed an Israeli Army truck in southern Lebanon the next day, killing at least 7 Israeli soldiers. Earlier, the United Nations transferred 30 Americans serving with peacekeeping forces there to Israel. Sheikh Fadlallah, meanwhile, was unharmed by the Friday blast.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). "American troops to Bosnia?" Television Program: Capital Gang Sunday--CNN Oct 8, 1995, Program n10

ABSTRACT: Some feel that the larger US role in Bosnian peace negotiations and the US commitment and responsibility to NATO signals the involvement of US ground troops in Bosnia.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), United Nations. "The escalation of the war in the Balkans." Television Program: Capital Gang--CNN May 28, 1995, Program n187,

ABSTRACT: The escalation of the war in the Balkans and the possible future course of the conflict is discussed. In retaliation for NATO air strikes, Bosnian Serbs have seized hundreds of UN peacekeepers.

Norton, Augustus R.; Weiss, Thomas George. "Turning again to UN peacekeepers." The New Leader v. 72 (Mar. 20 '89) p. 12-14

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations has begun to play a more important role in the peaceful resolution of international conflict, which was acknowledged when the UN peacekeeping forces were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 1988. The efforts of UN diplomats and the availability of the peacekeeping option were critical factors in such developments as the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and the end of the Gulf war. Now that the Soviet Union, China, and the Western permanent members of the Security Council seem more dedicated to the peacekeeping process, new initiatives can be expected. Peacekeeping operations have limitations, however, and it must be remembered that peacekeeping is not an end in itself but a means toward facilitating peacemaking. It is also an expensive proposition: the annual peacekeeping budget could approach $2 billion. Still, the financial and political cost of not taking action may be greater.

Norton, Augustus R.; Weiss, Thomas George. "Turning again to UN peacekeepers." The New Leader v. 72 (Mar. 20 '89) p. 12-14

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces.

Norton, Augustus Richard. "Book Reviews--International Relations : UNIFIL." American Political Science Review Dec 1990, v84n4, p. 1459-1460

ABSTRACT: Augustus Richard Norton reviews "UNIFIL: International Peacekeeping in Lebanon, 1978-1988," by Bjorn Skogmo.

Norton, Augustus Richard. "Book Reviews : A Life in Peace and War." Middle East Journal Winter 1989, v43n1, p. 121-123

ABSTRACT: Augustus Richard Norton reviews "A Life in Peace and War," by Brian Urquhart.

Norton, Augustus Richard.; Weiss, Thomas G. "Burden Sharing : Turning Again to UN Peacekeepers." New Leader Mar 20, 1989, v72n6, p. 12-14

ABSTRACT: After a period of low effectiveness in the 1970s, the United Nations has achieved a number of successes or potential successes in 1988-89. UN diplomatic or military interventions have achieved results in such places as Cyprus, Namibia and the Persian Gulf.

Norton, Augustus R.; Weiss, Thomas George. "Turning again to UN peacekeepers." The New Leader v. 72 (Mar. 20 '89) p. 12-14

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces.

Norton, Clark.; Kohn, Howard. " One man against the pirates." Reader's Digest v. 128 (Jan. '86) p. 86-92

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Refugees, Vietnamese.Pirates.

ABSTRACT: When Theodore "Ted" Schweitzer served as a field officer for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, he was stationed at the Songkhla refugee camp in southern Thailand, temporary quarters for thousands of "boat people" who had fled Vietnam. Some of these refugees were stranded on Ko Kra, a small island off Thailand's eastern coast, where they were being terrorized by Thai and Malay pirates. Schweitzer risked his own life in dozens of rescue missions to the island, eventually rescuing 1,250 refugees. After serving in Geneva, Switzerland, he returned to Thailand, where he organized the S.E.A. Rescue Foundation, an agency devoted to establishing a piracy-free zone across the Gulf of Thailand. For his efforts, Schweitzer received a replica of the 1981 Nobel Peace Prize and the 1983 award of merit from the Boat People S.O.S. Committee.

Novicki, Margaret A. "Bachir Mustapha Sayed : Polisario's Policies for Peace." Africa Report May 1989, v34n3, p. 57-60

ABSTRACT: In an interview, Bachir Mustapha Sayed, the head of the Polisario movement's external relations committee, describes the state of the peace process between Moroccan King Hassan and the Polisario Front.

Novicki, Margaret A. "Kaire Mbuende : Strengthening Southern Africa." Africa Report Jul 1994, v39n4, p. 45-47

ABSTRACT: In an interview, Kaire Mbuende, the new executive secretary of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), explains that the organization has undergone more than a name change recently, with new areas of focus including conflict resolution and promotion of democracy. The implications of a democratic South Africa for SADC are also discussed.

Novicki, Margaret A. "Interview--A New Agenda for the OAU : Salim Ahmed Salim." Africa Report May 1992, v37n3, p. 36-39 (4 pages)

ABSTRACT: In an interview, Organization of African Unity Secy-Gen Salim Ahmed Salim discusses a new generation of activity for the continent's three-decade-old organization--addressing issues of economic integration, conflict resolution and the management of political change.

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O'Brien, Conor Cruise "A majority of two." World Press Review v. 35 (Oct. '88) p. 15+

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Soviet Union.United Nations--United States.United Nations.--Security Council.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the United Nations. Excerpted from the London Times. With relations among the major powers improving, UN secretary-general Javier Perez de Cuellar is well placed to enhance the role of the world's peacekeeping organization. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev is plainly interested in seeing the UN become the kind of intervenor in the collective interest that it was founded to be. The United States has recently shown a disdain for the UN, but the Security Council's significance is likely to grow if a strong consensus can be developed among the superpowers. Perez de Cuellar is taking a low-key approach that appears to be well suited to the task of exploring and expanding the limits of consensus.

O'Brien, Conor Cruise "Hands off: why Europe has been reluctant to intervene." The Atlantic v. 270 (Nov. '92) p. 34+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: European Community.Bosnia and Hercegovina.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .Serbia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Foreign relations--Western Europe.Western Europe--Foreign relations--Yugoslavia.

ABSTRACT: The human tragedy in Yugoslavia could not have been averted through outside military intervention and cannot now be ended by it. Intervention would only extend the scope of the tragedy and prolong its duration. Americans and most members of the United Nations believe that the European Community must carry most of the burden in the Balkans, but European government leaders are not impressed by these expectations. They realize that to send their nationals "to die for Balkan peace" would mean their own political deaths as soon as people discovered the price of maintaining peace in Bosnia under constant guerrilla attacks by both Croats and Serbs. The fighting will end only as a result of war-weariness and territorial satiety. When that occurs, Serbia will undoubtedly want to repair its relations with the outside world.

O Brien, Kevin A. "The war in Chechnya." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 10

ABSTRACT: The background to the current crisis in Chechnya in the Russian Transcaucasus is presented. The rebellion is a populist uprising against the political center in Moscow.

O Brien, Kevin A. "Guest editorial." Peacekeeping & International Relations Sep 1994, v23n5, p. 1

ABSTRACT: An editorial notes the changing force of peacekeeping. Peacekeepers no longer only separate belligerent sides by mutual agreement; they are interposed within active wars.

O Brien, Kevin A. "Japan Echo." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1994, v23n1, p. 13-14

ABSTRACT: "Japan Echo" is a quarterly journal containing translations of articles on Japan written by prominent commentators. Two recent editions of "Japan Echo" that contain a series of articles relevant to Japan's developing international role in peacekeeping are discussed.

O Brien, Kevin A. "Guest editorial." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 1

ABSTRACT: There is no end in sight nor is there any apparent means to stop the war in Bosnia-Hercegovina as it enters its third year. Resolution of the war is discussed in an editorial.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : Northern Ireland." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 12-13

ABSTRACT: The march toward peace in Northern Ireland continues as peace negotiations between the UK government, Dublin, Sinn Fein and the Protestant political parties begin and army patrols are suspended. The peace negotiations are detailed.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : Rwanda." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 13

ABSTRACT: The UN is seeking $1.4 billion to provide funds to Rwanda to help rebuild the country following the holocaustal war of last spring. This attempt and the raids being carried out by UNAMIR forces are discussed.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : Algeria." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 8

ABSTRACT: A peace plan put forth in December by representatives of three major Algerian opposition parties is designed to bring an end to the civil war that has raged unabated for three years. The plan is discussed.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : Nagorno-Karabakh." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 11

ABSTRACT: A plan has been approved to send a 3,000-personnel peacekeeping force to the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan. The force could be deployed within the next few months.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : Somalia." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 14

ABSTRACT: Things have gone from bad to worse in Somalia since the withdrawal of the majority of the Western UN forces from that country. Chaos has returned as rebel clan militias fight for supremacy and the distribution of food is held hostage to the whims of the militia leaders.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : Mexico." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 11

ABSTRACT: Little more than a stalemate has been achieved in the conflict between the agrarian-based rebels of the Zapatista National Liberation Army and the Mexican government. The conflict in Mexico is discussed.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : European Union." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 9

ABSTRACT: Norway's "no"-vote to membership in the EU has given new impetus to those who stand opposed to further integration. Norway's opposition, mainly from the country's agricultural and fisheries sectors, is detailed.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : Canada." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 8-9

ABSTRACT: It was announced on Jan 4 that Canada would begin studying the feasibility of establishing a UN rapid-reaction force. Debate over a UN standing force is detailed.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : Spain." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 14

ABSTRACT: Former Director of State Security Julian Sancristobal and two other senior policing officials were arrested in Madrid on Dec 23, 1994 and charged with murder, kidnapping and misuse of public funds. The charges are detailed.

O Brien, Kevin A." National notations : Organization of African Unity." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1,

ABSTRACT: The OAU met in France in November to discuss the formation of an OAU peacekeeping force available for operations throughout the African continent. Obstacles to the formation of such a force are detailed.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : Sudan." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 14-15

ABSTRACT: The long civil war in Sudan appears to be intensifying as the Khartoum government has obtained the permission of the governments of neighboring Zaire and the Central African Republic to build up troops in their states along their borders with Sudan. The war is discussed.

O Brien, Kevin A." National notations : Nigeria." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 12

ABSTRACT: The military regime in Lagos Nigeria suspended habeas corpus rights for the population in early December. This will allow indefinite internment without trial under the severe opposition to the military rule that is rising quickly.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : India." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 10

ABSTRACT: The US and India signed a pact on military cooperation on Jan 12, 1995, ending decades of Cold War isolation between the two. The agreement, which provides for consultations on security issues relating to both countries, is discussed.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : United States." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 15

ABSTRACT: The Republican caucus in Congress intends on severely curtailing US contributions to UN peacekeeping funds, as well as placing strict limitations on US involvement in peacekeeping operations. The consequence of these actions is detailed.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : Angola." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 8

ABSTRACT: A long-awaited treaty between the MPLA government of Pres Jose Eduardo dos Santos and UNITA rebel forces under Jonas Savimbi was signed on Nov 20 in Lusaka Zambia. The treaty is discussed.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : Nepal." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 12

ABSTRACT: The United Marxist-Leninist Party of Nepal was elected to the government on Nov 19, 1994. This marks a significant turning point in the political history of Nepal.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : Former Yugoslavia." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 15

ABSTRACT: Prime Minister Franjo Tudjman of Croatia informed UN Secy Boutros-Ghali that the UN mandate in Croatia would be terminated by Jun 30, 1995, putting into question the whole UNPROFOR mission. This situation is discussed.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : Iran." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 10

ABSTRACT: It has been reported that Iran is much closer to possessing nuclear weapons than previously thought. Iran may be as little as five years away from having an operational nuclear capability.

O Brien, Kevin A. "National notations : El Salvador." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1995, v24n1, p. 9

ABSTRACT: The US announced in late November that it was considering rescinding protected status for Salvadorean refugees in the US who would be given the option of returning to El Salvador or applying for political asylum. The situation in El Salvador is discussed.

Odugbemi, Sina. "Intervention : The lure--and limits--of force." World Press Review Mar 1993, v40n3, p. 9-10

ABSTRACT: The nature of peacekeeping operations is changing, and it is almost expected that the UN will intervene if a situation becomes too risky. The transformation of peacekeeping to peace enforcement is discussed.

Odugbemi, Sina. ": Intervention : The lure--and limits--of force." World Press Review Mar 1993, v40n3, p. 9-10

Ohanian, Bernard. "Casey Kasem's flip side." Mother Jones v. 14 (Oct. '89) p. 21-3+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Arab Americans--Political activities.Radio broadcasting--Rock music.

ABSTRACT: Casey Kasem, one of America's best-known disc jockeys, is a defender of Arab causes and a champion of conflict resolution. Kasem, whose father immigrated to the United States from Lebanon more than 80 years ago, attracts 10 million listeners each week with his pop music countdown show, Casey's Top 40. He emerged as an Arab spokesman in 1982, when Israel invaded Lebanon. He later became involved in the Foundation for Mideast Communication, which brings Arabs and Jews together in workshops in which they confront their prejudices. He is currently helping to fight the recent wave of Muslim-bashing provoked by the death threats against Salman Rushdie.

Oka, Takashi. "Japan's new focus." World Monitor v. 4 (Sept. '91) p. 28-30+

KEY WORDS: Persian Gulf War, 1991--Japanese participation.Japan--Foreign relations.

ABSTRACT: Criticism from allies about Japan's lack of financial and military support in the Persian Gulf War has led the Japanese to recognize that they must make sacrifices to help preserve the peace and viability of the global community. During the Persian Gulf crisis, Pentagon officials wanted a visible Japanese presence in the Gulf, but the Japanese government provided only money. The Japanese will not put aside their "peace" constitution, which prohibits them from resorting to war, but they now generally favor participation in UN peacekeeping operations. Throughout the summer, a six-boat flotilla sent by the Japanese has been helping remove mines on the seabed. Moreover, the Urban Disaster Prevention Institute, a Tokyo-based committee, has suggested that Japan build and maintain ships equipped to restore basic services in the event of another country's disaster, and Japan's leading economic newspaper has proposed that Japan lead the campaign to protect the world environment.

Okun, Herbert S. "Security Council Adopts Resolution on Central American Peace." Department of State Bulletin Oct 1989, v89n2151, p. 73-74

ABSTRACT: The text of the UN Security Council resolution adopted unanimously on July 27, 1989 is presented. The US Acting Permanent Representative to the UN discusses the Esquipulas and Tesoro accords, the need for free elections in Nicargua, and the need for the Nicaraguan government to begin a positive dialogue with the opposition.

Okun, Herbert S. "Security Council adopts resolution on Central American peace." Department of State Bulletin v. 89 (Oct. '89) p. 73-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--Security Council (Meetings: 1989)United Nations--Central America.Central America--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: The texts of UN Security Council Resolution 637, which supports the search for lasting peace in Central America, and of the statement made by the U.S. acting permanent representative to the United Nations are provided.

Olisa, Michael S. O. "The cost of peace." The Courier (Unesco) v. 39 (Aug. '86) p. 8-9

ABSTRACT: Three scenarios relevant to the prospects for peace by the year 2000 were presented to the United Nations General Assembly in a 1984 report from the secretary-general. These scenarios raise the issue of the cost of peace as opposed to the cost of war. Peace will require converting resources to nonmilitary uses, redeploying workers employed by the weapons industry, overcoming the hostility of powerful interest groups deprived of profits, and reallocating resources to poorer countries.

Okun, Herbert S. "UN calls on Soviet Union to withdraw from Afghanistan" Department of State Bulletin v. 88 (Jan. '88) p. 54-6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--General Assembly (42nd session)United Nations--Afghanistan.United Nations--Soviet Union.Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: In a statement before the plenary session of the UN General Assembly, the U.S. deputy permanent representative to the UN calls for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. The text of the accompanying UN resolution is provided.

O'Lone, Richard G. "MD-82 aircraft production in China presents management challenges." Aviation Week & Space Technology v. 124 (Feb. 24 '86) p. 42-3+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: McDonnell Douglas Corp.Shanghai Aviation Industrial Corporation.

ABSTRACT: The McDonnell Douglas and Shanghai Aviation Industry Corporation teams trying to manufacture MD-82 twin-jet transports in China are facing unprecedented managerial difficulties. The two companies have agreed to coproduce twenty-five airplanes in a program with a high national priority for the Chinese. Previous international partnerships for military production were poor models for commercial production because of differing budget pressures and regulatory requirements. Differences between Chinese and American cultures, languages, technical communications, training, and human values pose the greatest challenges for the teams. Management techniques emphasizing conflict resolution, however, are being used to minimize problems. The two companies hope to devise an organizational structure that will endure for projects beyond the MD-82 program. Managers expect to finish the first aircraft in May or June of 1987.

Omaar, Rakiya. "Somalia : At War with Itself." Current History May 1992, v91n565, p. 230-234

ABSTRACT: Now that the Cold War is over, Somalia has become one of the world's bloodiest ethnic battlegrounds. The civil war there has been an international embarrassment for the UN.

O Neill, Barry. "Weak models, nil hypotheses, and decorative statistics : Is there really no hope?" Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1995, v39n4, p. 731-748

ABSTRACT: Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science by Donald P. Green and Ian Shapiro.

O'Neil, John. "New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Nov. 22 '93) p. B8" New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Nov. 22 '93) p. B8

KEY WORDS: United States.--Dept. of Defense.United States.--Congress.--Senate.--Committee on Armed Services.Conservatism.Internal security.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Halperin, Morton H.Clinton, Bill, Staff.

ABSTRACT: (Nov. 21) As expected, the Senate sent the nomination of Morton H. Halperin to the position of assistant secretary of defense for democracy and peacekeeping back to the White House, failing to act before the Thanksgiving recess on the controversial nomination. A spokeswoman for Defense Secretary Les Aspin says that the Administration plans to resubmit the nomination when the Senate reconvenes in January and to continue to push for Halperin's placement in the post.

Oneal, John R. "Testing the theory of collective action : NATO defense burdens, 1950-1984." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1990, v34n3, p. 426-448

ABSTRACT: Mancur Olson's theory of collective action is tested using pooled cross-sectional and time-series regression analyses of the defense burdens of 15 NATO countries from 1950 to 1984. Results of this study indicated that this alliance is still best characterized as a group seeking a public good.

Oren, Ido. "The Indo-Pakistani arms competition : A deductive and statistical analysis." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1994, v38n2, p. 185-214

ABSTRACT: A theory of armament that was developed in the context of the superpowers' arms rivalry is applied to South Asia. India and Pakistan had matched high levels of armaments with low levels and vice versa.

Oren, Ido. "The war proneness of alliances." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1990, v34n2, p. 208-233

ABSTRACT: Theoretically, alliances have been hypothesized to lead to war as well as to lead away from war. The relationship between the size of alliances and the war proneness of their members is examined from war records of 126 major power alliances formed during 1816-1980.

Orn, Torsten. "Soldiers of Peace." World Monitor Oct 1989, v2n10, p. 20-24

ABSTRACT: The UN peacekeeping operations are described as a military presence based on voluntary agreement. The financial burden of peacekeeping operations has been at issue, and the charge that peace-keeping operations prolong crises has been raised; however, most alternatives are worse.

Overgaard, Per Baltzer. "The scale of terrorist attacks as a signal of resources." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1994, v38n3, p. 452-478

ABSTRACT: Conflicts between terrorists and governments are examined in a setting of asymmetric information. Optimal government retaliation depends nontrivially on terrorist resources.

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Padus, Emrika. "Mind over cancer." Prevention (Emmaus, Pa.) v. 40 (Mar. '88) p. 59-64

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Cancer--Psychological aspects.Medicine, Psychosomatic.

ABSTRACT: In an interview, Yale surgeon Bernie Siegel, the author of Love, Medicine and Miracles, describes his philosophy of healing. Siegel believes that cancer patients can respond more effectively to medical treatment if they practice a combination of stress reduction, conflict resolution, and positive reinforcement. In an interview, he explains how he developed his unorthodox approach to health care and discusses the concept of team healing.

Pahre, Robert. "Multilateral cooperation in an iterated prisoner's dilemma." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1994, v38n2, p. 327-352

ABSTRACT: Many scholars of international relations agree that bilateral cooperation is easier to achieve than multilateral cooperation. A formal model is proposed to show that this is incorrect.

Palme, Olof "Year of Peace (IV)." The Courier (Unesco) v. 39 (Apr. '86) p. 34

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.

ABSTRACT: Extracts from a speech delivered during the fortieth session of the UN General Assembly: Peace is the aim of the United Nations. To achieve it we must observe legal principles and join together to fight terrorism. We must also recognize that threats to peace originate from unsatisfactory conditions within countries, such as hunger and the denial of human rights. Massive migrations between countries have exacerbated chauvinism and racism, which must be resisted through the kind of solidarity demonstrated by some young people. Many United Nations programs are improving everyday lives.

Papacosma, S. Victor and Mary Ann Heiss. NATO in the post-cold war era : does it have a future? New York : St. Martin's Press, 1995.

SUBJECTS:North Atlantic Treaty Organization. World politics--1989-

CONTENTS: NATO after forty-five years : a counterfactual history / Lawrence S. Kaplan -- NATO and the Soviet Bloc : the limits of victory / Walter L. Hixson -- NATO's structural changes for the 1990s / Robert S. Jordan -- NATO's strategy : past, present, and future / Steven L. Rearden -- NATO and the United Nations : toward a nonallergic relationship / Alan K. Henrikson -- NATO and the CSCE : a new Russian challenge / Sean Kay -- NATO and the European Union / Claude Carlier -- NATO and the United States / Sean Kay -- NATO and the "special relationship" / Phil Williams and Gary Schaub, Jr. -- NATO and the former Warsaw Pact states / Boleslaw A. Boczek -- NATO and the Balkans / S. Victor Papacosma -- NATO and the Middle East : the primacy of national interests / Mary Ann Heiss -- NATO and Scandinavia / Eric S. Einhorn -- NATO after the January Summit : the view from Brussels / Erika v.C. Bruce -- Partnership for peace and the transformation of North Atlantic security / Joseph Kruzel.

Parker, Frank J. "Namibia: peace at last?." America v. 161 (Dec. 16 '89) p. 450-2

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Namibia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: In December 1988, the United Nations, South Africa, Angola, and Cuba signed a peace agreement designed to end 104 years of white rule in Namibia, 77 years of it by South Africa. Optimists might hope that the experience in Namibia will alert South Africa to the value of transferring power to its own black majority in a peaceful manner. It is more likely, however, that South Africa will use the departure from Namibia to consolidate its internal political situation and postpone majority rule. Moreover, the peace accord has such a slim margin of error that South Africa could use almost any excuse to renege on the deal and retain possession of Namibia.

Parks, Craig D.; Hulbert, Lorne G. "High and low trusters' responses to fear in a payoff matrix." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1995, v39n4, p. 718-730

ABSTRACT: A study tested the hypothesis that one's degree of trust in others will influence the extent to which one reacts to the presence of fear in a payoff matrix. Results imply that discussion of the role of trust in cooperation must consider whether the particular dilemma contains an element of fear.

Parks, Craig D.; Vu, Anh D. "Social dilemma behavior of individuals from highly individualist and collectivist cultures." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1994, v38n4, p. 708-718

ABSTRACT: Previous studies of social dilemmas in other cultures found patterns of behavior that are very similar to that of American subjects. It is argued that these cultures are not as different from the US with regard to collectivity as they seem.

Parsons, Anthony. "Instrument of Persuasion." World Press Review Oct 1988, v35n10, p. 22-23

ABSTRACT: The military articles of the UN Charter have never been realized, and the UN has thus become an instrument of persuasion rather than coercion. UN strategies for peacekeeping and peacemaking have enjoyed deserved success in the past year.

Parsons, Anthony "Instrument of persuasion." World Press Review v. 35 (Oct. '88) p. 22-3

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the United Nations. Excerpted from London's Independent. The United Nations has become a vehicle for peace through negotiation rather than through coercion. The UN charter's military articles, under which the organization was to be equipped with a standing army that would replace regional security structures when necessary, were undermined by the inception of the cold war. Instead, the UN has had to rely on the "good offices" of the secretary-general and the support of peacekeeping forces, which work only with amenable parties. It has had little success until the past year, when relations between the superpowers improved. Although it will still be confined to setting guidelines for mediation, the UN promises to be a vital peacemaker and peacekeeper in such areas as the Persian Gulf, Cambodia, and southwestern Africa.

Parsons, Anthony "Instrument of persuasion." World Press Review v. 35 (Oct. '88) p. 22-3

Paul, T V. "Nuclear taboo and war initiation in regional conflicts." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1995, v39n4, p. 696-717

ABSTRACT: The role of nuclear taboo or the tradition of nonuse of nuclear weapons in limited wars involving a nuclear- and a nonnuclear-weapon state and the importance of this prohibitionary norm to deterrence theory were examined. Case studies of Egypt and Argentina show the limitations of nuclear weapons as a usable source of military power.

Pazzanita, Anthony G. "The Conflict Resolution Process in Angola." Journal of Modern African Studies Mar 1991, v29n1, p. 83-114

ABSTRACT: A historical background serves as a prelude to an extensive examination of the dynamics which fuelled the civil war in Angola for such an extended period of time.

Peang-Meth, Abdulgaffar. "The United Nations Peace Plan, the Cambodian Conflict, and the Future of Cambodia." Contemporary Southeast Asia Jun 1992, v14n1, p. 33-46

ABSTRACT: The UN peace plan for Cambodia will move forward with a general election in 1993 as Cambodian faction leaders compromise in the face of international pressure. However, a peaceful future in Cambodia demands long-term international commitments.

Pearson, Geoffrey. "After Desert Storm." Canadian Forum Apr 1991, v69n798, p. 16-18

ABSTRACT: Although the plans to oust Iraq from Kuwait were successful, they may not have been right. The reaction and role of Canada in conjuction with the UN is discussed.

Pearson, Ruth. "U.N. cries "uncle"." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 44 (Oct. '88) p. 36-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--United States.United Nations--Finance.

ABSTRACT: By withholding its contributions to the United Nations, the United States has forced the international organization to capitulate to its demands. The funds were held back ostensibly to encourage UN budgetary restraint, but the real reason was to make the organization's operation more pro-Western and pro-business. The United States has also used its influence to exert pressure on UN agencies, to undermine programs it deems hostile to free enterprise, and to promote pro-Western ideology. Washington's campaign of financial blackmail brought the UN to the brink of bankruptcy. As a result, the UN has knuckled under to U.S. demands, thereby ensuring that it will no longer serve all nations equally. Ironically, Washington is now turning to the UN to help mediate peace in several war-torn regions, but the organization may be too weakened from lack of funding to operate effectively.

Peerman, Dean G. "Haiti: democracy derailed." The Christian Century v. 104 (Dec. 16 '87) p. 1135-6

KEY WORDS: Elections--Haiti.Terrorism--Haiti.United States--Foreign relations--Haiti.

ABSTRACT: The recent election-day slaughter in Haiti has undermined U.S. officials' confidence in Haiti's National Council of Government, led by Lt. Gen. Henri Namphy. Although it is not clear whether the Namphy government ordered the violence that caused the elections to be canceled, it certainly did nothing to stop it. Moreover, Namphy dissolved the nine-member Provisional Electoral Council that had been appointed to oversee the election. In response, the United States severed all nonhumanitarian aid to Haiti. If the Namphy government cannot or will not permit free elections, the help of an inter-American or UN peacekeeping force may be necessary to help the country become a democracy.

Peck, Connie. "Preventive diplomacy : A more effective approach to international disputes. Ecumenical Review Jul 1995, v47n3, p. 328-334

ABSTRACT: Disputes are not kept by the UN and its Security Council from escalating out of control. The creation of more appropriate mechanisms and practices of preventive diplomacy is needed by the UN to better handle disputes.

Peck, Keenen. "Hearts and minds." The Progressive v. 49 (Sept. '85) p. 28

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Atlanta Peace Alliance.Atlanta (Ga.)--Education.

ABSTRACT: The Atlanta Peace Alliance is suing school officials for the same access to students that military recruiters have. The Peace Alliance wants to take part in career days, address classes, run counseling ads in student newspapers, and place literature in career counseling offices. On July 9, U.S. District Judge Marvin Shoob allowed the federal government to enter what had been a local case. Government lawyers argued that the Pentagon's access to students might be harmed if the alliance won. The alliance brought suit on First Amendment grounds as well as the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. A federal court in Chicago last year granted school access to Clergy and Laity Concerned, a peace organization, on the same grounds. Outside the courts, antiwar groups in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and San Diego, California, have persuaded administrators to let them speak about peacemaking careers.

Pegg, Scott. "Interposition and the territorial separation of warring forces : Time for a rethink?" Peacekeeping & International Relations May 1994, v23n3, p. 4-5

ABSTRACT: The idea of using peacekeepers as an interpositionary force needs to be critically reevaluated. The use of peacekeepers to separate warring parties can lead to a number of unintended consequences.

Pellicer, Olga. "Successes and weaknesses of recent United Nations operations in the field of international security." International Social Science Journal Jun 1995, v47n2, p. 305-314

ABSTRACT: The disillusionment and skepticism felt by many member states of the UN regarding the recent activities of the UN Security Council are described. The Security Council is now in the throes of a credibility crisis as a result of the provisions of a number of resolutions and the patchy results of its peace-keeping operations.

Pellicer, Olga. "Successes and weaknesses of recent United Nations operations in the field of international security." International Social Science Journal Jun 1995, v47n2, p. 305-314

Peregoy, Robert M. "Nebraska's Landmark Repatriation Law : A Study of Cross-Cultural Conflict and Resolution." American Indian Culture & Research Journal 1992, v16n2, p. 139-195

ABSTRACT: The legal foundation of tribal repatriation efforts and Nebraska's landmark repatriation legislation are described, and an overview of the politics that led to the enactment of the human rights law designed to resolve the cross-cultural conflict between Indian tribes and the archaeological community is presented.

Peretz, Martin. "Cambridge diarist: big sister." The New Republic v. 204 (Jan. 7-14 '91) p. 50

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Armenia (Soviet Union) and the United States.Cambridge (Mass.)--Charities.Yerevan (Soviet Union).

ABSTRACT: The writer discusses the ties between Cambridge, Massachusetts, and its sister city, Yerevan, which is the capital of Soviet Armenia. Among other things, Cambridge is offering its "extensive conflict resolution expertise" to help resolve the bloody conflicts between Armenia and its neighbors.

Perez de Cuellar, Javier. "'Historic march towards greater freedom'." UN Chronicle v. 22 (Oct. '85) p. 72

ABSTRACT: Excerpts from the statement of the secretary-general on the observance of the 25th anniversary of the declaration of decolonization. Adoption of the declaration in 1960 highlighted the catalytic role of the United Nations in the process of decolonization. Fifty-nine former colonies have attained independence and joined the organization since 1960. Despite this progress, however, a peaceful settlement in Namibia has not been realized. The government of South Africa must allow the people of Namibia to exercise their right of self-determination. The international community has a responsibility to ease the transition for newly emerged nations, especially those in Africa facing economic crises. The spread of independence has benefited the organization by increasing its membership and its authority in advancing the causes of peace and justice.

Perez de Cuellar, Javier. "Secretary-General sketches UN successes, hopes at 40th anniversary celebration in San Francisco." UN Chronicle v. 22 no4 ('85) p. 13-16

ABSTRACT: PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE COMMEMORATING THE FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Four decades ago, at the end of a terrible war, the United Nations was founded with the hope of preventing future wars. The eyes of the world were focused on San Francisco, where representatives of fifty-one countries adopted a charter that described a code of international behavior and created the United Nations. If the United Nations were to disappear today, the good it is accomplishing would be immediately missed. As a multilateral organization, the United Nations can deal with the issues of terrorism and human rights more effectively than governments or regional groups. It lacks enforcement power, but it does have more potential than it now realizes for resolving and even preventing disputes and for promoting and monitoring arms reduction. On this fortieth anniversary, the nations of the world should reaffirm the vision of peace of the signers of the United Nations Charter.

Perez de Cuellar, Javier. "An appeal to Iraq." Vital Speeches of the Day v. 57 (Feb. 1 '91) p. 241-2

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Persian Gulf region.Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: In an address before the UN, the secretary-general of the UN urges Iraqi president Saddam Hussein to avert a war in the Persian Gulf by withdrawing his forces from Kuwait. He promises that if Hussein complies with relevant UN resolutions, Iraq will not be attacked by the countries in the international coalition, the UN Security Council will be asked to review its decisions imposing sanctions on the country, and future efforts will be made to address the Arab-Israeli conflict, including the Palestinian question.

Perkins, Edward J. "US Appalled by Continuing Situation in Bosnia-Hercegovina." US Department of State Dispatch Sep 1992, v3 (Suppl. 7), p. 31-32

ABSTRACT: The US government believes that the provision of humanitarian assistance is an urgent humanitarian concern and an important element of the effort to restore peace and security in Bosnia-Hercegovina. A continued UN presence in the region is indispensable in resolving the humanitarian problems found there.

Perkins, Edward J. "Aggression by the Serbian regime." US Department of State Dispatch v. 3 (June 8 '92) p. 448-51

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.Sanctions (International law).Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Economic aspects.Serbia (Yugoslavia)--Nationalism.

ABSTRACT: In a statement to the UN Security Council, the U.S. permanent representative to the UN expresses support for the UN Security Council resolution on sanctions against the former Yugoslavia. He states that the Serbian regime's aggression and use of armed forces against Bosnia and Hercegovina are a clear threat to international peace and security. He maintains that Serbia's actions, including its oppression within Serbia, leave the regime open to increasingly severe treatment by the rest of the world. The text of UN Security Council Resolution 757 is presented.

Perkins, Edward. "Humanitarian crisis in Somalia." US Department of State Dispatch Dec 14, 1992, v3n50, p. 877-878

ABSTRACT: The UN is committed to resolving the Somalian crisis and has authorized a solution by any means necessary. The mission to Somalia will be a peaceful one, and the UN will assist the Somalis in finding their own formula for peace.

Peterson, Bill E.; Winter, David G.; Doty, Richard M. "Laboratory tests of a motivational-perceptual model of conflict escalation." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1994, v38n4, p. 719-748

ABSTRACT: A model suggesting that international conflicts escalate to violence when countries express higher levels of power motive imagery is presented. The model is supported by the results of three studies.

Petersen, Christian E. "Trade Conflict and Resolution Methodologies." American Economic Review May 1992, v82n2, p. 62-66

ABSTRACT: A report proposes to quantify the global dynamic effects on aggregate trade and income of alternative outcomes of the current Uruguay Round negotiations. The welfare foregone by the current trade conflict among countries of the world is estimated.

Petersen, Christian E. "Trade conflict and resolution methodologies." The American Economic Review v. 82 (May '92) p. 62-6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Free trade and protection.

ABSTRACT: Using a global economic model encompassing 144 national and regional macroeconomic models, alternative scenarios of worldwide trade liberalization and new trading blocs were projected in order to estimate their effects on trade and income. The model predicts that halving all existing trade barriers over the next 5 years would raise world gross domestic product (GDP) by about 1 percent and world trade volume by about 6 percent by 2002, with low- and middle-income countries standing to gain more than high-income countries in terms of effects on GDP. If similar measures were taken over the same period but only within trading blocs centered on Germany, Japan, and the United States, world GDP and trade volume would rise by only half as much. However, if trade barriers were reduced within trading blocs but raised on trade between blocs, world GDP would be only 0.1 percent higher than current output, and the volume of world trade would increase by only about 1 percent.

Petersen, Keith S. "Book Reviews : International Relations." American Political Science Review Jun 1988, v82n2, p. 687-688

ABSTRACT: Keith S. Petersen reviews "The Specialized Agencies and the United Nations: The System in Crisis," written by Douglas Williams.

Phillips, Andrew. "A few bad men." Maclean's Mar 28, 1994, v107n13, p. 24-25

ABSTRACT: The death and torture of Somali teenager Shidane Arone by Elvin Kyle Brown, a member of the Canadian peacekeeping force in Somalia, are discussed. The brutality of Brown's crime has tarnished the image of Canadian peacekeepers and ruined what had been an outstanding repuration for peacekeeping activities.

Phillips, Andrew. "Smelling victory." Maclean's v. 106 (May 31 '93) p. 18-21

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Bosnia and Hercegovina.Serbia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: In a referendum, the Serbs of Bosnia soundly defeated the United Nations-backed peace plan devised by America's Cyrus Vance and Britain's Lord Owen. An overwhelming 96 percent voted against the plan, which would divide Bosnia into 10 ethnically-defined cantons and require the Serbs to return much of the land they now rule to Muslim or Croatian control. The Serbs' new cockiness comes from knowing that they are dealing from a position of strength. Their soldiers control 70 percent of Bosnia-Herzegovina, their Muslim and Croat opponents are busy killing each other in the south, and the outside world does not seem inclined to challenge their gains. In the wake of the rejection of the Vance-Owen proposals, international diplomacy shifted to proposing ways to merely contain the conflict by stationing UN monitors on the borders of Bosnia, rather than reversing Serbian gains. In itself, that would amount to a victory for the Bosnian Serbs.

Phillips, Deanne G.; Cooke, Jerry A.; Anderson, Amy E. "A surefire resolution to workplace conflicts." Personnel Journal v. 71 (May '92) p. 111-14

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Los Alamos National Laboratory.Conflict management.Government laboratories--Personnel management.

ABSTRACT: At Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in New Mexico, dual-advocacy mediation has shortened workplace conflict resolution time, gained greater commitment from participants, and increased long-term effectiveness. During the past year, about 500 employee-relations cases at LANL were analyzed to determine the focus of employee and management concerns. Over 45 percent of the cases involved conflict in the area of work relationships, including such issues as job expectations, employee performance deficiencies, management style, personality clashes, communications problems, and role definition. Under the dual-advocacy mediation approach, each disputing party is assigned a mediator or specialist who functions as a personal advocate during counseling and mediation sessions. Two case studies describe the evolution of the dual-advocacy method and how it has been used to resolve workplace conflicts.

Pickering, Thomas R. "The Post-Cold War Security Council : Forging an International Consensus." Arms Control Today Jun 1992, v22n5, p. 7-10

ABSTRACT: The UN Security Council is finally dealing with threats to and breaches of the peace and with the preservation of international security as it was intended to do. A former UN representative discusses the role of the Security Council in arms transfer control, the work of the Security Council in Iraq, the membership of the Security Council and US nuclear testing policy.

Pickering, Thomas R. "The Situation in the Occupied Territories." US Department of State Dispatch Dec 24, 1990, v1n17, p. 359-360

ABSTRACT: The tragic events that have prompted the latest round of Security Council resolutions on the deterioration of the situation in the occupied territories occurred against a background of increasing violence. The US commitment to peace is reaffirmed.

Pickering, Thomas R. "The Role of the United States at the United Nations." Social Education Sep 1989, v53n5, p. 287-288

ABSTRACT: As a founding member, the US has always been an active member state of the UN. The role of the US in peacekeeping, UN reforms and transnational issues is discussed.

Pierre, Andrew J. "Recent Books on International Relations : Political and Legal--Trygve Lie and the Cold War." Foreign Affairs Spring 1990, v69n2, p. 168-169

ABSTRACT: Andrew J. Pierre reviews "Trygve Lie and the Cold War: The UN Secretary-General Pursues Peace, 1946-1953," written by James Barros.

Pierre, Henri. "The UN needs the U.S. to pay up." World Press Review v. 35 (Oct. '88) p. 20

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--United States.United Nations--Finance.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the United Nations. Excerpted from Le Monde of Paris. The recent efficacy demonstrated by the UN in peacemaking efforts in the Persian Gulf and Angola could induce the United States to resume its support of the world body. Congress has denied the organization over $400 million in U.S. contributions, and the UN is now nearly bankrupt. The Senate recently adopted a resolution sponsored by Foreign Relations Committee chairman Claiborne Pell recommending that the dues be paid. Vernon Walters, the U.S. permanent representative to the UN, has also recommended that the United States pay its assessment.

Pilger, John. "Keeping the Violent Peace." New Statesman & Society Jul 10, 1992, v5n210, p. 10

ABSTRACT: The UN is becoming an instrument of western power. Manipulations by the US spell death to any vestige of belief that the world body might resist US pressure and fulfil the spirit of its Charter.

Pilger, John. "Peace in Our Time?" New Statesman & Society Nov 27, 1992, v5n230, p. 10-11

ABSTRACT: The role of the UN in assisting the rule of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia as part of the so-called "peace process" is discussed. By supporting this regime, the UN is normalizing the unthinkable in Cambodia.

Pilger, John. "Another UN triumph." New Statesman & Society Jul 21, 1995, v8n362, p. 14-15

ABSTRACT: Although the UN considers Cambodia to be its greatest triumph, no other society has been as brutalized by foreigners as Cambodia. The imposed peace in Cambodia has left the country more politically unstable and at greater risk to a takeover by the Khmer Rouge than at any time since the early 1970s.

Pinder, George F.; Ahlfeld, David P.; Page, Roger H. "Cleanup solution--Conflict resolution." Civil Engineering Mar 1995, v65n3, p. 59-61

ABSTRACT: In Toms River NJ, engineers used a computer-generated model of a cleanup site in conjunction with management software to reconcile the physical imperatives of remediation with the concerns of citizens groups and government officials. The cleanup of the chemical manufacturing plant is discussed.

Pipes, Daniel "Israel's options." Commentary v. 89 (Mar. '90) p. 2-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.United States--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: Readers respond to Daniel Pipes's November 1989 article, "Is the West Bank a Vital American Interest?" Steven E. Plaut believes that Pipes understated the breadth of national consensus in Israel and overstated Israeli party differences on conflict-resolution issues. Saul David states that Pipes should have given more attention to the problematic nature of Jordan's political structure. Alexander Firestone accuses Pipes of too readily dismissing the possibility of expelling Arabs from Israel. Pipes responds.

Platkovsky, Alexandr.; Sychov, Aleksandr. "They wanted to unleash a 'cyclone' but released a canard." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Oct 11, 1995, v47n37, p. 16-17

ABSTRACT: NATO forces have continued to mount air strikes against Serbian forces even though Russia has demanded an end to the bombings. An unidentified source commented that bombings in a market were blamed on Serbs but were actually the work of NATO.

Platt, Steve. "Magna Carta of Mankind." New Statesman & Society Dec 16, 1988, v1n28, p. 38

ABSTRACT: Steve Platt reviews several books on human rights, including "Human Rights," edited by Peter Davies, "Not Them But Us: In Praise of the United Nations" by John Ferguson, "Eritrea: Images of War and Peace" by Glenys Kinnock, "The Southern Sudan," produced by the UN Minority Rights Group and "Human Rights Now! The Official Book of the Concerts for the Human Rights Foundation World Tour."

Plotnikov, Nikolai. "Situation : Russian battalion is accomplishing its missions." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press May 24, 1995, v47n17, p. 25-26

ABSTRACT: Ever since the Russian contingent became part of the UN peacekeeping forces in the former Yugoslavia, several Western countries have been conducting a concerted campaign to discredit it.

Podolsky, J. D. "Going the extra yard." People Weekly v. 36 (Nov. 25 '91) p. 105+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Amer-I-Can (Organization)

ABSTRACT: Amer-I-Can, a self help program founded by Jim Brown that is directed at prison inmates and street gangs, has drawn wide praise. Brown, a former pro football player with the Cleveland Browns who went on to a full time movie career, created the curriculum on which the program is based. The five-week, 80-hour program deals with such subjects as family responsibilities, conflict resolution, and finding a job. A total of about 800 gang members have completed the course. In 1991, 2,500 inmates in 15 state prisons will participate in the program, and it is being considered for use in Illinois, Ohio, Arizona, and New York. In some areas where the program has been introduced, gang violence has declined.

Pogorzhelsky, Dmitry. "Germany : Bundeswehr is ready to cross the rubicon." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Jul 26, 1995, v47n26, p. 26

ABSTRACT: On Jun 26, 1995, Germany's Cabinet adopted a decision to send German Tornado jets to the combat zone in Bosnia-Hercegovina to support the UN rapid-deployment forces.

Pogorely, Mikhail. "Russian soldiers will keep the peace in Bosnia, but not under NATO command." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Dec 6, 1995, v47n45, p. 23

ABSTRACT: Russian forces do not want to participate in the peacekeeping mission in Bosnia under NATO command. A compromise has been reached in which Russian troops will not be under NATO control.

Poindexter, Joseph. "Vernon Walters." Life v. 11 (Dec. '88) p. 33-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--United States.

ABSTRACT: In an interview, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations Vernon Walters discusses the possibility of the UN's playing a role in Northern Ireland, U.S. relations with Central America, the 1988 Nobel Peace Prize won by the UN, U.S.-Soviet relations, leadership within the Third World, the United States' obligations to the UN, and the UN's relevance in an age when war has become less common.

Pontin, Jason. "First Aid for Win95 conflicts." InfoWorld Aug 21, 1995, v17n34, p. 19

ABSTRACT: Cybermedia Inc is releasing a conflict resolution tool desinged to combat compatibility problems between Windows 95 and legacy applications. First Aid 95 automatically fixes over 10,000 conflicts between Windows 3.1 and Windows 95 applications.

Popkin, James.; Auster, Bruce B.; Robinson, Linda. "A creeping mission." US News & World Report Oct 10, 1994, v117n14, p. 24-35

ABSTRACT: US troops in Haiti are trying to restore order and restore the Aristide government. Even if the mission is successful the staggering task of economic resuscitation remains.

Porges, Amelia. "Book Reviews and Notes : Conflict and Resolution in US-EC Trade Relations at the Opening of the Uruguay Round." American Journal of International Law Jul 1990, v84n3, p. 801-803

ABSTRACT: Amelia Porges reviews "Conflict and Resolution in US-EC Trade Relations at the Opening of the Uruguay Round," compiled and edited by Seymour J. Rubin and Mark L. Jones.

Porteous, Tom. "A glimpse of hell." Spectator Oct 7, 1995, v275n8726, p. 18-20

ABSTRACT: Porteous discusses his participation in the UN operation in Liberia. The peace operation is a disgusting charade.

Porteous, Tom. "A glimpse of hell." Spectator Oct 7, 1995, v275n8726, p. 18-20

ABSTRACT: Porteous discusses his participation in the UN operation in Liberia. The peace operation is a disgusting charade.

Porter, Gareth. "Cambodia: Sihanouk's initiative." Foreign Affairs v. 66 (Spring '88) p. 809-26

KEY WORDS: Cambodia--Foreign relations--Vietnam.Cambodia--Politics and government.United States--Foreign relations--Cambodia.

ABSTRACT: A settlement of the longstanding conflict over Vietnam's occupation of Cambodia has seemed possible since last December, when former Cambodian chief of state Prince Norodom Sihanouk opened direct negotiations with the Vietnamese-sponsored People's Republic of Kampuchea. Acrimony between China and Vietnam was at the root of the diplomatic stalemate that prevailed for many years. A settlement could be reached in the next year or two due to the astute diplomacy of Prince Sihanouk, an exceptional strategist of weak-state diplomacy. As an alternative to disarming the Khmer Rouge, he has proposed that a quadripartite national army that would balance Khmer influence be created and that a UN peacekeeping force replace Vietnamese troops. The Chinese are still allied with Pol Pot's faction, but the United States and other external actors could prod Beijing into pressuring its ally into accepting a settlement.

Porter, Kristen. "Teaching peace." The Humanist v. 52 (May/June '92) p. 32+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Peace studies.Children and peace.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on the winning essays in the 1991 North American Essay Contest for Young Men and Women of Goodwill. The first place winner in the category for entrants aged 19 and under reflects on the importance of teaching children about solving conflicts peacefully and describes school-based conflict resolution programs.

Post, Tom. "Moscow's Gulf game." Newsweek v. 117 (Feb. 25 '91) p. 25

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Persian Gulf War, 1991--Soviet participation.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on the Persian Gulf War. The Soviets are serving their own interests with their peacemaking efforts in the Persian Gulf. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev pursued a peaceful settlement up to the outbreak of war, and he has maintained diplomatic relations with Iraq since the start of the Gulf crisis. Moscow has sent a special envoy to Iraq to meet with Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein to help resolve the conflict. Gorbachev is motivated to play the role of broker in the region to preserve the Soviet Union's prestige as a world leader, appease the Soviet military, pacify the Soviet Muslim population, and win back support from Communist Party members at home and traditional clients in the Middle East who had been alienated by his siding with the anti-Iraq coalition.

Post, Tom. "When there's no peace to keep." Newsweek Aug 23, 1993, v122n8, p. 20

ABSTRACT: Irma Hadzimuratovic, a Bosnian child, had to wait ten days before being airlifted to the UK. Her story, which demonstrates that UN red tape can cause suffering, is described.

Post, Tom. "A peace more costly than war." Newsweek v. 122 (Aug. 30 '93) p. 40

KEY WORDS: Bosnia and Hercegovina.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: A breakthrough in the peace process in Bosnia has raised troubling questions about what role the West might have to play there after the war. The leaders of the Serbs, Croats, and Muslims have tentatively agreed to a UN trusteeship of Sarajevo for 2 years, but according to Western diplomats, ending the conflict in Sarajevo alone would require another 6,000 UN troops, bringing the total to 15,000. Even then, a viable UN protectorate would have to rely on the good will of the combatants, but after 17 months of intense fighting, there is not expected to be much good will left. At the same time, warns UN mediator Thorvald Stoltenberg, maintaining peace throughout Bosnia would require at least 40,000 troops and would greatly exceed the current annual peacekeeping budget of $3 billion. Moreover, billions of dollars are needed to rebuild the country. Faced with their own sluggish economies, Western governments are reluctant to send more troops or provide more money.

Post, Tom. "When there's no peace to keep." Newsweek v. 122 (Aug. 23 '93) p. 20

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed ForcesForces in Yugoslavia.Relief work--Bosnia and Hercegovina.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Relief work.Sarajevo (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: The UN is doing little for the victims of the war in Bosnia. Many citizens of the besieged city of Sarajevo believe that UN troops have failed in their humanitarian mission and that the UN should either fight back against the Serbian onslaught or get out of the way so that someone else can. The UN cannot hope to provide for the nearly 3 million displaced people within Bosnia, because it is, in large part, only as good as its constituents. Despite assertions to the contrary, the UN is not deterring the West from punishing the Serbs. The West hasn't wanted to bomb, and the danger to UN troops on the ground has provided a convenient excuse not to. The article discusses the plight of Irma Hadzimuratovic, a badly wounded 5-year-old girl whose evacuation from Sarajevo for medical help was delayed for 10 days because of UN red tape.

Post, Tom. "So much for the vaunted 'safe' areas." Newsweek Jul 24, 1995, v126n4, p. 42-43

ABSTRACT: A hideous burst of "ethnic cleansing" in Srebrenica Bosnia-Hercegovina has brought the Muslims closer to defeat, and the US closer to going in. The fall of this "safe haven" shows how ineffectual the West's policies are.

Post, Tom. "Let's get out of here." Newsweek Jun 26, 1995, v125n26, p. 30

ABSTRACT: New fighting in Bosnia may force the West to leave the area. After two years of a virtual standoff, the intensifying of violence may cause the UN to withdraw its forces.

Post, Tom. "Blues for the blue helmets."

ABSTRACT: The UN ground forces in Bosnia have been humiliated, blackmailed and harassed by all parties to the conflict. The forces cannot end the war in Bosnia, but they can serve as a whipping boy for the West.

Post, Tom. "The prince of political tides." Newsweek v. 118 (Nov. 25 '91) p. 29

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Cambodia.Cambodia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: Prince Norodom Sihanouk has returned to Cambodia and his toughest political challenge. In 50 years of precarious political life, Sihanouk has been a puppet monarch, a liberator, a longtime political exile, and an apologist for the murderous Khmer Rouge. After almost 13 years in exile, Sihanouk has returned to Phnom Penh, and most Cambodians hope that this is a sign of the end of 21 years of war that has claimed more than 2 million lives. Sihanouk recently brokered a UN-sponsored peace treaty, and he is now head of the Supreme National Council, which will help govern Cambodia under UN sponsorship until 1993 elections. He must hold together a fragile coalition without giving power to any one group. Sihanouk will have to deal with the current Phnom Penh government, which is still racked by corruption and in the throes of wrenching change, and the Khmer Rouge, whose leaders Sihanouk wants charged with genocide.

Post, Tom. "Cry Uncle!." Newsweek 121(June 21 '93) p. 20-3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- .United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.

ABSTRACT: U.S. leaders are growing worried about the use of American troops to back up UN forces that are unable to keep the peace. Only 5 weeks after handing over operations in Somalia to the UN, the U.S. was forced to return to the capital city of Mogadishu in retribution for a June 5 ambush, led by Gen. Mohamed Farah Aidid, that killed 23 Pakistani UN peacekeepers. The UN troops clearly were not up to the task of keeping peace in Mogadishu, where bandits and thugs quickly reemerged after the U.S. withdrawal. Meanwhile, in Bosnia, UN forces have been little more than sitting ducks, and the possibility that the UN alone will be able to protect Bosnian Muslim enclaves or safe havens is remote. Moreover, the Clinton administration is now preparing to send 300 soldiers to Bosnia's southern neighbor, Macedonia, rather than trying to turn UN troops into peace enforcers. The UN's failure in these trouble spots has kept the U.S. engaged where it is reluctant to be so deeply involved.

Pouchepadass, Emmanuel. "Twenty years of cultural co-operation." The Courier (Unesco) v. 40 (Jan. '87) p. 9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Declaration of the Principles of International Cultural Co-operation.

ABSTRACT: One event that marked the International Year of Peace at Unesco was the celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Declaration of the Principles of International Cultural Co-operation. The declaration, which stresses the importance of culture in understanding between peoples, was unanimously adopted by Unesco's General Conference on November 4, 1966. Since that time, cultural exchanges among the world's regions have grown in number and variety. Probably the best example of international cultural cooperation is the launching by the United Nations and Unesco of a World Decade for Cultural Development beginning in 1988.

Powaski, Ronald E. "United Nations and the Future of Global Peace." USA Today: The Magazine of the American Scene Nov 1991, v120n2558, p. 19-20

ABSTRACT: If the peaceful settlement of international disputes is going to become prevalent in the world, the ability of the UN to maintain peace must be strengthened. The UN must develop a capability to resolve conflict with "preventive diplomacy."

Powaski, Ronald E. "United Nations and the future of global peace." USA Today (Periodical) v. 120 (Nov. '91) p. 19-20

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.

ABSTRACT: The peacekeeping capabilities of the UN should be strengthened. The UN has enjoyed more success in ending wars than in preventing conflicts, mostly because its peacekeeping forces are small, lightly armed, and usually dispatched to monitor cease-fires after a conflict has ended. The UN needs more substantial military might at its disposal if it is to prevent wars. To this end, some countries advocate the creation of a permanent UN peacekeeping force. The UN also needs to improve its ability to resolve conflicts before they reach the crisis stage. Among other things, the UN should cooperate more closely with regional defense organizations and send fact-finding missions to potential trouble spots. Other measures that would boost the UN's peacekeeping capabilities include utilizing the World Court more fully and ensuring that the UN receives adequate financing.

Powaski, Ronald E. "United Nations and the future of global peace." USA Today (Periodical) v. 120 (Nov. '91) p. 19-20

KEY WORDS: United Nations.

Powell, Bill. "Dangers ahead." Newsweek Dec 11, 1995, v126n24, p. 34

ABSTRACT: Faced with ice, treacherous roads, land mines and terrorists, the arriving NATO peacekeeeping forces will be facing hellish conditions as they walk the point in Bosnia. The risks and dangers awaiting NATO forces in Bosnia are discussed.

Powell, Colin L. "U.S. foreign policy in a time of transition." Department of State Bulletin v. 89 (Jan. '89) p. 30-2

KEY WORDS: United States--Foreign relations.

ABSTRACT: In an address before the National Press Club, the assistant to the president for national security affairs describes global movements toward peace and freedom. He attributes these developments to lessons learned from costly, futile regional conflicts; the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev; and the peacekeeping efforts of the United Nations. He asserts that continued progress depends on the maintenance of strong defenses. He concludes that trends toward peace are a vindication of Western values.

Powell, Colin L. "U.S. foreign policy in a time of transition." Department of State Bulletin v. 89 (Jan. '89) p. 30-2

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United States--Foreign relations.

Powell, Kenneth E.; Muir-McClain, Lois.; Halasyamani, Lakshmi. "A review of selected school-based conflict resolution and peer mediation projects." Journal of School Health Dec 1995, v65n10, p. 426-431

ABSTRACT: Many US schools are implementing curricula and other activities, including peer mediation, to reduce interpersonal violence among students. Some data suggest that they may contribute positively to community efforts to reduce violence among youth, but insufficient information exists to know which projects best serve which students and how projects should be implemented.

Power, Jonathan "Who will get the peace dividend?." World Press Review v. 37 (June '90) p. 21-2

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Peace.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on arms control. An article excerpted from the Compass News Features agency of London. Now that the West has won the cold war, it should use the peace dividend to create civilization at home and to encourage civilized behavior abroad. Sweden offers an excellent example of civilized capitalism. It has experienced 180 years without warfare and has a sensitive social sense, a successful economy, and a tradition of talented technologists who have enabled a country of only 8 million people to make a disproportionate contribution to ending the cold war. It has also kept the original spirit of the United Nations alive and explored avenues to peace in the Middle East. In the international sphere, Western countries should heed Mikhail Gorbachev's proposals to "enhance the role of international law." By doing so, they could perhaps control arms sales to Third World nations, establish peace in the Middle East, and settle international disputes.

Power, Samantha. "The general who shoots back--With words." US News & World Report Nov 21, 1994, v117n20, p. 18

ABSTRACT: UN Lt Gen Michael Rose has been criticized for harboring pro-Serbian sympathies and anti-Muslim bias. Rose vehemently asserts that he is more interested in seeing improvement in the lives of Bosnians and claims that his critics are "misguided."

Power, Samantha. "Boomtown." New Republic Jun 19, 1995, v212n25, p.

ABSTRACT: Renewing fighting in Sarajevo and the cutting off of water and electricity by Serbs have made the city anything but the "safe place" that it is supposed to be. International decisions made about the future of Bosnia are not concerned with saving Bosnia but with saving the West and the UN.

Power, Timothy J. "Politicized Democracy : Competition, Institutions, and "Civic Fatigue" in Brazil." Journal of Interamerican Studies & World Affairs Fall 1991, v33n3, p. 75-112

ABSTRACT: Building democracy requires careful attention to issues of governability, conflict resolution and representation--all of which require strong, stable institutions. Brazil, which entered the 1990s with competition rather than democratic institutions firmly rooted in the political system, is discussed.

Powlick, Philip J. "The Attitudian Bases for Responsiveness to Public Opinion Among American Foreign Policy Officials." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1991, v35n4, p. 611-641

ABSTRACT: The attitudes of US foreign policy officials toward the public's sophistication on matters of foreign policy and the degree of input the public should have into policy and the appropriate level of policy responsiveness were examined.

Prager, Karsten.; Gart, Murray J. "Knowing the enemy." Time v. 132 (Nov. 7 '88) p. 46-8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Palestine Liberation Organization.Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.

ABSTRACT: In an interview, Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasir Arafat discusses the PLO's relationship with Israel. He says that he wants mutual recognition between Israel and Palestine and would be willing to work for peace with an Israeli leader on the basis of self-determination and political rights for the Palestinians. He also notes that he has accepted the two United Nations resolutions which state that a balance should be found between Israeli claims for secure and defensible borders and the return of territories occupied by Israel during the 1967 war.

Prager, Karsten. "A deal, part II?" Time Jul 24, 1995, v146n4, p. 47

ABSTRACT: Prager discusses the possibility of a deal in which Serbian Pres Slobodan Milosevic would recognize a Bosnian union composed of the Bosnian Serbs' Republika Srpska and the Bosnian-Croat federation. Under the terms of the agreement, Milosevic would also make certain that the peace plan is accepted by Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic, and UN sanctions against Yugoslavia would be lifted.

Prasso, Sheri. "Cambodia : A $3 billion boondoggle." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Mar 1995, v51n2, p. 36-40

ABSTRACT: UN peacekeepers pat themselves on the back for their efforts in Cambodia, but in reality they have left the country in worse shape than when they got there. They still have not created a real cease-fire.

Prial, Frank J. "U.S. and P.L.O. at loggerheads over U.N. resolution on massacre." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Mar. 11 '94) p. A6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Palestine Liberation Organization.United Nations--United States.United Nations.--Security Council (Meetings: 1994)United Nations--Middle East.Hebron (West Bank)--Mosque massacre, 1994.

ABSTRACT: (March 10) The United States and the PLO seemed deadlocked today over a proposed United Nations Security Council resolution condemning the Feb. 25 Hebron massacre. The U.S. doesn't want the resolution adopted unless the PLO agrees beforehand to return to peace talks with Israel. The PLO, however, holds that adopting the resolution is but a step in an ongoing peace effort.

Prutzman, Priscilla. "Creative conflict resolution." Learning Mar 1994, v22n7, p. 47-49

ABSTRACT: Learning to resolve conflict is a skill that students can develop with practice. Activities that will help sharpen students' listening and observation skills and help them practice finding and evaluating alternatives to classroom conflicts are described.

Puchala, Donald J. "Outsiders, insiders, and UN reform." Washington Quarterly Autumn 1994, v17n4, p. 161-173

ABSTRACT: Evidence suggests that US contributions to reforming the UN are likely to be minimal, resulting in what could be a "missed opportunity of tragic proportions." A series of steps that need to be taken to improve the effectiveness of the UN, such as peacekeeping, preventive diplomacy and post-conflict peace-building, are discussed.

Purrington, Courtney. "Tokyo's policy responses during the Gulf War and the impact of the "Iraqi shock" on Japan." Pacific Affairs Summer 1992, v65n2, p. 161-181

ABSTRACT: Large-scale international criticism of Japan's response to the Persian Gulf War, especially from the US, forced Japan to change its cautious approach to playing an active role. Changes in Japanese policy that will allow Japan to take a more active role in UN peace-keeping operations are discussed.

Pyankov, Boris.; Portnikov, Vitaly. "The CIS." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Jun 29, 1994, v46n22, p. 19-20

ABSTRACT: Efforts on coordinating military cooperation in the CIS and a "16 plus 9" plan--a partnership between the NATO defensive alliance and the nine CIS states--are discussed. The pros and cons of the "16 plus 9" plan are presented.

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