Annotated Bibliograpy of Peace Operations Literature

da Costa, Peter. "Keeping the peace." Africa Report May 1995, v40n3, p. 26-29

ABSTRACT: Ever since Kwame Nkrumah advocated an African High Command to implement conflict resolution, the Organization of African Unity has been wrestling with the question of whether conflict has to be a recurring fact of life in Africa. South Africa's military and economic strength could be the engine for promoting stability and growth in the region.

Dallachie, Charles A.; Siegel, Adam B. "Meeting the challenges of peace." Marine Corps Gazette Nov 1995, v79n11, p. 45-49

ABSTRACT: Dallachie outlines the USMC's growing focus on operations other than war (OOTWs), such as peacekeeping missions and hostage situations. Siegel discusses the USMC's long history in OOTWs.

Damis, John. "The U.N. settlement plan for the Western Sahara : Problems and prospects." Middle East Policy 1992, v1n2, p. 36-46

ABSTRACT: The UN settlement plan for the western Sahara is discussed. The plan includes the establishment and monitoring of a cease-fire and an exchange of prisoners. Morocco battled the Polisario Front, which seeked a separate Saharan state.

Damrosch, Lori Fisler. Enforcing restraint : collective intervention in internal conflicts. New York : Council on Foreign Relations Press, c1993.

SUBJECTS:United Nations--Armed Forces. Intervention (International law) Civil war. Sanctions (International law)

United States--Foreign relations--1989-

CONTENTS: International involvement in the Yugoslavia conflict / James B. Steinberg--Iraq's repression of its civilian population: collective responses and continuing challenges / Jane E. Stromseth--The Haitian crisis and the OAS response: a test of effectiveness in protecting democracy / Domingo E. Acevedo--Enforcing the peace: ECOWAS and the Liberian civil war / David Wippman--Debacle in Somalia: failure of the collective response / Jeffrey Clark--The United Nations in Cambodia: a model for resolution of internal conflicts? / Steven R. Ratner--The civilian impact of economic sanctions / Lori Fisler Damrosch--A paradigm of legitimate intervention / Tom J. Farer--Concluding reflections / Lori Fisler Damrosch.

Dant, Rajiv P.; Schul, Patrick L. "Conflict Resolution Processes in Contractual Channels of Distribution." Journal of Marketing Jan 1992, v56n1, p. 38-54

ABSTRACT: In a recent study, the behavioral mechanisms of conflict resolution were examined in the context of contractual distribution channels in the franchised fast food industry. The results reveal a high overall use of the integrative problem-solving approach but a preference for third-party intervention when the disputed issues involve high stakes, complexity and policy connotations and when the franchisee dependency is rated high.

Dardykin, Sergei. "One feels sorry for the Serbs, of course, but that's no reason to prepare for World War III." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Oct 11, 1995, v47n37, p. 17

ABSTRACT: Dardykin comments that Russian officials are not seriously considering the possibility of confronting NATO about actions taken in Bosnia. Any action like this would mean war within Russia.

Darragh, Ian. "Soldiers for peace." Canadian Geographic Nov 1992, v112n6, p. 6

ABSTRACT: In an editorial, the UN peacekeeping forces that were ordered to patrol Yugoslavia are discussed. Canadian soldiers are currently involved in 12 peacekeeping operations around the world.

Davidowitz, Esther.; Hutton, Patty.; Cribb, Robb. "Heroes for today." Reader's Digest (Canadian English Edition) Aug 1995, v147n880, p. 39-41

ABSTRACT: The stories of three people who are examples of courage, kindness, and decencies for their communities are related. Zookeeper Heather Ann Stewart rescued a coworker from an attacking jaguar, Jocelyne Fleurant made ribbons to remind people of the Canadians in the peacekeeping forces in Bosnia, and industrious customers helped restaurant owner Marika Hayek out when she couldn't handle the volume of work after letting her staff off to celebrate the Orthodox Christmas.

Davis, David R.; Ward, Michael D. "They dance alone : Deaths and the disappeared in contemporary Chile." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1990, v34n3, p. 449-475

ABSTRACT: Results of a study suggest that the paralysis of Chilean policy in a mode of violent political repression that produces no internal reduction in domestic conflict stimulates the extent and scope of Chilean foreign policy conflicts with other nations.

Day, J P. "Compromise." Philosophy Oct 1989, v64n250, p. 471-485

ABSTRACT: A familiar form of conflict-resolution is discussed. The contribution made by game theorists and economists has made the literature on the subject vast and technical.

Day, Samuel H., Jr. "Be your own peacemaker." The Progressive v. 51 (Apr. '87) p. 17-18

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Peace movement.Anti-nuclear movement.

ABSTRACT: In a recent series in Fellowship, the magazine of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, peace activists Andrea Ayvazian and Michael T. Klare assert that the peace movement's current strategic approach is conceptually flawed because it incorrectly views the U.S. government as both the problem and the solution. They suggest that rather than relinquish to the political Right exclusive control over the interpretation of American values, goals, and history, the peace movement should project an alternative national image based on a life-centered, democratic paradigm that gives physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being priority over profits, technology, and military strength. To this end, citizens should begin to assume direct responsibility for peacemaking instead of imploring others to make peace. Only then will the peace movement find the popular base on which to build a revolution.

Dean, Jonathan. "A stronger U.N. strengthens America." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Mar 1995, v51n2, p. 45-51+

ABSTRACT: The Clinton Administration is making a mistake by looking upon UN peacekeeping missions as acts of charity to be indulged when there is minimum risk and the humanitarian considerations are overwhelming. This should be a priority for US national security.

De Broglio, Nathalie. "Peace that hurts." Index on Censorship Sep 1995, n24n5, p. 83-86

ABSTRACT: El Salvador became a watchword for state-sponsored terror in the 1980s. Now that the UN has left, there are disturbing signs of a return to the past.

De Dreu, Carsten K W. "Coercive power and concession making in bilateral negotiation." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1995, v39n4, p. 646-670

ABSTRACT: An experiment examined the effects of negotiators' and opponents' coercive capability on level of demand and on communication of threats and promises. Data indicate that in bilateral negotiations, higher levels of opponent's coercive power elicit more reliance on threats and less punitive action.

DeJong, William.; Gainer, Patricia S.; Champion, Howared R.; Wilson-Brewer, Renee. "School-based conflict resolution : Give educators more credit--Comment/reply." Health Affairs Fall 1994, v13n4, p. 163-177

ABSTRACT: DeJong, Gainer, Champion, Wilson-Brewer et al discuss Daniel W. Webster's "The Unconvincing Case," an article concerning school-based violence prevention programs. Webster replies.

Delanty, Gerard. "Negotiating the peace in Northern Ireland." Journal of Peace Research Aug 1995, v32n3, p. 257-264

ABSTRACT: The Framework Document issued by the British and Irish governments on Feb 22, 1995 has provided a constitutional basis for the consolidation of peace in Northern Ireland. The present movement toward peace in Northern Ireland is examined. The province is being increasingly drawn into the European norm of conflict resolution by means of democratic consent.

Dell, Sidney S. "The Bertrand Critique of the Role of the United Nations in the Economic and Social Fields." World Development Jun 1991, v19n6, p. 735-740

ABSTRACT: Maurice Bertrand's conclusion that improvement of the UN's efficiency in the economic and social fields is a more likely prospect than improvement in the field of peace and security is discussed. The UN's effectiveness in economic and social fields is considered.

Denning, Brannon P. "It's the old battle with a new whine." National Law Journal Dec 18, 1995, v18n16, p. A19

ABSTRACT: Spc Michael New has become a cause celebre among conservatives because the young Army medic has refused to wear UN insignia or serve under UN command as part of a US peacekeeping contingent dispatched from Germany to Macedonia.

DeRouen, Karl R Jr. "The indirect link : Politics, the economy, and the use of force." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1995, v39n4, p. 671-695

ABSTRACT: A study ascertained the extent to which domestic politics and the state of the national economy are relevant factors to US presidents faced with the decision to use force during international crises. An indirect link between the economy, politics and the use of force was found.

Deshen, Shlomo. "Applied Anthropology in International Conflict Resolution : The Case of the Israeli Debate on Middle Eastern Settlement Proposals." Human Organization Summer 1992, v51n2, p. 180-184

ABSTRACT: Anthropology has made comparatively few contributions to the field of international and inter-cultural relations. The potential of anthropological insight in the field of international conflict is explored through a look at the Israeli debate on Middle Eastern settlement proposals.

Desmond, Edward W. "An end in sight?." Time v. 131 (Apr. 18 '88) p. 34-5+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Muslims--Afghanistan.Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan appears to be imminent, but the same cannot be said for an end to the nation's war. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and Afghanistan president Najibullah have come to an agreement on the Soviet withdrawal, and the United Nations chief negotiator in the conflict, Diego Cordovez, has announced that Pakistan, Afghanistan, the Soviet Union, and the United States are ready to sign the accords. Washington, however, has said that it wants a formal response from the Soviets on the U.S. demand for the right to supply arms to the rebels at a level comparable to the level of Soviet support for Kabul. After the accords are signed, it remains to be seen whether the rebel mujahedin or the Najibullah government will control the country. Mujahedin leaders have made it clear that they are not bound to any pact because they were not included in negotiations. They will therefore continue fighting after the Soviets leave.

de Soto, Alvaro.; del Castillo, Graciana. "Obstacles to peacebuilding." Foreign Policy Spring 1994, n94, p. 69-83

ABSTRACT: Though much has been written about the UN's capacity to handle its military missions commonly known as "peacekeeping," the greater challenge lies in those more comprehensive missions that encompass both civilian and military responsibilities. An examination of the peace process in El Salvador is presented to shed light on some of the strains now troubling the UN system.

Dettmer, Jamie. "War stumble irks Congress." Insight on the News Jun 26, 1995, v11n25, p. 8-10

ABSTRACT: Pres Clinton's decision to broaden possible deployment conditions to shore up a UN operation in Bosnia was received with astonishment on Capitol Hill. No one was forewarned of this shift in policy.

Dettmer, Jamie.; Rodriguez, Paul.; Leiter, Lisa. "Bosnia : A vital interest?" Insight on the News Dec 18, 1995, v11n48, p. 6

ABSTRACT: In the very near future, approximately 20,000 US troops could be deployed to keep the peace in Bosnia. The question of whether Bosnia is of vital interest to the US is discussed.

Dettmer, Jamie.; Leiter, Lisa. "Get out or get on." Insight on the News Jun 26, 1995, v11n25, p. 6

ABSTRACT: British Col William Macnair's view on the UK and the US roles in the war in Bosnia are discussed. He believes that John Major's plan to deploy more troops will only meet with disaster.

Deutsch, Morton. "Constructive conflict resolution : Principles, training, and research." Journal of Social Issues Spring 1994, v50n1, p. 13-32

ABSTRACT: Several propositions to which most students of conflict, no matter what their discipline, would assent are presented. Factors affecting the course of conflict and the skills involved in constructive conflict resolution are discussed as well.

DeVolpi, Alex.; Wernette, Dee. "Congress enacts a Peace Institute." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 41 (Feb. '85) p. 42

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United States Institute of Peace.United States.--Congress (98th, 2nd session: 1984)

ABSTRACT: The United States Institute of Peace Act, signed by President Reagan on October 19, was enacted by the ninety-eighth Congress to establish an independent, government-funded corporation that will conduct and disseminate research in conflict resolution. Six million dollars has been authorized for fiscal 1985, and ten million dollars for fiscal 1986. The principal offices will be in Washington, D.C., but at least 25 per cent of the funding will be allocated to activities in other public or nonprofit institutions. The institute results from bipartisan efforts by Senators Mark O. Hatfield, Spark M. Matsunaga, Jennings Randolph, Robert T. Stafford, and former Senator Vance Hartke, and by Congressmen Dan Glickman and Dante B. Fascell. The institute will be run by a fifteen-member board comprised of heads or designees of the Departments of State and Defense, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, the National Defense University, and presidential appointees.

Dewitt, David, David Haglund, John Kirton.Building a new global order : emerging trends in international security. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1993.

SUBJECTS:Security, International.International cooperation.

CONTENTS:Quo Vadis? United States' cycle of power and its role in a transforming world / Charles F. Doran -- Collapse of the USSR and world security / S. Neil MacFarlane-- European security after the Cold War / C. C. Pentland -- Third World in the changing strategic context / Mohammed Ayoob -- Dynamics of military technology / Andrew L. Ross -- Production and security / Robert W. Cox -- Global communications, culture, and values / David V. J. Bell -- Global enviornmental change and international security / Thomas F. Homer-Dixon -- Population and (in)security / Nazli Choucri and Robert C. North -- Opportunities and obstacles for collective security after the Cold War / Thomas G. Weiss and Laura S. Hayes Holgate -- United Nations' contribution to international peace and security / W. Andy Knight and Mari Yamashita -- Bound to leave? Future of the NATO stationing regime in Germany / David G. Haglund and Olaf Mager -- Seven-Power Summit as a new security institution / John Kirton -- Missle technology control regime / Albert Legault -- New world order? Western public perceptions in the Post-Cold-War era / Don Munton.

Diamond, Lisa.; Lefkoff, Lynn. "Common goals at play : Improvisation and negotiation." Theater Spring 1992, v23n2, p. 21-24

ABSTRACT: The role of improvisation in "theater games," as first theorized by Viola Spolin, is discussed in relation to conflict resolution. Improvisers and negotiators often get into and out of many sticky situations.

Dickerson, Karle. "Life with addicted parents: healing the hurt." 'Teen v. 30 (May '86) p. 14+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Children of drug addicts.

ABSTRACT: Teenagers whose parents are addicted to alcohol, illegal drugs, or even prescription drugs can be in a state of turmoil. Everyday household events can easily escalate into explosive confrontations, and teenagers may try to cope with the situation by becoming overly responsible or by attempting to monitor the substance abuse. Other teens take on a peacemaking role in the family or act on their angry feelings by engaging in a variety of negative behaviors. Teenagers with addicted parents frequently experience feelings of hopelessness. Experts say that these teens should try to talk about their feelings with an objective adult. Suggestions that can help initiate the healing process are given. Sidebars provide historical facts about substance abuse and addresses and phone numbers for sources of additional information.

Diehl, Paul F. "Peacekeeping Operations and the Quest for Peace." Political Science Quarterly Fall 1988, v103n3, p. 485-507

ABSTRACT: Peace keeping operations are more successful when all combatants, including third parties, cooperate and the conflict is not a civil war. Superpower behavior has a minimal role once the operation has begun. References.

DiFilippo, Anthony. "Superpower parity in US-Japan relations." Peacekeeping & International Relations Sep 1995, v24n5, p. 14-15

ABSTRACT: Relations between Japan and the US are discussed. DeFilippo argues that there is a connection between the continued reliance on a major part of the anachronistic Cold War security system and the increasingly strained relationship between the two countries.

Dingwall, James." The new government's goals." D&B Reports v. 43 (Jan./Feb. '94) p. 46-7

KEY WORDS: Canada--Economic relations--United States.United States--Economic relations--Canada.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Chretien, Jean.

ABSTRACT: Canada's new prime minister, Jean Chretien, appears to be less pro-U.S. and more intent on sharpening Canada's focus on Asia, and the rise of his Liberal party brings a new uncertainty to Canadian-U.S. relations. The Liberals have long argued that relations with the U.S. were too close, and they might now be able to convince many other Canadians that the country can survive some distancing. This shift in Canadian-U.S. relations is driven by a new spirit of competitive nationalism within the corporate sector and by the emergence of new international trade and business options in central Europe and Asia. Chretien has also promised to review Canadian commitments to NATO, as well as aid programs and peacekeeping activities, whether these commitments are in line with U.S. interests or not. In addition, the new government's policies will pit Canadian businesses against their U.S. counterparts overseas. Additional friction will be generated by certain NAFTA provisions.

Dinklage, Rosemarie I.; Ziller, Robert C. "Explicating cognitive conflict through photo-communication." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1989, v33n2, p. 309-317

ABSTRACT: Eighty children from Germany and the US were asked to take one photograph representing war and one representing peace. A content analysis of the photographs coupled with photo-focused interviews showed German children depicted more destruction and negative consequences associated with war.

Dion, Michel.; Anderson, Gordon L. "Peace in the Bible and the UN Declarations--Comment/Reply." International Journal on World Peace Mar 1992, v9n1, p. 37-67

ABSTRACT: The Biblical idea of peace and UN Declarations on peace issues are used to establish various norms for world peace. Anderson comments on the danger of accepting secular peace efforts. Dion responds that dialectics of peace developed by the church should be integrated within the process of declaring UN resolutions in matters of international peace.

Ditter, Bob. "New directions in staff training and development." Camping Magazine Jan 1995, v67n3, p. 38-42

ABSTRACT: Camp staff should learn conflict resolution techniques for dealing with problems between campers. The training and development of camp staff are discussed.

Dixon, William J. "Democracy and the management of international conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1993, v37n1, p. 42-68

ABSTRACT: Investigation of the democracy-war hypothesis is extended by focusing on the norms of dispute resolution integral to the democratic process. If the norms are extended to the international arena, then it becomes reasonable to expect democratic states to adopt compromise solutions to international problems.

Dizdarevic, Zlatko. "UN : Make or break--Divided we stand." Index on Censorship Sep 1995, n24n5, p. 54-57

ABSTRACT: If the latest peace proposal is all that it seems, Bosnians could soon be in possession of their independent, though divided, state. Peace on the home front is another matter.

Dizdarevic, Zlatko. "UN : Make or break--Divided we stand." Index on Censorship Sep 1995, n24n5, p. 54-57

ABSTRACT: If the latest peace proposal is all that it seems, Bosnians could soon be in possession of their independent, though divided, state. Peace on the home front is another matter.

Djerejian, Edward P. "The Middle East in the Post-Gulf War Period." US Department of State Dispatch Feb 1992, v3 (Suppl. 2), p. 13-15

ABSTRACT: Agreements reached in the Middle Peace Conference are outlined. Negotiations are to be conducted according to UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338 between Israel and Arab states and between Israel and Palestinians, and all parties have expressed a desire for peace and diplomatic relations.

Dobbins, James F. "Assessing the progress of Haitian democracy." US Department of State Dispatch Sep 25, 1995, v6n39, p. 709-710

ABSTRACT: US peacekeeping forces are expected to return from Haiti in Feb 1996. The progress that Haiti has made toward establishing democracy is examined.

Dobson, Rick. "New replication options in Access, Oracle, and Notes." Byte Oct 1995, v20n10, p. 30

ABSTRACT: Microsoft's new 32-bit version of Access for Windows 95 offers replication management tools and automatic conflict resolution. However, the tools don't have quite the level of granularity of upcoming versions of Lotus Notes 4.0 and Personal Oracle 7.

Doerner, William R. "Botching the peace." Time v. 133 (Apr. 17 '89) p. 35

KEY WORDS: SWAPO.United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia.Namibia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: Guerrilla violence and UN ineptitude threaten to unravel an international agreement designed to bring independence to Namibia after 74 years of rule by South Africa. Under the agreement, a United Nations peacekeeping force (UNTAG) took the responsibility of policing Namibia's transition, but with less than one-fourth of its planned force on hand, UNTAG was unprepared for the violence that broke out. The trouble began when troops of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), which has been battling Pretoria's rule, violated the cease-fire agreement by entering Namibia from their bases in southern Angola. In encounters with the forces of the South West Africa Police, at least 260 guerrillas were killed. The incursions prompted South Africa, which had only reluctantly accepted the independence plan, to threaten an end to the treaty. All parties have too much at stake in the agreement to discard it without strong cause, however.

Doerner, William R. "Gromyko comes calling." Time v. 124 (Oct. 1 '84) p. 12-15+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United States--Foreign relations--Soviet Union.

ABSTRACT: Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko arrived in New York to address the opening session of the United Nations and to meet with President Ronald Reagan. The meeting could determine U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union in a second Reagan term. The president may have sought the meeting because of admonitions from his aides that he was weak on "the war-and-peace issue," which Democratic candidate Walter Mondale has exploited. Gromyko will also meet with Mondale, but the candidate is expected to avoid any politically damaging discussion. Reagan has chosen a moderate course for his meeting with Gromyko, between the hard-line of the Pentagon and the more conciliatory position of the State Department. He will probably keep the talks general and flexible but not make any promises, unless Gromyko makes a proposal. Reagan has been deemphasizing foreign policy but stands to make significant political gains if the meeting goes well; it might even lead to new nuclear arms talks.

Doerner, William R. "On the brink of peace." Time v. 132 (Aug. 1 '88) p. 26-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: In an astonishing turnabout, Iranian leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini confirmed Iranian president Ali Khamenei's earlier announcement that the country is willing to abide by United Nations Resolution 598, which calls for a cease-fire between Iran and Iraq. In the days that followed Khomeini's announcement, Iraq attacked several Iranian sites in an attempt to gain more leverage in cease-fire negotiations. In the past three months, Iran has suffered several crucial military setbacks. In addition, the accidental destruction of an Iranian airliner by the United States enabled moderate Iranians to argue persuasively that the United States would not let Iran win its war with Iraq. The United States, which has attempted to prevent Tehran from seizing power in the Persian Gulf region, has good reason to applaud the cease-fire.

Doerner, William R. "Botching the peace." Time v. 133 (Apr. 17 '89) p. 35

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: SWAPO.United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia.Namibia--Politics and government.

Doerner, William R.; Hawthorne, Peter. "Botching the Peace." Time Apr 17, 1989, v133n16, p. 35

ABSTRACT: Clashes between South African troops and SWAPO guerillas threaten the peace accord between South Africa, Angola, Namibia and Cuba as SWAPO troops made incursions into Namibia.

Doherty, Carroll J. "Bush's New U.N. Fund Request Hits Resistance on the Hill." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Mar 7, 1992, v50n10, p. 551-552

ABSTRACT: The Bush Administration has requested $108 million in new budget authority over the next two fiscal years to help underwrite UN peacekeeping operations in Cambodia, Yugoslavia and several other countries. The request is expected to encounter resistance in Congress. Israel's request for US loan guarantees is discussed.

Doherty, Carroll J. "GOP's increasing hard line highlights inner division." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Dec 10, 1994, v52n48, p. 3513-3515

ABSTRACT: Republican leaders' remarks on foreign policy in Bosnia-Hercegovina may set them on a collision course with the Clinton Administration and their own party. The top GOP leaders have sketched out a tough policy of arming the besieged Bosnian Muslims and bombing the Serbs.

Doherty, Carroll J. "Negotiations over Bosnia's fate may draw U.S. into fray." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Mar 27, 1993, v51n13, p. 768-769

ABSTRACT: Developments during the UN-sponsored negotiations over Bosnia-Herzegovina raised new possibilities that US troops may be called upon to enforce a cease-fire agreement. Secy of State Warren Christopher's recent efforts related to Bosnia are discussed.

Doherty, Carroll J. "Bosnian War propels Congress, Clinton toward own battle." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Jun 3, 1995, v53n22, p. 1587

ABSTRACT: The rapidly escalating crisis in Bosnia has set the stage for the first confrontation between Pres Clinton and the Republican-led Congress over the use of US force abroad. Clinton's decision to expand the conditions under which US ground forces may be dispatched to Bosnia is discussed.

Doherty, Carroll J. "Clinton vow to provide troops revives war powers conflict. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Oct 14, 1995, v53n40, p. 3158

ABSTRACT: The battle between Pres Clinton and Republican lawmakers over which branch of government holds the ultimate AUTHORity to commit troops abroad is intensifying. The US is on the verge of a peacekeeping mission in Bosnia.

Doherty, Carroll J. "Defense funds, budget cuts win Senate approval." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Mar 18, 1995, v53n11, p. 827

ABSTRACT: On Mar 16, 1995 the Senate approved HR 889, the fiscal 1995 Defense Supplemental Appropriations bill. The bill would pay for unplanned peacekeeping missions in fiscal 1995 and makes recissions in defense and domestic programs.

Doherty, Carroll J. "Dole's blueprint takes aim at relationship with U.N." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Jan 7, 1995, v53n1, p. 44-45

ABSTRACT: Sen Robert Dole (R-KS) introduced two bills on Jan 4, 1995 that would rein in US support for UN peacekeeping and scrap the international arms embargo against Bosnia's Muslims. The bold, preemptive action is discussed.

Doherty, Carroll J.; Towell, Pat. "GOP retreats on boosting spending, clamps down on peacekeeping." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Feb 4, 1995, v53n5, p. 375-377

ABSTRACT: The overriding debate over the federal deficit has prompted House Republicans to back away from demands to build an expensive missile defense system. However, they still advocate cutting US participation in UN peacekeeping.

Doherty, Carroll J.; Towell, Pat. "In Senate, 'contract' proposals survive in altered forms." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Mar 25, 1995, v53n12, p. 878-879

ABSTRACT: HR7, which incorporates the defense and foreign policy tenets of the Republican "Contract With America," stopped dead at the Senate doors, while some of the House GOP's proposals remain very much alive. The bill imposes new restrictions on US peacekeeping policy, calls for enhanced US military readiness and urges early admission of Eastern European nations to NATO.

Doherty, Carroll J. "Lawmakers wary of Balkan role." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Sep 30, 1995, v53n38, p. 3018

ABSTRACT: Sen Bob Dole (R-KS) says Pres Clinton has yet to effectively make a case for troop deployment to the Balkan region to back up a peace accord. Clinton has said he will provide up to 25,000 US troops to a NATO force.

Doherty, Carroll J. "Top leaders' paths diverge on U.N., aid to Russia." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Mar 4, 1995, v53n9, p. 698

ABSTRACT: The conflicts between the Clinton Administration and the Republican Party over aid to Russia and UN peacekeeping efforts is discussed. Pres Clinton, Sen Bob Dole and Rep Newt Gingrich laid out divergent foreign policy approaches.

Doherty, Carroll J. "As guns fall silent near Sarajevo, U.S. faces peacekeeping role." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Feb 26, 1994, v52n8, p. 484-486

ABSTRACT: More than a year after the US's offer to provide troops to enforce a Bosnian peace accord, the prospect for an agreement has, for the first time, become a reality. The difficult job of bringing peace might be dwarfed, however, by the challenge of keeping the peace.

Doherty, Carroll J.; Kortanek, Mary E. "Defining the national interest : A process of trial and error." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Mar 26, 1994, v52n12, p. 750-754

ABSTRACT: The struggles faced by Pres Clinton and Congress in attempting to define foreign policy in an unstable era are discussed. The problems encountered in Somalia are examples of a peacekeeping mission gone awry.

examined.

Dohrs, Larry S. "Cambodian tourism: problems and potentials." Journal of Southeast Asia Business v. 7 (Summer '91) p. 14-22

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Tourist trade--Cambodia.

ABSTRACT: Following an agreement on a framework for peace by the Cambodian government and the 3 resistance factions, with the assistance of the United Nations, many people are outlining strategies for integrating Cambodia into the world tourist economy. International tourism in the country is appealing both to the destitute Phnom Penh government and to a vibrant global tourism and travel industry that is searching for new opportunities. For a country in need of money, tourism promises a rapid infusion of foreign exchange without demanding excessive investment of scarce funds. Cambodia stands to reap substantial benefits from opening itself to foreign visitors, but the risks of economic, social, cultural, and sexual exploitation are also considerable. Possible developments in the emerging Cambodian tourism industry and strategies for coping with the pressures of big business tourism are discussed.

Dorn, A. Walter. "U.N. should verify treaties." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 46 (July/Aug. '90) p. 12-13

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.Disarmament--Inspection.

ABSTRACT: An article excerpted from a working paper to be published by the Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security. Many members of the United Nations feel that the organization should play a more active role in arms control by creating an agency to verify treaties. An effective UN verification agency would provide speed in treaty implementation; save money by sharing many scientific, technical, and administrative resources; protect intelligence gathering; and demonstrate global confidence in the impartiality and objectivity of the UN secretariat and the secretary-general. The Soviet Union, which is in favor of a verification agency, believes that the UN needs sophisticated tools for verification, including satellite-monitoring capability and a worldwide system of seismic stations. The United States, however, opposes such an agency on the grounds that new treaties require specific verification measures that an agency is unlikely to anticipate.

Dole, Bob. "Let Bosnia control its own future." Newsweek Aug 7, 1995, v126n6, p. 41

ABSTRACT: Senator Bob Dole makes the argument for lifting the arms embargo against Bosnia. Lifting the arms embargo will put the future of Bosnia back into Bosnian control.

Dong-Won Shen.; Wall, James A Jr. "Community mediation in South Korea." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1993, v37n3, p. 536-543

ABSTRACT: Korean community mediation in the city is compared with that in the village. Reports from 34 city and 19 village mediators indicate that village mediators do handle more disputes.

Donovan, James A. "The United Nations--Its roles and missions for American armed forces." Marine Corps Gazette Jul 1995, v79n7, p. 68-74

ABSTRACT: US support of UN peacekeeping, peacemaking and humanitarian efforts are restricted by the fact that many Americans are wary of combined efforts with other nations that are not under US leadership and command.

Doran, Charles F. "Systemic disequilibrium, foreign policy role, and the power cycle : Challenges for research design." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1989, v33n3, p. 371-401

ABSTRACT: Confronting widespread ambiguities of theory and research design, this study establishes conditions underlying international political stability for state and system, and shows that empirical research on systems transformation and major war must incorporate both strategic power balancing and power-role equilibration. The results of this study are presented.

Douglas, Jon A. "Money is life's report card." Vital Speeches of the Day v. 58 (Nov. 1 '91) p. 42-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Real estate agencies and agents--Training.Success.

ABSTRACT: In a speech delivered at the Summer Symposium in Malibu, California, the president and CEO of Jon Douglas Company discusses paths toward self improvement: Self development requires awareness of world events, empathic listening skills, conflict resolution abilities, exposure to the arts, travel, sensitivity in relationships, involvement in charity work, self esteem, communication skills, and commitment to goals. By developing these traits, real estate agents in Jon Douglas Company will lead happier, more successful lives.

Douglas, Jon A. "Money Is Life's Report Card : Or Is It?" Vital Speeches of the Day Nov 1, 1991, v58n2, p. 42-45

ABSTRACT: A fictitious curriculum for becoming a "truly superior person," which includes courses dealing with awareness, empathic listening, conflict resolution, the arts, travel, relationships, self-esteem, communication and commitment, is described in an academic setting.

Dower, John W. "Japan and the U.S. samurai spirit." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 47 (June '91) p. 28-30

KEY WORDS: Persian Gulf War, 1991--Japanese participation.Japan--Military policy.Japan--Foreign relations.United States--Foreign relations--Japan.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the new world order. Japan should develop a global policy consistent with its nonmilitaristic constitution and its technological and economic resources. Since the Persian Gulf War, Japan has been the target of much anger and abuse. This vilification stems partly from U.S. militarism and resentment of Japan's economic power but more so from Japan's failure to define its global responsibilities. Japan is under pressure to abandon its "peace" constitution so that it can contribute more than just money to future U.S.-orchestrated overseas military actions. Other measures would be more appropriate, however, such as establishing a Japanese peacekeeping force to serve in UN monitoring activities, reaffirming the principles of Japan's peace constitution, and broadening Japan's participation in arms control and assistance and development programs, especially in the Asia-Pacific region.

Doyle, Michael W. "Forcing peace." Dissent Spring 1994, v41n2, p. 167-171

ABSTRACT: The UN must discover how to sustain as much humanitarian protection as the UN's member states will support while pushing ahead the UN's peacemaking and peacekeeping role. Ways in which the UN can play a vital role in peacemaking endeavors are examined.

Doyle, Kevin. "A unique role for Canada." Maclean's Jan 18, 1993, v106n3, p. 4

ABSTRACT: An editorial discusses Canada's role in international peacekeeping. The UN's peacekeeping role seems confused and impotent. Ottawa Ontario Canada, a pioneer in the field of reducing waste and corruption, should offer to redefine the role of peacekeeping and peacemaking.

Doyle, Michael W. "Forcing peace." Dissent Spring 1994, v41n2, p. 167-171

Drinan, Robert F. "Report Should Be Bible for Better World." National Catholic Reporter May 8, 1992, v28n27, p. 19

ABSTRACT: The recently issued third annual "Human Development Report for 1992" is discussed. The report, which is furnished by the UN, should be the bible of those yearning for a new vision of world peace and justice.

Druckman, Daniel.; Broome, Benjamin J. "Value Differences and Conflict Resolution : Familiarity or Liking?" Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1991, v35n4, p. 571-593

ABSTRACT: The effects of familiarity and liking on negotiating perceptions and behaviors were explored. Results in two experiments showed different effects for the familiarity and liking variables.

Druckman, Daniel.; Harris, Richard. "Alternative models of responsiveness in international negotiation." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1990, v34n2, p. 234-251

ABSTRACT: The concept of threshold adjustment captures the process of comparing moves following a monitoring of the trend in another's behavior. The relationship between one's own and another's previous moves, known as comparative responsiveness, was studied in five arms control talks and one base-rights negotiation.

Druckman, Daniel. "Determinants of compromising behavior in negotiation : A meta-analysis." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1994, v38n3, p. 507-556

ABSTRACT: The effects of nine variables on compromising behavior and time to resolution were assessed by a meta-analysis of published bargaining experiments over a 25-year period. The results challenge the assertion that group representation is a main determinant of competitive behavior in bargaining.

Druckman, Daniel. "The situational levers of negotiating flexibility." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1993, v37n2, p. 236-276

ABSTRACT: The effects of a number of situational variables on decisions to be flexible or inflexible were explored in a simulation of an international negotiation on the regulation of gases contributing to the depletion of the ozone layer.

Duff, Elizabeth. "Can your child cope with conflict?" Working Mother Mar 1994, v17n3, p. 40-46

ABSTRACT: Most children need to be taught the basics of conflict resolution. They must learn to control their anger, articulate their feelings, talk conflicts through, use nonthreatening language and develop friendly body language.

Dugan, Daniel O. "Resolving interpersonal conflicts in clinical settings." Second Opinion Apr 1994, v19n4, p. 91-92

ABSTRACT: An article by Bethany J. Spielman regarding medical ethics and conflict resolution is examined. Intuition and interpersonal skills, which Spielman overlooks, can be just as important as conceptual schemas in teaching people how to get past conflicts.

Dufour, Joanne.; Sears, John F. "Dream of a world united." Social Education Nov 1994, v58n7, p. 401

ABSTRACT: With the end of the cold war, the UN has the opportunity to meet its original expectations of unifying nations in an effort to create peace. The 50th anniversary of the UN in 1995 comes at a time when the organization is expected to play a leading role in world affairs on a daily basis.

Dufour, Joanne.; Sears, John F. "Dream of a world united." Social Education Nov 1994, v58n7, p. 401

Dufour, Joanne.; Day, Billie. "The United Nations from the field : The work of volunteers." Social Education Nov 1994, v58n7, p. 424-426

ABSTRACT: The concept of voluntary service as a means of promoting development and laying the foundations of peace has continued to grow since the inception of the Peace Corps by Pres Kennedy in 1961. Descriptions of experiences of former US Peace Corps volunteers are presented.

Dufour, Joanne. "An Update on UNESCO." Social Education Sep 1991, v55n5, p. 296

ABSTRACT: The UNESCO was created in 1946 to contribute to peace and security in the world by promoting collaboration between nations through education, science, culture and communication. The work of UNESCO and its resources that are available to teachers are highlighted.

Dunkel, Tom. "In the fight to keep peace." Insight Jan 18, 1993, v9n3, p. 4-9+

ABSTRACT: Being a UN peacekeeper requires toughness and lots of patience. The appropriate ways to utilize these forces in the future as they become more accepted in the international community are discussed.

Dunkel, Tom. "In the fight to keep peace." Insight Jan 18, 1993, v9n3, p. 4-9+

Durch, William J.. The Evolution of UN peacekeeping : case studies and comparative analysis. New York, NY : St. Martin's Press, 1993.

SUBJECTS:United Nations--Armed Forces.

CONTENTS:Getting involved : the political-military context ; Paying the tab : financial crises ; Running the show : planning and implementation / William J. Durch -- United Nations Special Committee on the Balkans / Karl Th. Birgisson -- United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ; United Nations Emergency Force I ; United Nations Emergency Force II ; United Nations Disengagement Observer Force; United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon ; United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon / Mona Ghali -- United Nations Yemen Observation Mission ; United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus / Karl Th. Birgisson -- United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group / Brian D. Smith -- The Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission / William J. Durch -- United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan / Karl Th. Birgisson -- UN Temporary Executive Authority / William J. Durch.

United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan / Karl Th. Birgisson -- The UN Operation in the Congo / William J. Durch -- United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia ; United Nations Angola Verification Mission I ; United Nations Angola Verification Mission II / Virginia Page Fortna -- United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara / William J. Durch -- UN Observer Group in Central America / Brian D. Smith and William J. Durch.

Durr, Hans-Peter. "Could 'Star Wars' work?." World Press Review v. 32 (Sept. '85) p. 23-9

KEY WORDS: Strategic Defense Initiative.

ABSTRACT: Excerpted from Der Spiegel, July 15. The economic and strategic advantages of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) have been widely touted; however, if implemented, SDI would actually upset an already volatile political situation and escalate the arms race. It is impossible for SDI to achieve the 99 percent destruction rate necessary to make it effective as a defense system, and its components, which would include space battle stations and powerful lasers, are untested, complex, and expensive, besides being highly vulnerable to damage and enemy attack. The countermeasures that would be necessary to defend the defense system would defeat its expressed purpose of increasing security. Peacekeeping is only possible through political means. Military technology could best benefit humanity if it were devoted to alleviating unemployment, the erosion of natural resources, and the many other immediate problems threatening the world.

Du Toit, Pierre. "Bargaining about bargaining." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1989, v33n2, p. 210-230

ABSTRACT: The prospects for conflict resolution in South Africa are assessed by evaluating two divergent theoretically informed predictions for South Africa. Successful conflict resolutions in deeply divided societies depends on how contending political leaders respond to the constraints inherent in conflicts characterized by strategic interaction.

Dutter, Lee E. "Theoretical perspectives on ethnic political behavior in the Soviet Union." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1990, v34n2, p. 310-334

ABSTRACT: The importance of ethnic divisions to the internal politics of the USSR is indisputable. Extant theoretical frameworks on ethnic political behavior are applied to the USSR in order to modify or reformulate existing theoretical ideas in nondemocratic political systems.

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Eban, Abba. "The U.N. idea revisited." Foreign Affairs Sep 1995, v74n5, p. 39-55

ABSTRACT: Traditional diplomats have proved that they are better at settling conflicts than the UN, but the dream of a global community is still alive in the human imagination.

Edmondson, Daisy. "5 and 6 : Children are good storytellers." Parents Mar 1994, v69n3, p. 114-115

ABSTRACT: According to the results of one study, children are able to tell a real story with a conflict and resolution around the age of five. The research is discussed.

Eisenstadt, Marc; Brayshaw, Mike. "A knowledge engineering toolkit (II)." Byte v. 15 (Nov. '90) p. 364-8+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Expert systems.Prolog (Computer language).

ABSTRACT: Instructions on how to implement and use the Micro Interpreter for Knowledge Engineering (MIKE), which relies on a computer language known as Prolog. The concepts of inheritance, backward chaining, forward chaining, fast forward chaining, true defaults, facets, conflict resolution, daemons, explanation facilities, and tracing are discussed.

Eismont, Maria. "Chechnya : Ruslan Khasbulatov won't participate in State Duma elections." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Nov 1, 1995, v47n40, p. 19-20

ABSTRACT: Ruslan Khasbulatov, the former speaker of the Russian parliament and the former leader of a peacekeeping group in Chechnya Russia, has announced that he will not participate in the upcoming State Duma elections.

Elias, Nabil. "The effects of financial information symmetry on conflict resolution: an experiment in the context of labor negotiations." The Accounting Review v. 65 (July '90) p. 606-23

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Information theory.Collective bargaining--Mathematical models.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on negotiation research in accounting. A study was conducted to examine the effects of financial information symmetry in a union-management bargaining context. A laboratory experiment examined the effects of financial information disclosure on prenegotiation expectations and perceptions and on negotiation results. Profitability was manipulated by either providing or withholding historical and forecast financial information to union subjects. The study results generally suggested that when information was not disclosed to union subjects, prenegotiation expectations and conflicts were consistently higher. As expected, settlements were generally higher in the profit case than in the loss case.

Elliott, Michael. "A field guide to neocolonialists." Newsweek Aug 8, 1994, v124n6, p. 27

ABSTRACT: The motivations of some countries to intervene in LDCs when a crisis emerges are examined. There are three types of interventionists--the wallflowers, the do-gooders and the imperialists.

Elliott, Michael. "Bombs over Bosnia." Newsweek Jun 5, 1995, v125n23, p. 32-33

ABSTRACT: In retaliation for two recent NATO air strikes, Bosnian Serbs shelled five of the six UN-declared safe havens and took UN military observers hostage.

Ellsberg, Daniel "Present danger." The Nation v. 251 (Nov. 26 '90) p. 632

KEY WORDS: War and emergency powers.Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--American intervention.

ABSTRACT: Congress should take action to prevent a war in the Persian Gulf by calling hearings to discuss what the possible consequences would be if fighting were to break out. The period of greatest risk for war is just beginning because the elections are over, Congress is out of session, and the military buildup in the region is nearing completion. One of the goals of such hearings should be estimate the number of casualties that would result from a U.S.-initiated strike against Iraq. In addition, it is necessary to find out what effect Israeli intervention would have on alliances and peacekeeping efforts, how likely popular uprisings against Arab or Muslim regimes aligned with the United States are, and what the possible economic effects of Iraqi retaliation against regional oil production would be.

Elnadi, Bahgat.; Rifaat, Adel. "Month by month." UNESCO Courier Nov 1995, n11, p. 5

ABSTRACT: UNESCO's constitution was ratified on Nov 16, 1945. The mission of the organization was to construct the defenses of peace so as to make war redundant.

Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin. "Resource Unpredictability, Mistrust, and War." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1992, v36n2, p. 242-262

ABSTRACT: The results of a cross-cultural study suggest that war may be caused mostly by a fear of nature and a partially resultant fear of others. People, especially those in non-state societies, may try to protect themselves against future disasters by engaging in war to take resources from enemies.

Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin. "War, socialization, and interpersonal violence : A cross-cultural study." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1994, v38n4, p. 621-646

ABSTRACT: A study examines why some societies have more interpersonal violence than others. The theory of violence suggests that war is the major cause of more homicide/assault. The results, however, suggest that the effect of war is mostly indirect by motivating parents to socialize for aggression.

Ember, Lois. "Iraq Submits Chemical Weapons Report to UN." Chemical & Engineering News Apr 29, 1991, v69n17, p. 5-6

ABSTRACT: Key features of the UN cease-fire resolution relating to Iraq's weapons of mass destruction were played out in Apr 1991. Iraq filed two letters describing its chemical, missile and nuclear programs, and Swedish diplomat Rolf Ekeus was named to head the commission in charge of monitoring the weapons.

Endrst, Elsa B. "UN Stamps : Messengers of Peace." UN Chronicle Mar 1992, v29n1, p. 92-93

ABSTRACT: The celebration of the 40th anniversary of the UN Postal Administration (UNPA) is discussed, and the UNPA is profiled. Because UN stamps artistically portray the worldwide work of the UN, the goals of the UNPA go far beyond the boundaries of ordinary philately.

Endrst, Elsa B. "Asking the UN about the UN : A myriad of questions." UN Chronicle Sep 1995, v32n3, p. 76-77

ABSTRACT: The UN receives daily telephone calls and letters dealing with a myriad of questions and requests for information, ranging from world issues to somewhat offbeat suggestions. Peacekeeping queries ranked at the top.

Endrst, Elsa B. "UN Stamps : Messengers of Peace." UN Chronicle Mar 1990, v27n1, p. 94-95

ABSTRACT: UN postage stamps have been called messengers of peace. The stamps reflect various international themes--human rights, population, environment and development--and issues.

Engelberg, Stephen "U.S. envoy meets clan leader's kin in Somali capital." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 11 '93) p. A1+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Casualties.

ABSTRACT: On October 10, U.S. envoy to Somalia Robert B. Oakley met with members of the clan led by Mohammed Farah Aidid, the faction leader blamed for the killing of U.S. and other United Nations peacekeepers. Clinton Administration officials insist that the U.S. will not engage in direct talks with Aidid, but they have endorsed the creation of an African commission to investigate the deaths of the peacekeeping troops.

Engelberg, Stephen "U.S. envoy meets clan leader's kin in Somali capital." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 11 '93) p. A1+

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Casualties.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Aidid, Mohammed Farah.Oakley, Robert B.

Erev, Ido.; Rapoport, Amnon. "Provision of step-level public goods : The sequential contribution mechanism." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1990, v34n3, p. 401-425

ABSTRACT: Results of a study showed that the simultaneous protocol of play, where decisions are made privately, is significantly less effective in solving the dilemma than the sequential protocol.

Erlanger, Steven. "U.S. peacekeeping policy debate angers Russians." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 29 '93) p. 3 (Sec 1)

KEY WORDS: United States--Foreign relations--Russia (Republic).Russia (Republic)--Foreign relations--United States.Russia (Republic)--Foreign relations--Commonwealth of Independent States.Commonwealth of Independent States--Foreign relations--Russia (Republic).

ABSTRACT: On Sunday, President Clinton is expected to approve a Presidential directive that will set out the United States' policy toward peacekeeping in the former Soviet Union. Advance reports of the directive have angered Russians who are opposed to President Boris N. Yeltsin.

Ertel, Danny. "How to design a conflict management procedure that fits your dispute." Sloan Management Review v. 32 (Summer '91) p. 29-42

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict management.Alternative dispute resolution.

ABSTRACT: A methodology is proposed that would allow managers and their counsel to systematically consider categories of dispute or specific conflicts and to devise, refine, and implement appropriate procedures for dealing with them. An effective alternative conflict resolution process should clarify interests, build a good working relationship, generate good opinions, be perceived as legitimate, acknowledge the parties' procedural alternatives, improve communication, and lead to wise commitments. The proposed analysis should enable managers facing an escalating conflict to decide whether it is worthwhile to structure a custom dispute resolution process and to discuss the option clearly and systematically with legal counsel. It should better prepare managers to consider how to settle the dispute on its merits even if they have chosen not to negotiate the process, and it should prepare managers to negotiate with the other parties involved if they decide to do so.

Etcheson, Craig. "The "Peace" in Cambodia." Current History Dec 1992, v91n569, p. 413-417

ABSTRACT: The UN's effort to bring peace to Cambodia has so far failed miserably. The Khmer Rouge has escalated its military agression despite signing a peace agreement. Prospects of peace in Cambodia are discussed.

Eubanks, Paula. "CEOs help physicians cope with growing professional stress." Hospitals v. 66 (Aug. 20 '92) p. 40+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Hospitals--Physician relations.Hospital administrators.Stress (Psychology).

ABSTRACT: As stresses mount for physicians confronted by reimbursement, regulatory, and medical practice changes, hospital executives are finding that it is in their interest to establish closer relationships with doctors and to actively help them cope. At Chicago's Northwestern Memorial Hospital, for example, new physician leaders are given a short course that addresses financial management in health care, conflict resolution and negotiation, the future of health care, and organizational and management principles. In addition, physicians and administrators meet quarterly to hear speakers who update and elaborate on current trends and challenges. Other hospitals follow less formal programs or simply establish one-on-one relationships with physicians. Pitfalls of such an approach and the limits to the supports administrators can extend to physicians are discussed.

Evans, Richard. "Reforming the union." Geographical Feb 1993, v65n2, p. 24-27

ABSTRACT: The UN has long suffered from a lack of credibility, mostly due to Cold War competition. The UN must undergo fundamental reforms if it is to live up to the expectations placed on it in the post-Cold War era.

Evans, Gareth. "Peacekeeping in Cambodia : Lessons learned." NATO Review Aug 1994, v42n4, p. 24-27

ABSTRACT: The UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) is one of the few international peacekeeping missions of recent years that can be judged a success. Lessons learned in UNTAC operations can be applied to other situations.

Evans, Grant. "Traveller's tales." Far Eastern Economic Review Mar 25, 1993, v156n12, p. 38

ABSTRACT: The spectre of a Khmer Rouge return to power haunts Cambodia, even though the guerrilla force has refused to abide by the 1991 Paris peace agreement. The UN presence in Cambodia in anticipation of elections is discussed.

Evans, Richard. "Reforming the union." Geographical Feb 1993, v65n2, p. 24-27

Evans, Sybil. "Doing mediation to avoid litigation: a four-step process turns discord into reasoned, problem-solving discussion." HRMagazine v. 39 (Mar. '94) p. 48-51

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Alternative dispute resolution.

ABSTRACT: Mediation is the foundation for a company's in-house alternative dispute resolution (ADR) program. Mediation is a voluntary, nonbinding process whereby disputing parties reach agreement with the help of a neutral third party. The mediation process used in workplace disputes for the most part goes through four stages: introducing the process, getting information and defining the issues, creating understanding and looking for alternatives, and reaching agreement. Human resources and the legal department need to form an alliance to champion ADR programs. The American Arbitration Association and the Society for Professionals in Dispute Resolution are resources that can provide valuable information when creating a conflict resolution program.

Eyal, Jonathan. "From bad to worse to Bosnia." Spectator Jun 17, 1995, v274n8710, p. 10-11

ABSTRACT: The Western powers' efforts to end the conflict in Bosnia are doomed to fail whether troops are withdrawn or not. Today's Balkan war is much like the Albanian Question Benjamin Disraeli's government dealt with 120 years ago.

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Falk, Richard A. "The damaged U.S. image." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 45 (Jan./Feb. '89) p. 59-61

KEY WORDS: United Nations--United States.International law.United States--Foreign relations.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special issue on the Reagan administration's national security record. During the past eight years, the Reagan administration has defied international law and unleashed harsh attacks on the United Nations. As a result, the United States' reputation as a strong supporter of peace and justice in the world has been damaged. Under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union has seized the initiative on global reform, advocating a stronger UN and concrete measures in international law and arms control. The next administration should take steps to move the country away from Reagan's embrace of unilateralism and toward a more law-oriented foreign policy. The United States should reaffirm its commitment to the UN, submit international legal disputes to the jurisdiction of the World Court, and make a concerted effort to strengthen UN peacekeeping forces. The U.S. government must learn to respect international law even when it conflicts with U.S. interests.

Falk, Richard A., Robert C. Johansen, Samuel S. Kim. The Constitutional foundations of world peace. Albany, N.Y. : State University of New York Press, c1993.

SUBJECTS:International organization.Constitutional law.

CONTENTS:Global constitutionalism and world order / Richard A. Falk, Robert C. Johansen, and Samuel S. Kim -- The pathways of global constitutionalism / Richard A. Falk -- Toward a new code of international conduct : war, peacekeeping, and global constitutionalism / Robert C. Johansen -- In search of global constitutionalism / Samuel S. Kim -- The constitutional element in international political economy / James H. Mittelman -- Ecological security in an interdependent world / Patricia M. Mische -- Grafting the past onto the future of the United Nations system / Toshiki Mogami -- United Nations : prince and citizen? / Marc Nerfin --IGOs, the UN, and international NGOs : the evolving ecology of the international system / Elise Boulding -- World order and the reconstitution of political life / R.B.J. Walker -- Constitutional thought versus value-based thought in world order studies / Friedrich Kratochwil.

A feminist perspective on world constitutional order / Betty Reardon -- Toward an ambiguous world order / Mary Catherine Bateson --Protecting local autonomy in a global constitutional order / Chadwick F. Alger -- Politics of social transformation : grassroots movements in India / D.L. Sheth -- Constitutionalism and foundational values : Philippine constitutional authoritarianism revisited / Lester Edwin J. Ruiz -- The role of constitutionalism in the transformation of Eastern European societies / Radmila Nakarada -- Human obligation and global accountability : from the impeachment of Warren Hastings to the legacy of Nurenberg / Ali A. Maxrui -- In quest of world peace : law and alternative security / Burns H. Weston.

Falk, Richard A., Robert C. Johansen, Samuel S. Kim. The Constitutional foundations of world peace. Albany, N.Y. : State University of New York Press, c1993.

SUBJECTS:International organization. Constitutional law.

Falk, Richard A. "Liberation from military logic." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 41 (Aug. '85) p. 136-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: International security.Nuclear warfare--Prevention.

ABSTRACT: PART OF A SPECIAL FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE ON THE FIRST USE OF THE ATOMIC BOMB. The connection between the war and the state has brought the world into the deterrence trap, the only way in which the contradiction between the deadliness of war and the inevitability of a war system can be resolved. Although the use of the military to guarantee security has dominated international politics for hundreds of years, it was not employed by preindustrial communities. The military-state system can be overthrown, but not through the United Nations or arms control. The state itself must be transformed into an organization based on peace, economic well-being, human rights, and ecological balance. There are signs that this transformation is underway: holistic science and religion, increased ecological awareness, the refusal of small countries to accept nuclear domination, and the appeal to international law in cases of civil disobedience.

Falk, Richard A. "The United Nations after 40 years." The Nation v. 241 (Sept. 21 '85) p. 232-6

ABSTRACT: PART OF A SPECIAL SECTION ON THE UNITED NATIONS. The establishment of the United Nations was always regarded ambivalently by the U.S. government. It was viewed positively as long as it carried out U.S. wishes, although there was also an interest in promoting peace. An increase in anti-Western policies rankled even more in light of the disproportionate share of UN expenses that the United States has paid and the sometimes hypocritical stands for justice made by those who have tortured domestic opponents and ignored the poor. The UN has helped avert nuclear war for four decades and has also increased public awareness of world problems. If it is to have a bigger role in world politics, the East-West relationship must be improved. If tension between the superpowers can be reduced, the UN may eventually be able to work on the problems of the weak and disadvantaged.

Falk, Richard A. "The damaged U.S. image." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 45 (Jan./Feb. '89) p. 59-61

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--United States.International law.United States--Foreign relations.

Fearon, James D. "Signaling versus the balance of power and interests : An empirical test of a crisis bargaining model. "Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1994, v38n2, p. 236-269

ABSTRACT: An incomplete-information model of an international crisis was used to develop theories on the impact of observable dimensions of military power and national interest on threat making in crises.

Fedarko, Kevin. "Time to keep the promise." Time Oct 30, 1995, v146n18, p. 78-79

ABSTRACT: Pres Clinton plans to send 20,000 US peacekeeping troops to Bosnia. He has only begun to explain why, and many lawmakers believe the Administration's strategy is ill-conceived.

Fedarko, Kevin. "Bad blood and broken promises." Time Dec 26, 1994, v144n26, p. 121-122

ABSTRACT: Bosnian Serbs continue to harass UN peacekeepers, and the UN is not fighting back. Jimmy Carter has gone to Bosnia to engage in some freewheeling diplomacy.

Fedarko, Kevin.m "Bad blood and broken promises." Time Dec 26, 1994, v144n26, p. 121-122

ABSTRACT: Bosnian Serbs continue to harass UN peacekeepers, and the UN is not fighting back. Jimmy Carter has gone to Bosnia to engage in some freewheeling diplomacy.

Feldman, Shai. Confidence building and verification : prospects in the Middle East. Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press ; Jerusalem : The Jerusalem Post, 1994.

SUBJECTS:Arms control--Middle East.Arms control--Verification--Middle East.National security--Middle East.

CONTENTS: The new international security environment / Michael Sturmer -- The meaning of the security in the post-Cold War / Bo Huldt -- Conceptualizing and negotiating CBMs / Michael Krepon -- Negotiating CSCE / Lynn Hansen and Oleg Grinevsky -- CBMs in the maritime arena / Steven Miller -- Comments on naval arms control -- Bradford Dismukes -- The European experience with CBMs : operating a crisis prevention center / Heinz Vetschera -- CSCE and CBMs in Europe : lessons from Yugoslavia / Christoph Bertram -- Compliance with arms control agreements : what to look for / Gloria Duffy -- Workshop on on-site inspections / Don Stovall, Edwart Ifft and Doug Englund -- Satellite verification / Vipin Gupta -- Verification in the Middle East and Europe : lessons from past experience / Itshak Lederman -- Arms control and the Arabs' strategic environment / Ahmed Hashim -- Middle East regional arms control and security / Ahmed Abdel Halim -- Israel's security concerns : characteristics and implications / Ariel Levite-- Israel's changing environment : implications for arms control / Shai Feldman --CBMs in the Middle East : a conceptual framework / Emily Landau -- CBMs in the Israeli-Palestian-Jordanian security context / Jospeh Alpher -- The role and prospects for peacekeeping forces in the Middle East / William Durch -- US peacekeeping forces: feasibility and desirability / Dore Gold.

Felgengauer, Pavel. "Bosnia : Russia claims it averted NATO bombing."

ABSTRACT: The UN has ordered 400 Russian troops from Croatia into Bosnia, but Russia said the move is unacceptable. Russia's objections to the movement of the peacekeeping forces are discussed.

Felgengauer, Pavel. "Situation : Grachev and Perry play the outside positions in the partnership." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Nov 22, 1995, v47n43, p. 8

ABSTRACT: Pavel Grachev and William Perry have been discussing what Russia's role in the Bosnian peacekeeping mission will be. Russia will do everthing it can to prevent NATO generals from having command over Russian forces.

Felgengauer, Pavel. Moscow doesn't want to be a hostage to the Serbs."" Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Jun 21, 1995, v47n21, p. 8

ABSTRACT: In Feb 1994, a batallion of Russian paratroopers entered the Serbian part of Sarajevo to act as a guarantor that NATO planes would not bomb the Serbs' position again. It is clear now, however, that the Serbs gladly welcomed the Russian battalion because of the potential for them to be hostages.

Fenske, John. "The West and "the problem from hell"." Current History v. 92 (Nov. '93) p. 353-6

KEY WORDS: Western Europe--Foreign relations--Balkan Peninsula.Balkan Peninsula--Foreign relations--Western Europe.United States--Foreign relations--Balkan Peninsula.Balkan Peninsula--Foreign relations--United States.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special issue on Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The politics and principles associated with the war in the former Yugoslavia are leaving Western nations in a quandary. On one hand, public opinion in the West has been horrified at the military operations and barbarism directed at civilians. As a result, pressure is being applied to stop the fighting and provide aid to the victims. On the other hand, taking military measures to stop the fighting is not a popular option because the hills and mountains of Bosnia would present many obstacles to the rapid and successful taking of territory by American or European forces and would almost certainly lead to more Western casualties than from the war to liberate Kuwait, where the desert terrain was ideal for reconnaissance, tactics, and logistics. Western politicians, therefore, are reluctant to commit to a peacekeeping mission of unknown duration.

Ferencz, Benjamin B. "Improve the Security Council." International Journal on World Peace Sep 1994, v11n3, p. 21-23

ABSTRACT: Ferencz suggests that the key to making changes at the UN is an improved Security Council. UN reform initially requires a new and legally correct way of thinking about old problems, and the Security Council needs to be more democratic and representative of the interests of people everywhere.

Ferris, Frank D. "Labor relations: a conflict trap." Bureaucrat v. 20 (Spring '91) p. 47-51

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict management.Collective bargaining--Government employees.

ABSTRACT: Title VII of the Civil Service Reform Act limits the resolving of disputes between labor and management in the federal government to the patterns of domination, neutralization, and compromise. All of these patterns stem from a pessimistic view of conflict. Those that practice domination, which calls for one party having virtually total control over the other, consider conflict as being a threat and lacking any redeeming value. Parties that undergo neutralization, whereby their powers are balanced so as to keep the dispute fair, assume that they are locked in a struggle in which neither can nor should gain an advantage. Those that reach a compromise realize that they must forgo something of value in return for a concession from the other party. A more optimistic approach to conflict resolution would seek to integrate the diverse needs and desires of management and labor into a mutually beneficial solution.

Filipovic, Zoran. "UN : Make or break--The eunuchs are flying." Index on Censorship Sep 1995, n24n5, p. 39-46

ABSTRACT: The UK was one of the countries responsible for transforming the UN forces in Bosnia-Hercegovina into pack mules for the transport of food. They peacefully observed numerous atrocities committed against innocent civilians.

Filipovic, Zoran. "Intervention unbound : With friends like these." Index on Censorship Nov 1994, v23n6, p. 37-40

ABSTRACT: Despite all the attention and concern they receive from the world press and the UN, Sarajevans are still suffering and still being what Filipovic calls "hunted" by the "Chetniks." Filipovic expresses his discontentment with the UN Protection Force, which insists on protecting the city's citizens while doing nothing to end the hunt and which forbids Sarajevans from making efforts to protect themselves.

Filippov, Viktor. "Defiant Vorkuta miners continue strike." Current Digest of the Soviet Press Dec 6, 1989, v41n45, p. 7

ABSTRACT: In an interview, Soviet mine director Afanasy Vasilyevich Prasolov says that workers in his mine voted not to strike. Prasolov advocates peaceful conflict resolution rather than workers' strikes.

Fine, James. "UN blocks relief for Iraq." The Christian Century v. 108 (Sept. 18-25 '91) p. 837-8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Iraq.Petroleum industry--Iraq.Relief work--Iraq.

ABSTRACT: A writer who is on assignment for the American Friends Service Committee and Peace and Service, London, reports from Baghdad: Funds to meet Iraq's humanitarian needs are at the mercy of politics. A resolution approved on August 15 by the UN Security Council would permit the sale of up to $1.6 billion worth of embargoed Iraqi oil, from which revenues could buy urgently needed food and medicine and replacement parts to restore electricity, water, and sanitation systems. The resolution appears to address Iraq's humanitarian needs, but a closer look reveals that it does not. Before Iraq can sell oil, it must agree to reparations and take financial responsibility for UN inspection and dismantling of nuclear and chemical weapons facilities. The international community must give priority to humanitarian concerns and, with strict monitoring, allow Iraq to use existing commercial channels to purchase essential commodities.

Finkel, Lee M.; Kaminsky, Harry. "Teaching managers to mediate win-win solutions." Employment Relations Today v. 18 (Spring '91) p. 71-8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict management.

ABSTRACT: To be successful in the future, U.S. companies and institutions need managers who have learned to apply mediation skills to minimize or avoid wasting assets on internal sources of conflict. The mediator-manager views conflicts between coworkers, staff, clients, vendors, contractors, and others as part of the normal dynamics of organizational life and proactively implements measures for successful conflict resolution. Mediator-managers learn a process of dispute resolution by developing a mediation approach to conflict, developing communication skills, learning how to achieve consensus decision making, practicing negotiating skills that result in outcomes without losers, recognizing perception biases, developing strategies to break impasses, and taking part in realistic dispute situations. Mediator-managers increase satisfaction and compliance with agreements, decrease incidents of conflict, and increase productivity.

Finnegan, William. "No peace to keep." New Yorker Jun 12, 1995, v71n16, p. 9-10

ABSTRACT: The recent decision to expand the UN force in Bosnia was made for the purpose of protecting the UN troops already there, not Bosnian civilians. Finnegan discusses why the UN went into Bosnia and why it should leave.

Finnegan, William. "A world of dust." New Yorker Mar 20, 1995, v71n4, p. 64-77

ABSTRACT: Now that the UN has pulled out of Somalia, there is no government, no law and no formal education. Finnegan discusses the present wild-frontier Somalian economy in which anything can be had for a price and considers the country's future.

Finnegan, William. "No peace to keep." New Yorker Jun 12, 1995, v71n16, p. 9-10

Finsterbusch, Kurt "Nuclear issues in social research." Society v. 22 (Jan./Feb. '85) p. 2-3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Social sciences--Periodicals.Press and nuclear energy.Social science research.

ABSTRACT: A University of Maryland professor has researched the incidence and nature of articles on nuclear issues appearing in sociological journals and other periodicals of professional interest to social scientists. The literature concentrates on surveys of public opinion and social movements formed to address the nuclear question. Discussion of civil defense procedures briefly occupies the literature around the year 1960. A breakdown on the number of articles per issue per periodical is listed. Among the magazines reviewed: American Sociological Review, the American Journal of Sociology, Social Forces, Social Problems, Public Opinion Quarterly, Public Opinion, Armed Forces and Society, Journal of Political and Military Sociology, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Society, Social Policy, Public Interest, and Dissent..

Firth, Jane. "A Proactive Approach to Conflict Resolution." Supervisory Management Nov 1991, v36n11, p. 3-4

ABSTRACT: A manager's objective in resolving conflicts should be creating an environment in which employees can find a common ground of agreement. Developing vision, goals, clear communication, leadership and education about the organization are strategies for successful conflict resolution.

Fischer, Dean.; Wilde, James. "Facing a no-win scenario." Time v. 136 (Nov. 5 '90) p. 41-2

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--Jordanian intervention.

ABSTRACT: King Hussein's belief that both war and economic sanctions could destroy Jordan is causing him to desperately seek peace in the Persian Gulf. Hussein fears that Jordan, precariously situated between the borders of Iraq, Israel, and Saudi Arabia, would be obliterated in the cross fire of a war. A continuation of the present standoff would be almost as bad, however. According to government figures, Jordan is suffering from the United Nations-ordered embargo of Iraq, where 70 percent of its exports go. In an interview, Hussein discusses the dilemma that he faces, his belief in the chance for peace, his disagreement with the notion that a military strike by the United States could quickly end the crisis, the Palestinian problem, Saddam Hussein, his hope that the crisis will cause positive change, how Jordan is suffering from the invasion, and what he believes are the interests of the Arab people.

Fischer, Dean. "Clever are the peacekeepers." Time v. 131 (June 6 '88) p. 46

KEY WORDS: Muslims--Lebanon.Syria--Armed Forces--Forces in Lebanon.Lebanon--Politics and government.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Assad, Hafez.

ABSTRACT: Syrian president Hafez Assad has expanded Syria's security role in Beirut beyond the city's western border, prompting some diplomats to suggest that prospects may improve for the release of foreign hostages there. Assad and a delegation from the Iranian-backed Hizballah agreed to a cease-fire in the Beirut suburbs that has been followed by the entry of Syrian peacekeeping troops. The Iranian acceptance of Syrian troops in Beirut may have been a show of gratitude for the support that Assad has lent Iran throughout its eight-year war with Iraq. Assad has also been working with the United States in recent months to develop an outline for constitutional reform in Lebanon.

Fisher, Luke. "Brutal allegations." Maclean's Mar 7, 1994, v107n10, p. 13-14

ABSTRACT: Canadian peacekeeper Elvin Kyle Brown is facing court martial for the torture and murder of Somali teenager Shidane Abukar Arone while on a peacekeeping mission for the UN. Five other soldiers and officers also face charges relating to Arone's death.

Fisher, Luke. "'We are soldiering on'." Maclean's v. 107 (Mar. 28 '94) p. 29

KEY WORDS: Canada--Armed Forces--Parachute troops.Canada--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the killing of a Somali boy by Canadian peacekeeping soldiers in 1993 and the strains facing Canadian peacekeepers around the world. The members of the Canadian Airborne Regiment are the fittest, most aggressive, and most elite of Canada's soldiers, but their continued service has been jeopardized by the disturbing evidence that emerged during the court martial of Airborne Pte. Elvin Kyle Brown. Brown was a member of the Airborne unit in whose custody a Somali teenager was beaten to death in 1993. The incident has done grave damage to the Airborne's reputation, especially in light of evidence that senior officers knew well in advance of the Somalia mission about the serious disciplinary problems within the unit. The controversy has also prompted some defense analysts to ask whether the army still needs a paratrooper unit, and it could encourage the new Liberal government in Ottawa to scuttle the Airborne as a cost-cutting measure.

Flanagan, Robert J. "The economics of unions and collective bargaining." Industrial Relations v. 29 (Spring '90) p. 300-15

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Collective bargaining.Labor unions--Economic aspects.Industrial relations--Research.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special issue on the economics of human resource management. There have been two general branches of research into the economics of labor-management relations in the last decade. One has developed sharper factual profiles of union and nonunion employment settings, and the other has explored the nature of strategic behavior by the parties to collective bargaining. These two branches of research have implications for nonunion human resource managers. The impact of unions, strategic union avoidance behavior by management, strategic use of labor laws by unions and employers, labor conflict, and conflict resolution are discussed, and unexploited connections between research on union impact and research on strategic behavior are highlighted.

Fletcher, Meg. "Most employers ready to comply with ADA rules." Business Insurance v. 26 (July 13 '92) p. 3+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Americans with Disabilities Act.Handicapped--Employment.Discrimination in employment--Laws and regulations.

ABSTRACT: Most large employers are willing to hire the disabled and adjust their facilities and routines to the needs of the disabled to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). However, these employers are bothered by the vague wording in some parts of the act and federal officials' failure to clarify it. Some of these unclear issues are the definition of a qualified individual with a disability, how much an employer must do to help such an individual perform a job, and conflict resolution between the ADA and other federal and state laws bearing on workplace practices and activities. Some employers are also worried about increased workers' compensation and benefit costs if they hire disabled people, although this fear has not been borne out so far. Offsetting possible cost increases are likely reductions in wage-loss benefits and the possibility of recovering more from state "second injury funds," which were designed to encourage the hiring of disabled individuals.

Foell, Earl W. "Maestro of the five-power power lunch." World Monitor v. 4 (Aug. '91) p. 28-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--Secretary-General.

ABSTRACT: UN secretary-general Javier Perez de Cuellar began the diplomatic tradition of bringing together representatives of the five countries on the UN Security Council for meetings that have broad impacts on world events. Perez de Cuellar, who will be stepping down on January 1, 1992, after two five-year terms, gathered representatives from the United States, the Soviet Union, China, Britain, and France around a table in 1987. At the resulting luncheon, the five discussed methods of ending the Iran-Iraq War. This was the first time the countries had come together to coordinate the solution to an international problem. These five-power luncheons have since become a habit. The sometimes uneasy unanimity of the five provided an umbrella for the international endorsement of action against Iraq following its invasion of Kuwait; for the beginning of peace processes in El Salvador, Cambodia, and Angola; and for the continued monitoring of other global trouble spots.

Forbes, Malcolm S Jr. "Bloody dumb idea." Forbes Nov 6, 1995, v156n11, p. 23

ABSTRACT: Pres Clinton's proposal to put 25,000 US ground troops in Bosnia-Hercegovina as part of a peace settlement is murderously preposterous. It appears the US has not learned anything from its experience in Somalia.

Fouke, Carol. "Churches bring relief to devastated Liberia." The Christian Century v. 108 (Sept. 18-25 '91) p. 853-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Protestant churches--Liberia.Liberia--Civil War, 1990- --Moral and religious aspects.Liberia--Civil War, 1990- --Relief work.

ABSTRACT: The world has largely ignored the plight of the people of Liberia, where civil war has claimed nearly 50,000 lives, but Liberia's churches have undertaken relief and rehabilitation programs and are leading peacemaking and reconciliation efforts. They are coordinating their work through the Liberian Council of Churches, whose Relief Coordinating Committee has channeled relief goods sent by denominational and ecumenical partners in the United States and elsewhere to congregations, clinics, schools, and homes for orphaned and abandoned children. UN officials have credited the relief effort in Monrovia with averting a major catastrophe. Moreover, several denominations are sponsoring training events to address particular concerns; for example, the Episcopal Church wants to train counselors to help reduce prejudice, grief, trauma, and post-traumatic stress.

Fourney, Stephen. "Myanmar : A case of wilful blindness." Peacekeeping & International Relations Sep 1995, v24n5, p. 9-10

ABSTRACT: The political and social conditions of Myanmar are discussed. The country has been run by the repressive State Law and Order Restoration Council for eight years. During this time, the Coucil has amassed a long list of human rights violations, created a massive refugee problem and ignored the growing AIDS problem.

Francis, Samuel. "International tribunals lack legitimacy, delay peace." Insight Mar 29, 1993, v9n13, p. 21-22

ABSTRACT: The UN Security Council is hopeful that it will be able to try a number of Balkan leaders for war crimes. Such tribunals fly in the face of reason insofar as a nation's right to sovereignty and self-determination are concerned.

Francis, Samuel. "International tribunals lack legitimacy, delay peace. Insight Mar 29, 1993, v9n13, p. 21-22

Francisco, Ronald A. "The relationship between coercion and protest." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1995, v39n2, p. 263-282

ABSTRACT: Two forms of the predator-prey model are used to test competing hypotheses concerning the relationship between coercion and protest. This relationship is arguably the core of any theory of rebellion.

Franklin, Barbara. "Bosnia : The new Nuremberg." National Law Journal Sep 26, 1994, v17n4, p. A1, A24+

ABSTRACT: The UN must negotiate peace while it prosecutes those responsible for mass killings, rapes and tortures since 1991 in Bosnia-Hercegovina. Getting the pursuit of justice up and running has been a slow process, fraught with budgetary, staffing and political problems.

Fraser, Niall M.; Hipel, Keith W.; Jaworsky, John.; Zuljan, Ralph. "A conflict analysis of the Armenian-Azerbaijani dispute." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1990, v34n4, p. 652-677

ABSTRACT: Conflict analysis is seen as a useful tool to be applied to ethnic conflict research and is generally considered applicable to any conflict situation. A conflict analysis methodology is used to examined the Armenian-Azerbaiji conflict in the USSR.

Frazier, Gary L.; Rody, Raymond C. "The use of influence strategies in interfirm relationships in industrial product channels." Journal of Marketing v. 55 (Jan. '91) p. 52-69

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Marketing channels.Interorganizational relations.Market power.Marketing strategy.Industrial distributors--Suppliers.

ABSTRACT: A study sought to extend theory and empirical findings on interfirm influence strategies by focusing on their use in channel relationships between suppliers and distributors of industrial products. Research hypotheses were established, centering on the reciprocal use of coercive and noncoercive influence strategies by the supplier and the distributor in the channel dyad and on the interrelationships of these strategies with the interfirm power, latent conflict, and conflict resolution constructs. Questionnaires returned by a sample of 909 distributors from a national industrial distributors survey were used in testing the research hypotheses, which were essentially supported by the empirical results. The coercive and noncoercive strategies of both the supplier and the distributor were found to be positively and significantly related to the level of manifest conflict in the channel relationship.

Freedman, Lawrence. "Bosnia : Does peace support make any sense?" NATO Review Nov 1995, v43n6, p. 19-23

ABSTRACT: The mission of the UN Protection Force in Bosnia is examined. The UN could no longer rely on consent and impartiality once it was seen as a party to the conflict.

Freedman, Lawrence. "Bosnia : Does peace support make any sense?" NATO Review Nov 1995, v43n6, p. 19-23

ABSTRACT: The mission of the UN Protection Force in Bosnia is examined. The UN could no longer rely on consent and impartiality once it was seen as a party to the conflict.

Freedman, Lawrence. Military intervention in European conflicts. Oxford, UK ; Cambridge, MA : Blackwell Publishers, 1994.

SUBJECTS:Intervention (International law) Europe--Military policy.Europe--Foreign relations.

CONTENTS:Nervous bunnies--the international community and the Yugoslav war of dissolution / James Gow -- Appeasement, intervention and the future of Europe / Jane M. O. Sharp -- Military intervention : duty and prudence / Ken Booth -- Disengagement by stealth : the emerging gap between America's rhetoric and the reality of future European conflicts / Thomas Halverson -- The British debate about intervention in European conflicts / Philip Towle -- The debate in France over military intervention in Europe / Jolyon Howorth -- Military intervention for European security : the German debate / Harald Muller -- The Netherlands and military intervention / Jan Willem Honig -- Russian views on military intervention : benevolent peacekeeping, Monroe Doctrine or neo-imperialism? / Elaine Holoboff -- Security challenges in post-communist Europe / Paul Hirst.

French, Howard W. "Pessimism in Haiti: violence could swamp diplomacy." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 9 '93) p. 4

KEY WORDS: Terrorism--Haiti.Haiti--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: Many Haitians are pessimistic that there can be a peaceful return to democracy in their country. One reason for this doubt is the lack of faith in the peacekeeping forces intended to hold together the negotiated political settlement.

French, Howard W. "First foreign troops arrive under peace plan for Haiti." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 7 '93) p. A12

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Haiti.Haiti--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: Amid a climate of widespread violence, 26 American and 5 Canadian soldiers have arrived in Port-Au-Prince, Haiti. The soldiers will help begin the final push to carry out a United Nations accord calling for the return of exiled president Jean-Bertrand Aristide on October 30.

Friedrich, Otto "To the last man." Time v. 136 (Aug. 20 '90) p. 51-2

KEY WORDS: Economic assistance, American--Liberia.Liberia--Civil War, 1990- .

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Doe, Samuel Kanyon.

ABSTRACT: U.S. Marines encountered no opposition as they evacuated more than 160 American civilians from Liberia, which is being ravaged by a three-way civil war. The conflict between forces loyal to Liberian president Samuel Doe and those of two rival rebel leaders, Charles Taylor and Prince Johnson, stems from discord between the indigenous Gio and Krahn tribes. Doe's indifference to human rights and to his country's economic problems caused the U.S. government, which had given Doe's regime generous financial support during the early 1980s, to reduce its assistance after 1985, but that sign of displeasure had no visible effect. Five West African nations have decided to send a peacekeeping force into Liberia to impose a cease-fire and establish a provisional government, but Taylor, who commands the main rebel group, has vowed to resist any such intervention.

Friedman, Robert I. "Making way for the Messiah." The New York Review of Books v. 37 (Oct. 11 '90) p. 41-7

KEY WORDS: Ateret Cohanim (Organization)Messianism.Jerusalem--Religious institutions and affairs.

ABSTRACT: According to the fundamentalist supporters of Ateret Cohanim, a yeshiva started by Orthodox Jews in 1978 in the Muslim quarter of East Jerusalem's Old City, the Messiah will come only when Jews return to Israel, settle the land, and live their lives according to the rules of the Torah. The problem is that this messianic vision entails taking property away from any non-Jewish settlers, contradicting the city's peacekeeping policy of keeping the Muslim, Christian, Armenian, and Jewish quarters culturally separate. The settlement of Ateret Cohanim was only the first controversial event in the Jewish efforts to "redeem" East Jerusalem's Old City from its Christian and Muslim inhabitants. The most recent event occurred earlier this year when 150 Jewish settlers affiliated with Ateret Cohanim moved into a hospice owned by the Greek Orthodox Church and rechristened the site with a Hebrew name.

Friedman, Robert I. "Ceding the high ground." Harper's Apr 1995, v290n1739, p. 66-67

ABSTRACT: Some of the reasons why Israel and Syria both want US troops on the Golan Heights are noted. US monitors on top of Mount Hermon would share early-warning intelligence with the capitals of both Syria and Israel, an arrangement that Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Syrian leader Hafez al-Asad feel would protect the two sides more effectively than if either army held the high ground.

Friedman, Thomas L. "Clinton sending more troops to Somalia." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 7 '93) p. A1+

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.United Nations--United States.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- .United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.

ABSTRACT: According to White House officials, President Clinton has decided to order approximately 2,000 more U.S. troops to join the UN peacekeeping forces in Somalia in the hope of stabilizing the country. Clinton has reportedly set a deadline of about 6 months for the withdrawal of all U.S. forces.

Friesinger, Alison.; Gonzales, Ramona.; Logan, Claudia. "Parents in action." Parenting Sep 1995, v9n7, p. 132-134

ABSTRACT: For every educational challenge, there is a parent willing to take it on. Volunteer parents Brenda Harris, Mary McMullen-Light and Alex Jeyschune are profiled. Ten quick and painless ways to volunteer are listed. The process for setting up a conflict-resolution program is discussed.

Friedland, Ellen B. "Religious advance directives : Conflict and resolution." Trends in Health Care, Law & Ethics Spring 1994, v9n2, p. 50-52

ABSTRACT: Several religious organizations have produced end-of-life decisionmaking forms designed to allow their members to express their wishes in accordance with civil and religious law. The purpose of a religious advance directive, some of the interpretations of a religious advance directive that might be considered ambiguous and three ways in which these directives can avoid legal conflicts are examined.

Fruchtbaum, Harold. "Investigating the acts of desperate men." : UN Chronicle Jun 1994, v31n2, p. 74

ABSTRACT: Before there was a UN, there was an organization called the UN War Crimes Commission (UNWCC), which was created on Oct 20, 1943. The UNWCC elaborated such concepts as war crimes, crimes against humanity and crimes against peace. The investigations leading up to the war crimes trials held in Nuremberg Germany are discussed.

Fruchtbaum, Harold. "Chronicle Bookwatch : The Blue Helmets." UN Chronicle Dec 1990, v27n4, p. 72

ABSTRACT: Harold Fruchtbaum reviews "The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peace-keeping, Second edition," by UN Publications.

Fulghum, David A. "Specialty forces dominate planning." Aviation Week & Space Technology Dec 11, 1995, v143n24, p. 24-26

ABSTRACT: High technology should solve many problems in Bosnia, but the biggest challenges for the polyglot peacekeeping force may prove to be supply, logistics and greed. The technology being brought to Bosnia by the peacekeeping forces is discussed.

Fulghum, David A. "U.S. reconnaissance role looms large in Bosnia." U.S. reconnaissance role looms large in Bosnia.

ABSTRACT: The US is expected to use its aerial peacekeeping skills in Bosnia. Aerial reconnassiance will be used for resupplying and protecting the 60,000 troops being prepared for deployment into the region.

Fuller, Mary Lou. "Facts and Fictions about Stepfamilies." Education Digest Oct 1988, v54n2, p. 52-54

ABSTRACT: Findings of studies on stepfamilies are presented. While stepfamilies may have problems, their strengths include flexibility, multiple role models, experience in conflict resolution, happy parents, and extended families.

Fulton, E. Kaye. "'Less money, less defence'." Maclean's v. 104 (June 17 '91) p. 25

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on the restructuring of the Canadian military. In an interview, Gen. John de Chastelain, chief of defense staff, comments on the severe financial constraints the military is facing and the possible wholesale restructuring of his command. He notes that even these changes will not alter the Canadian military's four essential goals--sovereignty, collective defense of such alliances as NATO and NORAD, international stability through peacekeeping operations, and arms control and disarmament. He states that the Canadian military's professionalism is unquestioned, but he warns that because this professionalism comes from being trained for war, Canadian forces must be combat-capable, which entails modern equipment. He also notes that although the cuts in the military are economically necessary, he wishes that the government would realize that the military cannot be expected to fulfill all the obligations that it does today on a reduced budget.

Fulton, E. Kaye. "A two-front campaign." Maclean's v. 104 (Feb. 25 '91) p. 26-7

KEY WORDS: Persian Gulf War, 1991--Canadian participation.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the Persian Gulf War. The Canadian government has recently pursued both an early end to the war through coalition military action and a plan for postwar peace. Four days after Prime Minister Brian Mulroney unveiled his government's proposal for a postwar peacekeeping operation in the Gulf that would include Canadian participation, Defence Minister William McKnight seemed prepared to increase Canada's role in the war effort. He said that Canadian CF-18 Hornet fighter jets might be reassigned to attack ground targets in Iraq and Kuwait if that would hasten the end of the war. According to Tory pollster Allan Gregg, president of Decima Research, the government's double-tracked approach has the support of most Canadians. Gregg cites a poll in which 67 percent of respondents generally supported Canada's presence in the Gulf while a majority also indicated that they would have preferred Canada to retain a traditional peacekeeping role.

Fulton, E Kaye. "The pawns of war." Maclean's Jun 26, 1995, v108n26, p. 14

ABSTRACT: Eleven Canadian peacekeepers continue to be held by Serbs in Bosnia. All reports say they have been treated very well and are allowed to make contact with the base camp.

Fulton, E Kaye. "Running on empty." Maclean's Jul 31, 1995, v108n31, p. 31

ABSTRACT: Thirteen Canadian peacekeepers abandoned their post in Bosnia after being trapped for three weeks. They were suffering from malnourishment and were ill. Other Canadian troops were not allowed to assist them because of a decision by the Bosnian government.

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Gaffney, Frank Jr.; Carpenter, Ted Galen. "Q : Is NATO's bombing in Bosnia worth the risk?" Insight on the News Oct 23, 1995, v11n40, p. 18-21

ABSTRACT: Carpenter and Gaffney offer their opinions on whether or not air strikes by NATO in Bosnia-Hercegovina will do anything toward ending that country's war. Gaffney argues that airpower has helped stop genocidal aggression, while Carpenter believes that air strikes will only shed more blood without shedding any new light on the situation.

Gan, Vitali.; Matyash, Vladimir. "Expanding the Scope of Good Relations." Soviet Life Mar 1991, n3, p. 14-15

ABSTRACT: In an interview, Soviet Foreign Minister Alexander Bessmertnykh characterizes the relationship between the USSR and the US as frank and stable. The world itself is moving toward the ability to solve its problems peacefully.

Garcia, Guy "Death of a president." Time v. 136 (Sept. 24 '90) p. 61

KEY WORDS: Liberia--Civil War, 1990- .

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Doe, Samuel Kanyon.

ABSTRACT: The death of President Samuel K. Doe has not brought an end to Liberia's civil war but has simply set the stage for a new struggle between rebel groups led by Prince Johnson and Charles Taylor. Doe was captured and killed by Johnson's forces after leaving his fortified presidential mansion to visit the headquarters of the five-nation peacekeeping force organized by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Johnson, a former member of Taylor's National Patriotic Front of Liberia who broke away to form his own rebel group, declared himself president after capturing Doe, who is said to have died of blood loss during an interrogation. Johnson's force of several hundred soldiers, however, could soon be routed by Taylor's 10,000-member front. Meanwhile, ECOWAS is considering doubling its forces in Liberia and ordering its troops to take a more active role in enforcing the peace.

Gardels, Nathan. "From Mogadishu to Sarajevo." New Perspectives Quarterly Summer 1995, v12n3, p. 40-41

ABSTRACT: In an interview, Kofi Annan, UN Undersecretary for Peacekeeping Operations, discusses the operations in Somalia and Bosnia. The defensive pullback that happened in Somalia must be avoided in Bosnia.

Gardels, Nathan.; Conners, Leila. "At 50, does the UN resemble the League of Nations?" New Perspectives Quarterly Summer 1995, v12n3, p. 36-37

ABSTRACT: In an interview, UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali discusses how the US Congress's hostility to multilateralism affects peacekeeping operations and the concept of preventive diplomacy.

Gardels, Nathan. "From Mogadishu to Sarajevo." New Perspectives Quarterly Summer 1995, v12n3, p. 40-41

Garland, Susan B.; Galuszka, Peter.; Oster, Patrick. "Now, for Clinton's next European trick." Business Week (Jan. 24 '94) p. 59

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Clinton, Bill, Visit to Europe, 1994.

ABSTRACT: Although President Clinton's first trip to Europe was accounted a success, he may have to pay a price for many of the promises he made to please his audiences. The U.S. is now committed to keeping about 100,000 troops in Europe indefinitely, instead of the 50,000 to 75,000 previously expected. Clinton also committed U.S. units assigned to NATO to Europe-only peacekeeping missions, and he edged closer to entanglement in Bosnia by supporting Anglo-French calls to plan air strikes there.

Gaubatz, Kurt Taylor. "Election Cycles and War." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1991, v35n2, p. 212-244

ABSTRACT: It is argued that a discernible relationship exists between election cycles and the behavior of democratic states in international conflicts.

Gearing, Julian. "Afghanistan : No Consensus." Middle East May 1992, n211, p. 13-14

ABSTRACT: Afghanistan's Pres Najibullah has agreed to resign if an interim government can be found to take his place. Problems that the UN is facing in trying to find a suitable peace plan for everyone concerned are discussed.

Gedmin, Jeffrey. "The Secretary-Generalissimo." The American Spectator v. 26 (Nov. '93) p. 30-6

KEY WORDS: United Nations.--Secretary-General.United Nations--United States.United Nations--Armed Forces.

ABSTRACT: Bill Clinton seems content to let U.S. foreign policy be run by the U.N. secretary-general, Boutros Boutros-Ghali. Boutros-Ghali has an unprecedented mandate for multilateralism, and his record reveals no great sympathy for the West. He never speaks of democracy's victory in reference to the Cold War, but seems to condemn both sides by alluding to "discredited ideologies of the past." He seems to be a perfect fit for the Clinton administration's foreign policy team. He has quadrupled the number of U.N. forces in the field for peacekeeping operations and has proposed his own international police force that can be deployed at a moment's notice. His main agenda is to diminish the role of the United States in the world, under the guise of democratizing international relations. Boutros-Ghali's life and career in Egypt before his election to the U.N. in 1991 are discussed.

Geekie, Russell. "African outlook : United Nations tries hard line with Savimbi." Africa Report Sep 1993, v38n5, p. 8-9

ABSTRACT: Despite evidence to the contrary, Alioune Blondin Beye, the new UN secretary-general's special representative to Angola, feels that the derailed peace process can be put back on track, and he has experienced some early success. However, some of the fiercest battles the country has seen in three decades were waged in Aug 1993.

Geller, Daniel S. "Nuclear weapons, deterrence, and crisis escalation." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1990, v34n2, p. 291-231

ABSTRACT: It is assumed that nuclear weaponry provides a military and psychological advantage in conflict situations. Escalation patterns in interstate disputes among nations with both identical and different levels of weapons technology are analyzed.

Gergen, David. "Time for America to ante up." U.S. News & World Report v. 105 (Aug. 8 '88) p. 68

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Finance.United Nations--United States.

ABSTRACT: President Reagan should encourage Congress to pay the dues that the United States has been withholding from the United Nations. Earlier in his administration, Reagan supported a suspension of payments to the UN in response to the organization's anti-Americanism, ineffective peace-keeping efforts, and bloated bureaucracy. In the last two years, the UN has made a remarkable turnaround, however. It has completed a seven-year negotiation arranging for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan and has begun mediation talks between foreign ministers from Iran and Iraq. Next month, Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar will present a plan to settle a long-simmering dispute over the Western Sahara. Later in the month, he will renew negotiations over Cyprus. The United States now has a clear self-interest in promoting the UN.

Gergen, David. "A search for common ground." U.S. News & World Report v. 113 (Aug. 3 '92) p. 35

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United States--Foreign relations.United States--Economic policy.

ABSTRACT: Worries are growing about the nation's long term prospects, and many serious Americans are putting their differences aside in a search for common ground. A foreign-policy report written by a 21-member group assembled by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington, D.C., indicates several intellectual shifts on the future of American foreign policy. The report recommends that domestic renewal be the nation's highest priority; that the United States learn how to solve more problems through the United Nations and through greater economic cooperation with Europe and Japan; and that economic security take precedence over military security. This attempt to reach consensus in foreign affairs is matched by several efforts on the domestic side; foremost among them is the growing alliance between former Democratic senator Paul Tsongas and retiring Republican senator Warren Rudman, who will launch a bipartisan coalition to rebuild the U.S. economic base.

Gergen, David. "Apartheid's challenge." U.S. News & World Report v. 99 (Aug. 26 '85) p. 70

KEY WORDS: Apartheid.United States--Foreign relations--South Africa.

ABSTRACT: America must unite behind a new policy toward South Africa. "Constructive engagement" is no longer viable, given president P. W. Botha's remarks of August 15. America has no reason to feel guilty about the South African situation. More than one hundred U.S. firms operating in South Africa adhere to the Sullivan Principles involving desegregation. But the United States does have a moral responsibility to try and change South Africa's system of apartheid. America must also remain strong in the eyes of the international community. To that end, President Reagan and Congress should meet and agree on a new policy, of which sanctions should be a part. It should also be made clear to South Africa that should violence escalate, an international peacekeeping force will be sent to that country.

Ghosh, Amitav. "Holiday in Cambodia." The New Republic 208(June 28 '93) p. 21+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Khmer Rouge.United Nations--Cambodia.Vietnamese--Cambodia.Cambodia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: The UN's ambitious Cambodia operation was not entirely successful, even though Cambodia's elections went off better than many predicted. In many respects, the peace process failed. Neither the State of Cambodia nor the Khmer Rouge have disarmed their forces, and the Khmer Rouge appears to have actually made use of the presence of the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) to expand the territory it controls. The election's victors, Prince Norodom Ranariddh and the FUNCINPEC party, can't rule effectively without massive military and financial aid as well as a continuing large-scale UN presence. The article discusses the expansion in the UN's peacekeeping efforts, UNTAC's efforts to investigate allegations about the presence of Vietnamese soldiers on Cambodian soil, and why the UN can't be expected to articulate a credible alternative to parochial and nationalistic patterns of politics.

Ghosh, Amitav. "Holiday in Cambodia." The New Republic 208(June 28 '93) p. 21+

KEY WORDS: Khmer Rouge.United Nations--Cambodia.Vietnamese--Cambodia.Cambodia--Politics and government.

Gibbs, David N. "Dag Hammarskjold, the United Nations, and the Congo crisis of 1960-1 : A reinterpretation." Journal of Modern African Studies Mar 1993, v31n1, p. 163-174

ABSTRACT: The crisis in the Congo in the early 1960s constituted the largest peace-keeping operation in the history of the UN, exceeded only by operations in the 1990s. The complex events of the Congo situation are examined.

Gibbs, David N. "Dag Hammarskjold, the United Nations, and the Congo crisis of 1960-1 : A reinterpretation." Journal of Modern African Studies Mar 1993, v31n1, p. 163-174

Gire, James T.; Carment, D W. "Dealing with disputes : The influence of individualism-collectivism." Journal of Social Psychology Feb 1993, v133n1, p. 81-95

ABSTRACT: Research concerned with the influence of the individualism-collectivism value dimension on procedural preferences for conflict resolution has suggested that harmony-enhancing procedures are more preferred in collectivist than in individualist societies. Individualistic and collective values need not form coherent syndromes that are in polar opposition.

Giuliano, Joseph D. "A peer education program to promote the use of conflict resolution skills among at-risk school age males." Public Health Reports Mar 1994, v109n2, p. 158-161

ABSTRACT: Violence is devastating the lives of children in the US' major cities. A program that focuses on violence prevention in school-age boys using creative educational techniques and community partnership is discussed.

Glassman, Edward. "Selling your ideas to management." Supervisory Management (New York, N.Y.) v. 36 (Oct. '91) p. 9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Business communication.Ideas in business.Organizational effectiveness.

ABSTRACT: Adapted from Creativity Handbook: Harvest Creative Thinking at Work. Employees who have difficulty selling a proposal to management may not be putting their idea in a form that demonstrates that it was carefully evaluated and developed. Before sharing a proposal with others, the employee should evaluate its merits on his or her own to see whether it is effective, feasible, and acceptable. Since resistance to change is a major obstacle to any proposal, the employee should list everyone who might conceivably feel threatened by the proposal, why each person might feel threatened, how he or she can counter that threat, and ways in which the proposal will be beneficial to others. When presenting the idea, the employee should first provide a general description and then offer a detailed explanation, both in an understated manner. The 4 basic approaches to conflict resolution are discussed.

Glastris, Paul. "Jumping the gun in Bosnia." US News & World Report Nov 27, 1995, v119n21, p. 53

ABSTRACT: Some US troops could be deployed to Bosnia even before Congress votes on Pres Clinton's plans for US peacekeepers. Clinton plans to seek a resolution of support from Congress before full deployment of US troops.

Gleditsch, Nils Petter. "35 major wars? A brief comment on Mueller." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1995, v39n3, p. 584-587

ABSTRACT: Gleditsch comments on Mueller's (1994) attack on Pres Jimmy Carter's statement in 1992 that there were 35 "major wars" going on in the world. Gleditsch argues that Carter was not using the Singer-Small definition of war but relied on the data on armed conflict collected by the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University.

Glorioso, John E. "Rubbing out friction." Security Management v. 35 (June '91) p. 24

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict management.Human relations.

ABSTRACT: Security managers must develop methods to deal with stressful situations that range from minor arguments between employees to more serious security violations. In addition, they must train security personnel to deal with such situations in a way that will prevent any negative feelings. A model of conflict resolution offered in the book Getting to Yes by Roger Fisher and William Ury is offered.

Glynn, Patrick. "Balking." The New Republic v. 207 (Nov. 23 '92) p. 20-2

KEY WORDS: Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .Bosnia and Hercegovina.United States--Foreign relations--Yugoslavia.Serbia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Foreign relations--United States.

ABSTRACT: Western governments have been reluctant to intervene in the former Yugoslavia's civil war in a way that will help stop the fighting. Instead of responding to Serbian aggression with military measures, Western governments have persisted in a combination of relief, peacekeeping, economic and arms sanctions, and largely futile negotiating efforts that have merely prolonged the conflict. Effective action requires a major shift in policy: The UN arms embargo against Bosnia should be lifted and weapons given to Bosnian government forces, Croatia should be offered large-scale economic aid for refugees, the U.S. government should support Yugoslav prime minister Milan Panic's efforts to moderate policy in Belgrade and should pursue negotiations on supply of relief through the Serbian capital, and the UN should authorize air action to protect relief flights and should place peacekeeping forces in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo.

Goertz, Gary.; Diehl, Paul F. "Toward a theory of international norms : Some conceptual and measurement issues." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1992, v36n4, p. 634-664

ABSTRACT: A conceptual and empirical look at how international norms influence state behavior is presented. Guidelines for the conceptualization, measurement and testing of international norms and their effects on state behavior are outlined.

Goetze, David. "Comparing prisoner's dilemma, commons dilemma, and public goods provision designs in laboratory experiments." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1994, v38n1, p. 56-86

ABSTRACT: The ability to cumulate and compare findings from laboratory experiments is impeded by the wide variety of designs employed in these studies and by the different incentive characteristics embedded in those designs. An attempt to improve potential for comparing findings by proposing variables that specify incentive features of collective action designs is detailed.

Gold, Deborah T.; Gwyther, Lisa P. "The Prevention of Elder Abuse : An Educational Model." Family Relations Jan 1989, v38n1, p. 8-14

ABSTRACT: Recent research on elder abuse highlights the importance of communication and conflict resolution in the families of older people. The literature on elder abuse is reviewed, as is the educational curriculum desgined to prevent abuse and neglect in families of the elderly. References.

Goldberg, Steven S. "Beyond metal detectors and disciplinary transfers." Education Week Mar 10, 1993, v12n24, p. 29

ABSTRACT: The pervasive nature of violence in schools across the US is addressed, as are responses and solutions to the problem. The entire school community must change from a faceless bureaucracy to one that embraces conflict resolution and encourages individual responsibility.

Goldman, A.; Greenberg, L. "Comparison of Integrated Systemic and Emotionally Focused Approaches to Couples Therapy." Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology Dec 1992, v60n6, p. 962-969

ABSTRACT: A study compared couples receiving two marital therapy approaches and a control group over a ten-week treatment period. Integrated systemic therapy and an emotionally focused approach were both found to be superior to the control and to be equally effective in alleviating marital distress, facilitating conflict resolution and goal attainment and reducing target complaints at termination.

Goldstein, Joshua S. "A Conflict-Cooperation Scale for WEIS Events Data." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1992, v36n2, p. 369-385

ABSTRACT: The problem of aggragating World Events Interaction Survey (WEIS) data into a continuous time series representing conflict or cooperation between two nations is discussed. A new scale based on a small panel of international relations faculty is presented that shows a slight increase in the statistical significance of relationships.

Golotyuk, Yury. "Peacekeeping : Russian troops to stay in Abkhazia until the end of 1995." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Jul 12, 1995, v47n24, p. 22

ABSTRACT: Yesterday, the Russian Council of the Federation approved an extension of the Russian peacekeeping forces' mandate in the zone of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict to Dec 31, 1995.

Golotyuk, Yury. "Borders : 'Peacekeepers' are helping border troops with artillery and aircraft." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press May 17, 1995, v47n16, p. 12-13

ABSTRACT: Colonel Gen Valery Patrikeyev, Commander of the CIS Peacekeeping Forces in Tajikistan, recently stated that the Forces' task is to provide "in-depth support for the Russian border troops."

Goodman, Hirsh. "The shorter wick." The New Republic v. 193 (Nov. 18 '85) p. 19-20+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Military assistance, American--Jordan.

ABSTRACT: The Reagan administration's proposed $1.9 billion arms sale to Jordan contradicts U.S. strategic goals in the Middle East. The administration argues that if Jordan is to pursue peace with Israel it must have the weapons to defend itself from Syria. The deal will probably undermine U.S. diplomatic relations with Israel and weaken that country's position in the Middle East conflict. Israel does not have the resources to win a war; at best, its Defense Forces could prevent one. The proposed arms sale would further weaken Israel's deterrence capability. Central to the issue are the United Nations resolutions calling for Israel to relinquish control of the strategically vital West Bank and Gaza strip. The country is already divided on how much control to give up, and the arms transfer can only deepen the division. The sale reflects the short-term thinking of the U.S. military establishment and arms lobby.

Goodman, Dennis. "U.S. assessments for the United Nations." Department of State Bulletin v. 88 (Oct. '88) p. 70-2

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Finance.United Nations--United States.

ABSTRACT: In a statement submitted to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, the acting assistant secretary of state for international organization affairs discusses the United States' payment of its United Nations assessments. He notes that in 1987, Congress conditioned payments to the assessed UN budget on three matters whose status is to be determined by the president: a reduction in UN Secretariat staff, a limitation on nationals of member states who are seconded to the Secretariat, and a consensus-based budget reform procedure. He describes probable U.S. arrearages on its assessed contributions to the regular budget and to UN peacekeeping operations.

Goodwin, Irwin. "Congress enacts Peace Research Institute." Physics Today v. 37 (Dec. '84) p. 48-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United States.--Congress (98th, 2nd session: 1984)United States Institute of Peace.

ABSTRACT: A provision of the Omnibus Defense Authorization Act for fiscal 1985 has created a U.S. Institute of Peace for research and training in nonviolent conflict resolution. The institute will receive $16 million over the next two years. Such an institution was first proposed in 1793, and hundreds of similar proposals have been unsuccessfully submitted to Congress during this century. Opponents of a peace institute have argued that it would be unnecessary and unproductive. The Reagan administration has also opposed it because it would add to the federal deficit. In 1980, however, a congressional study commission recommended the formation of an independent peace institute modeled after the National Science Foundation. Some experts believe that the United States must improve its diplomatic skills. The first duties of the institute will be to conduct research on conflicts, to discover methods of settling disputes, and to support other peace study organizations.

Gorbachev, Mikhail. "Mikhail Gorbachev Addresses the United Nations." Soviet Life Feb 1989, (Suppl.), p. I-XII

ABSTRACT: The full text of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's address to the 43rd session of the United Nations General Assembly on December 7, 1988, is presented. Gorbachev discusses peace, the UN and the world order.

Gordon, Bonnie. "Settling conflicts among your workers." Nation's Business v. 76 (Mar. '88) p. 70-1

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict resolution.Communication in management.

ABSTRACT: Business owners and managers throughout the United States report that they try to minimize conflict between employees by maintaining a work environment that is communicative and even familylike. In companies that handle conflict resolution effectively, the unwritten rule appears to be that conflicts must be addressed swiftly and openly. Many companies have an open-door policy that permits workers to take complaints directly to top management, bypassing the usual supervisory channels. This policy is especially useful for companies that do not have a trained professional counselor or personnel director. In other companies, the personnel office will try to arrange a time and place for interpersonal negotiations. Some companies provide employee-assistance programs that are completely separate from the workplace.

Gordon, Carol. "Mutual perceptions of religious and secular Jews in Israel." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1989, v33n4, p. 632-651

ABSTRACT: Questionnaires on the conflict between religious and secular Jews were completed by 380 Israeli students in the 11th grade. Findings support that the secular, believing their freedom of choice to be threatened, act accordingly.

Gordon, Jeanne. "Teaching kids to negotiate." Newsweek v. 115 (Apr. 23 '90) p. 65

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict resolution--Study and teaching.Los Angeles (Calif.)--Education.

ABSTRACT: A new elementary school program is teaching children to solve their problems without adult intervention. Richard Mills, a consulting psychologist in the Los Angeles Unified School District, teaches children to discuss and solve such problems as teasing, name calling, and bullying. Mills has trained 200 teachers from 50 Los Angeles schools in his methods and is addressing training requests from teachers throughout the country.

Gordon, Michael R. "U.S. troops fire on Somalis; death toll may reach 100." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Sept. 10 '93) p. A1+

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Casualties.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.

ABSTRACT: On September 9, U.S. and Pakistani forces opened fire on a crowd of Somali soldiers and civilians after United Nations peacekeeping forces came under attack. UN officials say that as many as 100 Somalis, possibly including women and children, were killed in the fighting, which is expected to intensify the debate over the U.S. role in Somalia.

Gordon, Michael R. "G.I.'s to relieve Scandinavians for Bosnian duty." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Mar. 11 '94) p. A7

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Macedonia (Republic).

ABSTRACT: (March 10) Senior Clinton Administration officials said today that the administration plans to roughly double the number of American soldiers in Macedonia so that the Scandinavian troops now in that former Yugoslav republic can reinforce the United Nations peacekeeping force in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The move reflects the administration's hope that a Bosnian settlement will ultimately be negotiated.

Gordon, Michael R. "Europeans plan early pullout from Somalia." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 13 '93) p. A10

KEY WORDS: Somalia--Civil War, 1991- .Western Europe--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.

ABSTRACT: Several key Western countries supplying troops to the peacekeeping force in Somalia are ignoring the pleas of U.S. and UN officials and have announced their intent to withdraw their forces by early 1994. According to Western diplomats, France, Belgium, and Sweden plan to have their troops out of Somalia by mid-January.

Gordon, Michael R. "U.S. and Russia sign peacekeeper training pact." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Sept. 9 '93) p. A8

KEY WORDS: Military training--International aspects.United States--Foreign relations--Russia (Republic).Russia (Republic)--Foreign relations--United States.Russia (Republic)--Army.

ABSTRACT: Under an agreement signed on Sept. 8, the U.S. and Russia will conduct joint peacekeeping exercises involving the Third Infantry Division based in Frankfurt, Germany, and the 27th Motorized Rifle Division from Russia's Volga District. The exercises, which will be the first in which American and Russian ground troops have trained together, reflect a new appreciation by both sides of the changing role of their armed forces.

Gorka, Sebestyen. "Hungarian military reform and peacekeeping efforts." NATO Review Nov 1995, v43n6, p. 26-29

ABSTRACT: Hungary, a participant in NATO's Partnership for Peace, is currently engaged in a major reform of its armed forces and as part of this process, it has established a special peacekeeping force and training facility.

Gornostayev, Dmitry. "Middle East." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Apr 13, 1994, v46n11, p. 26

ABSTRACT: Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev believes that the best possible way to reach peace in the Middle East is by the adoption of a UN Security Council resolution as quickly as possible.

Goulding, Marrack. "The evolution of United Nations peacekeeping." International Affairs Jul 1993, v69n3, p. 451-464

ABSTRACT: The changing nature of UN peacekeeping is discussed. The end of the Cold War has necessitated the increasing development of peacekeeping and peace-enforcement tactics.

Goulding, Marrack. "The evolution of United Nations peacekeeping." International Affairs Jul 1993, v69n3, p. 451-464

ABSTRACT: The changing nature of UN peacekeeping is discussed. The end of the Cold War has necessitated the increasing development of peacekeeping and peace-enforcement tactics.

Gow, James. "Bosnia I : Stepping up the pace?" World Today Jul 1995, v51n7, p. 126-128

ABSTRACT: Options available to the UN for stopping the carnage in Bosnia are discussed. The best approach to ending the war is to extract concessions from the Bosnian Serbs through coercion.

Gow, James.; Dandeker, Christopher. "Peace-support operations : The problem of legitimation." World Today Aug 1995, v51n8-9, p. 171-174

ABSTRACT: The difficulty of peace-support activities by UN organizations is examined. It seems almost as though the system works against itself many times. The difficulties in the Bosnia situation are a good example of this problem.

Gow, James.; Dandeker, Christopher. "Peace-support operations : The problem of legitimation." World Today Aug 1995, v51n8-9, p. 171-174

Gowers, Andrew.; Mallet, Victor. "The long road to statehood." World Press Review v. 36 (Feb. '89) p. 14-15

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on Palestine. Excerpted from the Financial Times of London. The Reagan administration's decision to authorize a dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization may be a breakthrough in the Arab-Israeli conflict, but a resolution of the Palestinians' status still faces many obstacles. Americans view terrorism as the main issue, while Palestinians are primarily interested in self determination. Israel's prime minister, Yitzhak Shamir, opposes any moves to refer the question to an international peace conference. Additional negotiating problems include how much land seized in 1967 should be returned to the Palestinians and whether the strategically important Golan Heights should be returned to Syria. Israelis are especially resistant to the idea of dividing Jerusalem.

Graff, James L. "Another day of peacekeeping." Time Jan 10, 1994, v143n2, p. 12

ABSTRACT: The conditions under which peacekeeping forces must operate in Bosnia-Herzegovina are discussed. While manning a checkpoint in Bosnia, 11 Canadian UN soldiers were shot at by snipers.

Graham, Al. ""United Nations Peacekeeping and War Prevention"." Peacekeeping & International Relations Sep 1992, v21n5, p. 8-9

ABSTRACT: Canadian participation in UN international peacekeeping efforts is discussed. Canadians are obligated to promote international harmony and assist the UN in carrying out its peacekeeping mission.

Graham, Robert. "From UNTSO to UNIIMOG." World Press Review Oct 1988, v35n10, p. 23

ABSTRACT: The United Nations Iran Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIIMOG) will observe the ceasefire in the Gulf war. Other UN peacekeeping forces include groups in Pakistan, Lebanon and Cyprus.

Graham, Robert. "From UNTSO to UNIIMOG." World Press Review v. 35 (Oct. '88) p. 23

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the United Nations. Excerpted from London's Financial Times. The United Nations Iran Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIIMOG), which will observe the cease-fire between the two countries in the upper Persian Gulf as well as at their border, is the UN's first maritime mission. It will be solely an observer group at its outset, as opposed to UN groups like the Damascus-based Disengagement Observer Force, the Interim Force in Lebanon, and the Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, which are larger military units with a direct peacekeeping role. At a time when the world body is short of funds, UNIIMOG will cost $74 million to set up and maintain in its first six months.

Graham, T Bruce.; Cron, Rodney L.; Hosmer, Clark. "No UN control of nuclear weapons--Comment/reply." International Journal on World Peace Dec 1994, v11n4, p. 3-9

ABSTRACT: Graham and Cron comment on Hosmer's proposition that the UN be given sole control over nuclear weapons. Hosmer replies.

Grayston, Donald. "Thomas Merton: the global future and parish priorities." The Christian Century v. 101 (Aug. 29-Sept. 5 '84) p. 802-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Spiritual life.

ABSTRACT: The works of Thomas Merton can serve as a spiritual guide to parish ministry. Merton identified three contemporary needs: the need for personal wholeness in a technological culture, for transcultural maturity when encountering other faiths, and for peacemaking in a violent world. Merton's responses to these problems--contemplation, communion, and nonviolent spiritual witness--should be integrated into local parish life. His priorities are essential guidelines for a humanistic future in a world on the edge of self-destruction.

Green, Philip. "Clearing the Air." Nation Jan 6, 1992, v254n1, p. 5

ABSTRACT: An editorial commends the UN for retracting its infamous decision linking Zionism with racism. Perhaps now the UN can serve as an honest broker in the Mideast peace process.

Green, Stephen. "Give peace talks a chance." The Nation v. 241 (Sept. 21 '85) p. 238-42

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Middle East.Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.United States--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: PART OF A SPECIAL SECTION ON THE UNITED NATIONS. The United Nations has been ineffective in the Middle East since at least 1967. In that year, the United States chose to ship arms to Israel and provide intelligence information, in violation of UN Charter provisions, rather than restraining Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser from evicting the United Nations Emergency Force. Neither Israel nor the United States wanted a UN buffer in the Middle East. In achieving the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty of 1968, President Johnson ignored Israeli violations of it, and in 1979 Jimmy Carter was quick to deflect criticism of Israel for its military cooperation with South Africa. Such U.S. intervention has occasionally been justified, as during the UN Zionism-equals-racism debate, but generally it has damaged the norms that govern international relations. The United States should facilitate multilateral negotiations in the Middle East.

Greenberg, Joel. "Gaza bus hijacking kills one." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 3 '93) p. A2

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.Bus hijacking.Terrorism--Middle East.Palestinian Arabs.Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.

ABSTRACT: Police and UN spokesmen said that a Palestinian believed to be a Muslim militant hijacked a bus belonging to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency. The nearly-empty bus was being used to bring Palestinian refugees to the occupied Gaza Strip. The hijacker smashed into 2 Israeli vehicles, killing 1 individual and wounding 5. In Gaza, the Islamic Holy War, a militant group, claimed responsibility for the attack, which occurred on August 2, the day before U.S. secretary of state Warren Christopher was to arrive in Jerusalem to attempt to revive the stalled Arab-Israeli peace talks.

Greenberg, Susan H. "Healing Cambodia's wounds." Newsweek v. 114 (Aug. 14 '89) p. 29

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Khmer Rouge.Cambodia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: At a recent international conference in Paris, delegates from four rival Cambodian factions and foreign ministers from 18 nations outlined the organizational framework of a peace agreement for Cambodia. They agreed to send a United Nations team to Cambodia to identify a way to monitor a settlement and also established committees to oversee Vietnam's troop withdrawal, help end foreign support for the various factions in Cambodia, help repatriate Cambodian refugees, and work to rebuild the country's economy. The four groups vying for control of the country have agreed to discuss an internal political settlement. Before the conference, prospects for agreement were poor due to disputes over the role of the Khmer Rouge in the new government. Pressure from the Chinese delegation helped persuade the Khmer Rouge to make concessions at the meeting.

Greenberger, Robert S. "With signing of treaty, U.S. returns to central role in Mideast peacemaking." Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition) (Sept. 13 '93) p. A3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Middle East peace conference, 1991- --Accord, 1993.United States--Foreign relations--Middle East.Middle East--Foreign relations--United States.

ABSTRACT: The U.S. returns to a central role in Mideast peacemaking with the historic signing of an Israeli-Palestinian peace accord at the White House today. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) chairman Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin will attend today's ceremony. After the treaty signing, U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher will meet with Arafat at the State Department, marking the highest-level meeting between the U.S. and the PLO.

Greenhouse, Linda. "Georgian asks U.S. to back peace force." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Mar. 8 '94) p. A10

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Georgia (Republic).Economic assistance, American--Georgia (Republic).Russia (Republic)--Armed Forces--Forces in Georgia (Republic).Georgia (Republic)--Politics and government.Abkhazia (Georgia)--Nationalism.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Shevardnadze, Eduard Visit to the United States, 1994.

ABSTRACT: (Mar. 7) During his visit to the United States, Georgia president Eduard A. Shevardnadze asked President Clinton to contribute U.S. troops to a peacekeeping force to help stop Georgia's civil war. Clinton responded by saying that he would support international peacekeeping but only under strict conditions. One of those conditions is that he not be asked to contribute U.S. troops. However, Clinton said that he would ask Congress to authorize money for the peacekeeping force.

Greenhouse, Linda. "Georgian asks U.S. to back peace force." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Mar. 8 '94) p. A10

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Georgia (Republic).Economic assistance, American--Georgia (Republic).Russia (Republic)--Armed Forces--Forces in Georgia (Republic).Georgia (Republic)--Politics and government.Abkhazia (Georgia)--Nationalism.

Greenhouse, Steven. "U.S. caught at U.N. between P.L.O. and American Jewish groups." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Mar. 12 '94) p. 5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Palestine Liberation Organization.United Nations--Middle East.United Nations--United States.United Nations.--Security Council (Meetings: 1994)Middle East peace conferences, 1991- --Accords.Jews--United States--Political activities.Jerusalem--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: (March 11) As the Clinton Administrations works to revive the Middle East peace talks, it has found itself caught between Palestinians who are urging it to make concessions on a UN Security Council resolution and American Jewish groups that are pressing it not to give in too much. The Administration has signaled its willingness not to veto a resolution backed by the Palestine Liberation Organization that calls for more security for Palestinians and asserts that Jerusalem is part of the occupied territories and not a part of Israel itself.

Greenwald, John.; Michaels, Marguerite.; van Voorst, Bruce. "Peace Rich, Cash Poor." Time Aug 22, 1988, v132n8, p. 44

ABSTRACT: The US owes the UN more than $466 million in back dues and $70 million in peacekeeping assessments. The history of the disagreements that have caused the non-payments is traced.

Greenwald, John. "Peace rich, cash poor." Time v. 132 (Aug. 22 '88) p. 44

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Finance.United Nations--United States.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations has won new respect as a peacekeeper, but the success of its efforts to stop conflicts in spots like Afghanistan and southern Africa may be threatened by a financial dispute with Washington. Congress voted in 1985 to withhold part of America's annual dues until the UN budget was reformed and larger countries given more control over UN spending. The dispute has become embarrassing to Washington, which is put in the position of seeming to want peace but not wanting to support it. Because the UN has made progress in cutting costs and overhauling its budget, President Reagan could declare that the UN has satisfied Congress's 1985 conditions and release an initial $44 million in funds. Reagan has stated that he wants to see more evidence of compliance first, which has dismayed some White House allies like Republican senator Nancy Kassebaum, who sponsored the 1985 legislation and now urges the speedy release of UN funds.

Grigsby, Wayne. "Competition for Cannes." Maclean's v. 98 (Sept. 9 '85) p. 57

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Motion picture festivals--Quebec (Province).

ABSTRACT: The Montreal World Film Festival, the creation of Serge Losique, has become a genuine rival to the Cannes Festival. This year it was opened by Jane Fonda, the star of Norman Jewison's Agnes of God, which premiered at the festival. There were 200 feature films and 126 shorts from fifty-three countries--a far cry from the 86 films that composed the first festival back in 1977. An estimated 225,000 people saw the films over a period of twelve days. Losique has even grander ideas for next year's festival, which he is calling "the biggest film festival in the world." He plans a tribute to the newly revitalized British film industry and a section called "Cinema and Peace" that will dovetail with the United Nations' Peace Year.

Grobar, Lisa M.; Porter, Richard C. "Benoit revisited : Defense spending and economic growth in LDCs." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1989, v33n2, p. 318-345

ABSTRACT: Emile Benoit shocked development economists in the early 1970s by presenting positive cross-country correlations between military expenditure rates and economic growth rates in LDCs. The long debate that has followed is reviewed.

Grossman, Peter Z. "The dilemma of prisoners : Choice during Stalin's Great Terror, 1936-38." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1994, v38n1, p. 43-55

ABSTRACT: Josef Stalin's Great Terror, one of history's most massive political purges, resembled a one-shot, n-person prisoner's dilemma game. It was shown that if prisoners implicate their interrogators and play what is called a "transformation" strategy, they raise the cost to the authority of conducting the purge.

Grove, Andrew S. "How managers should handle staff conflicts." Working Woman v. 14 (Nov. '89) p. 146-8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict resolution.Communication in management.

ABSTRACT: An article excerpted from One-on-One with Andy Grove. Becoming a manager entails rethinking one's goals. Because a manager's job is to help others produce results, handling personnel issues is central to the job. Advice for dealing with common personnel problems is provided.

Gruber, Barbara. "A curriculum for kindness." Schooldays Feb 1996, v15n3, p. 92-93

ABSTRACT: Gruber discusses techniques that elementary school teachers can use to create harmony and resolve conflicts among students. Having students work with partners promotes understanding, creates tolerance, and offers practice in conflict resolution.

Grundy-Warr, Carl.; Harbottle, Michael.; Schofield, Richard. "Soldiers blue." Geographical Oct 1991, v63n10, p. 22-27

ABSTRACT: International efforts to maintain peace in the world have centered on the concept of peace-keeping that may include the deployment of UN troops, whose presence in a region often causes stability. It is argued that a strategy of peace-building, which addresses the causes rather the symptoms of war, is needed. The focus is on the Middle and Near East.

Grunwald, Henry. "When peacekeeping doesn't work." Time Jun 26, 1995, v145n26, p. 82

ABSTRACT: The failure of peacekeeping in Bosnia raises questions about what to do in future, similar situations. In some situations, the US will have to go beyond peacekeeping in order to keep the peace.

Grunwald, Henry. "When peacekeeping doesn't work." Time Jun 26, 1995, v145n26, p. 82

Gudmundson, Lowell. "Costa Rica's Arias at midterm." Current History v. 86 (Dec. '87) p. 417-20+

KEY WORDS: Costa Rica--Politics and government.Costa Rica--Economic policy.

ABSTRACT: Part of an issue on Central America. Midway through his four-year term, Costa Rican president Oscar Arias Sanchez has emerged as the leading figure in the Central American peace process but has dealt only superficially with his country's ongoing economic crisis. Arias has concentrated his efforts on peacekeeping in the belief that a negotiated settlement of the Nicaraguan question is not only possible but essential for a sustained economic recovery. He has been less vigorous in his domestic policy, opting to mediate conflicts and reacting to situations as they occur rather than trying to resolve the underlying problems of foreign debt and dependence on subsidies. Conflict will probably continue between supporters of a continuing welfare state and advocates of a neoliberal, export-led economy.

Gunby, Phil. "Marine rear guard escapes serious injury while covering UN evacuation from Somalia." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association Mar 22, 1995, v273n12, p. 909

ABSTRACT: The last US Marines to leave the beaches of civil war-torn Somalia suffered only sprains, bruises, minor burns from backflashes of their own rapid-fire weapons and heat exhaustion, according to US Navy Commander Steven L. Nichols.

Gunby, Phil. "Extraordinary epidemiologic, environmental health experience emerges from Operation Restore Hope." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association Jun 9, 1993, v269n22, p. 2833-2838

ABSTRACT: The UN is beginning a $1 billion plus, six month to two year attempt to keep peace and start to rebuild Somalia's entire infrastructure, including health services. There has been no medical establishment in Somalia to collect epidemiologic data for years.

Gunby, Phil. "UN's ins, outs affect US military medicine." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association Apr 5, 1995, v273n13, p. 980

ABSTRACT: The Croatian government has asked the UN to begin removing UN peacekeepers from the region. The pullout could include US physicians and other medical personnel currently operating the UN hospital in Zagreb.

Guo Jishi. "The UN Role Strengthened." Beijing Review Jan 21, 1991, v34n3, p. 26-28

ABSTRACT: The changes taking place in the world during 1990 strengthened the role of the UN. The UN has made efforts to preserve world peace, settle regional issues and promote international cooperation. Several global issues are discussed, including disarmament, environmental protection and Third World economy.

Gupta, Dipak K.; Singh, Harinder.; Sprague, Tom. "Government coercion of dissidents : Deterrence or provocation?" Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1993, v37n2, p. 301-339

ABSTRACT: The dynamic effect of government coercion on dissident activities has been a controversial issue. The net effect of government coercion on two types of dissident activities--protest demonstrations and deaths from domestic group violence--is estimated by using time series data based on 24 countries.

Guttieri, Karen.; Wallace, Michael D.; Suedfeld, Peter. "The integrative complexity of American decision makers in the Cuban missile crisis." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1995, v39n4, p. 595-621

ABSTRACT: The integrative complexity of information processing of Kennedy administration officials before, during and after the Cuban missile crisis was examined. US leaders maintained moderate levels of integrative complexity through even the most dangerous moments of the crisis.

Guthrie, Stan. "Warlords await UN withdrawal." Christianity Today Jan 9, 1995, v39n1, p. 50-51

ABSTRACT: Christian relief-and-development agencies in Somalia are wary as the UN withdraws its peacekeeping forces. With the UN gone, the warlords will have free rein.

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Haass, Richard N. "One year after the Gulf War: prospects for peace." US Department of State Dispatch v. 3 (Apr. 13 '92) p. 296-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Persian Gulf War, 1991--American participation.United States--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: The special assistant to the president and senior director of Near East and South Asian affairs of the National Security Council addresses the Faculty Club at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida: The Persian Gulf War was marked by numerous accomplishments, but more must be done to secure peace in the Middle East. Last year, the United States and its coalition partners restored the sovereignty and independence of Kuwait, ensured that oil would continue to flow in adequate quantities at reasonable prices, reduced Iraq's military strength, set the stage for the release of U.S. hostages, and set precedents for the post-cold war era. Successful peacemaking will require real discipline and compromise, however, with the Middle East players agreeing to avoid violence and other provocations.

Hackel, Joyce. "U.N.-Created University for Peace, Its Funds Short, Languishes in the Mountains of Costa Rica." Chronicle of Higher Education Oct 17, 1990, v37n7, p. A45-A47

ABSTRACT: The United Nations' University of Peace in the Mora region of central Costa Rica is virtually empty. The institution struggles for a lack of financial support. Originally the plan for the school was to prepare students in the field of conflict resolution that would help the world avoid war.

Hackel, Joyce. "U.N.-Created University for Peace, Its Funds Short, Languishes in the Mountains of Costa Rica." Chronicle of Higher Education Oct 17, 1990, v37n7, p. A45-A47

Hackworth, David H. "'Hell in a cold place'." Newsweek Dec 18, 1995, v126n25, p. 26-31

ABSTRACT: In Bosnia, US troops are looking at land mines, bad roads, boredom and fear. Hackworth, a veteran soldier, offers a first-hand report from Bosnia on the miserable mission ahead.

Hackworth, David H. "Learning about war the hard way." Newsweek Dec 4, 1995, v126n23, p. 32-34

ABSTRACT: While the US Army units earmarked for deployment in Bosnia are presently eager to get into action, the longer they stay in Bosnia and have to deal with the hostile conditions in the region, the more this attitude will fade. Problems stemming from the country's terrain and weather, and problems stemming from a hostile enemy, will make the experience in Bosnia a difficult one.

Hadjipavlou-Trigeorgis, Maria.; Trigeorgis, Lenos. "Cyprus : An evolutionary approach to conflict resolution." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1993, v37n2, p. 340-360

ABSTRACT: An evolutionary cooperative approach to conflict resolution that would lower the fears and raise the hopes of parties in conflict by proceeding incrementally in phases that would allow interaction and reciprocity, learning and flexibility is presented.

Haefner, Margaret J.; Metts, Sandra.; Wartella, Ellen. "Siblings' Strategies for Resolving Conflict over Television Program Choice." Communication Quarterly Summer 1989, v37n3, p. 223-230

ABSTRACT: Children's strategies for resolving conflict with siblings over which TV program to watch are examined. Results of the study showed that conflict resolution was not unpleasant or difficult for most children.

Haekkerup, Hans. "Cooperation around the Baltic Sea : Danish perspectives and initiatives." NATO Review May 1995, v43n3, p. 14-18

ABSTRACT: Denmark has decided that it can make a more effective contribution in its cooperation with Central and Western Europe by focusing its limited resources on the Baltic Area. Denmark has introduced several initiatives to increase cooperation in the region.

Hagglund, Gustav. "Finnish defence policy aims to protect against external pressure." NATO Review Jul 1995, v43n4, p. 19-21

ABSTRACT: While Finland maintains its policy of military non-alignment, it enjoys, at the same time, the implicit collective security provided by its European Union membership. Finland takes an active part in international peacekeeping operations.

Haj-Yahia, Muhammad M.; Edleson, Jeffrey L. "Predicting the use of conflict resolution tactics among engaged Arab-Palestinian men in Israel." Journal of Family Violence Mar 1994, v9n1, p. 47-62

ABSTRACT: A study of 434 engaged Arab-Palestinian men living in Israel sought to explain men's differential use of conflict tactics with their fiancees using variables representing three frameworks: male dominance, intergenerational learning and interpersonal skills deficit. The results show that a combination of factors from disparate frameworks best explained the variance.

Hall, Paul L. '"Green" issues rise on national agenda.' Public Relations Journal Apr 1994, v50n4, p. 22-23

ABSTRACT: Critical environmental issues of the 1990s that will test the skills of public relations (PR) professionals are discussed. Successful practitioners will be those who adopt techniques such as consensus-building, public participation programs and conflict resolution strategies. A campaign adopted by Safety-Kleen that has built awareness of its recycling services is discussed.

Hall, Brian. "Blue helmets, empty guns." New York Times Magazine Jan 2, 1994, p. 20

ABSTRACT: Brian Hall discusses the UN peacekeeping missions around the world and the thoughts of UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali on such matters.

Halliday, Fred. "The United Nations : Coming to Grips with a New World Order." World Press Review Oct 1992, v39n10, p. 9-10

ABSTRACT: Since the UN's inception, the Security Council has authorized 26 peace-keeping missions, half of which have been undertaken since 1988. Islamic states' concern with the Yugoslav civil war is discussed.

Halpern, Jennifer J. "The effect of friendship on personal business transactions." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1994, v38n4, p. 647-664

ABSTRACT: A study examines the effects of friendship on expectations of pricing in personal business transactions. The results show that friends expect to pay more but charge less for a variety of commodities than do strangers.

Hammer, Joshua. "'I guess they've got to work it out themselves'." Newsweek Mar 13, 1995, v125n11, p. 31

ABSTRACT: The evacuation last week of 2,500 Pakistani and Bangladeshi peacekeepers from Somalia went relatively smoothly under US and Italian supervision. Now the last US marines have departed, and Somalia is close to civil war.

Hammer, Joshua. "Lining up at the exit." Newsweek Mar 6, 1995, v125n10, p. 38

ABSTRACT: In an illustration of the mess that the UN is leaving behind as it pulls its troops out of Somalia, an armed struggle continues to rage between American-owned Dole Food Co and Italian rivals over Somalia's banana market. At least four people have died in the struggle and a dozen have been wounded.

Hammer, Joshua.; Waller, Douglas C. "A starring role in 'The fugitive'." Newsweek v. 122 (Sept. 6 '93) p. 29

KEY WORDS: Somalia--Civil War, 1991- .United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Aidid, Mohammed Farah.

ABSTRACT: Somali warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid continues to elude U.S. authorities. Aidid has been in hiding since a June ambush in which his troops killed 23 Pakistani soldiers who were members of the UN peacekeeping force in Somalia. Four Americans were killed on August 8 by a bomb apparently detonated by the warlord's militia, and 6 GIs were recently wounded by another remote-control explosion. According to Pentagon officials, the U.S. has sent in reinforcements, including a small contingent of commandos from Delta Force, the army's elite counterterrorist unit. The Delta Force is backed up by as many as 20 special-operations helicopters, and it is poised to grab Aidid--if only he can be found. The CIA has not been able to penetrate Aidid's inner circle or pinpoint his location long enough for an effective military operation to be mounted.

Hanson, Keeley. "The United Nations : What It Has Done to Prevent War, How It Can Be Improved, and What Its Future Role Will Be." Humanist Mar 1990, v50n2, p. 27-28

ABSTRACT: The role of the UN has been to free the world from the horrors of war. It has accomplished that goal to some extent, but it has not kept all wars from occurring. What the UN has accomplished in the past, and how it can improve its performance, are discussed.

Haney, Patrick J.; Herzberg, Roberta Q.; Wilson, Rick K. "Advice and consent : Unitary actors, advisory models, and experimental tests." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1992, v36n4, p. 603-633

ABSTRACT: Two approaches to modeling decisions about when to resort to conflict were explored in a study. Theoretical findings from social choice theory were used to develop a model of a single actor making unilateral decisions for his nation-state.

Harris, Amy Bjork.; Harris, Thomas Anthony "The authors of I'm okay--you're okay tell you . . . how to be a good friend." Redbook v. 165 (May '85) p. 108-9+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Friendship.

ABSTRACT: Adapted from Staying OK. Depending on one person to fill more than half of yours emotional needs is dangerous. Healthy relationships require a community of friends, co-workers, and social groups. Although marriage is based on fidelity, it does not exclude friendships with others. Some basic rules are suggested for making and keeping friends: don't be too needy, establish "people resources," be fun to be with, avoid vulnerable areas, watch your effect on others, don't act angry, keep promises, and don't try to control others. People who find themselves involved in game playing should stop and think about their options rather than continuing to act out destructive roles. Conflict resolution is important to keeping relationships. "Emotionally enslaving" relationships can be gotten out of; a list of rules for "unhooking" is included. A sidebar offers tips for making new friends.

Haring, Bernhard; Knapp, Ingrid, tr. "Building a creative conscience" Commonweal v. 116 (Aug. 11 '89) p. 433-6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Christian ethics.Birth control--Moral and religious aspects.Nonviolence.

ABSTRACT: Adapted from an article in an April issue of the German weekly Christ in der Gegenwart. Contrary to the representations of Monsignor Carlo Caffarra and others, consensus and creative conscience are sound and necessary principles in moral theology. They refer not to the production of truth by majority vote but to the realization in historical context of God's law of love, justice, mercy, and freedom. The process takes place within the community of faith and in dialogue with people of other faiths. Moral norms supported in this way are much more likely to gain assent than authoritarian pronouncements and threats. Responsible birth control and nonviolent conflict resolution are examples of areas in which contemporary world crises call for the church to engage in historically informed, creative moral reflection.

Harris, Colin. "Classroom exercises in conflict resolution." Times Educational Supplement Dec 1, 1995, n4144, p. SS16

ABSTRACT: Harris reviews "Children Working For Peace" from UNICEF and Oxford Development Education Centre and "Primary Issues--India and Northern Ireland" from One World Centre for Northern Ireland, packs of classroom materials.

Harris, Colin. "Classroom exercises in conflict resolution." Times Educational Supplement Dec 1, 1995, n4144, p. SS16

Harris, Robin. "Some peace. Some keepers." National Review Jun 26, 1995, v47n12, p. 25-26

ABSTRACT: Justified outrage at Bosnian Serbs for holding UN peackeepers hostage does not exonerate the UK or France--or NATO and the UN, for that matter--from responsibility for bungling the entire Bosnian operation.

Harris, Robin. "Hostage-taking pays : Ask any terrorist." Spectator Jun 24, 1995, v274n8711, p. 18-19

ABSTRACT: Politicians and pundits in the West should admit to the triumph of Bosnian Serb gangsterism. The Serbs have partially or fully accomplished all five objectives that they had when they took hostages.

Harrison, Selig S. "Inside the Afghan Talks." Foreign Policy Fall 1988, n72, p. 31-60

ABSTRACT: The Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan resulted from a combination of military pressure and seven years of determined UN diplomacy. An analysis of the peace negotiations focuses on the role of Diego Cordovez as mediator. References.

Harrison, Selig S. "Inside the Afghan talks." Foreign Policy v. 72 (Fall '88) p. 31-60

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Afghanistan.Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: The Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan was achieved largely by a combination of military pressure and seven years of determined diplomacy by the United Nations. Diego Cordovez, who was appointed UN mediator in 1982, led 12 negotiating sessions in Geneva, producing a series of drafts for a settlement. Cordovez received little help from the United States and Pakistan, where policy was dictated by those who wanted to keep Soviet forces in Afghanistan for as long as possible. Cordovez persevered nonetheless, convinced that the forces in Moscow who advocated Soviet disengagement, including former Soviet leader Yuri Andropov, would ultimately prevail. Mounting domestic pressure and rising military costs ultimately prompted the Soviet decision to withdraw, but thanks to the final UN accord, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev has been given the opportunity to save face. The UN's negotiating efforts are detailed.

Hartup, Willard W.; Laursen, Brett.; Stewart, Mark I.; Eastenson, Amy. "Conflict and the Friendship Relations of Young Children." Child Development Dec 1988, v59n6, p. 1590-1600

ABSTRACT: A comparison of conflicts between young children and their friends and those between nonfriends finds that conflict resolution strategies between friends tend to maximize the likelihood that their interaction and their relationships will continue. References.

Hartman, William. "August at the United Nations : Powerful Stirrings." Social Education Feb 1991, v55n2, p. 76

ABSTRACT: A delegate attending a meeting at the UN shares some of the headlines that pervade the UN staff. The first session, which was a dedication to the ideals of peace and disarmament, left a deep and inspirational mark on the audience.

Harty, Martha.; Modell, John. "The First Conflict Resolution Movement, 1956-1971." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1991, v35n4, p. 720-758

ABSTRACT: The conflict resolution movement, which centered around research at the University of Michigan in an attempt to develop of comprehensive theory of human conflict and to establish a new profession that would be available to advise national policymakers, was studied.

Hartz, Diane T. "Comparative conflict resolution patterns among parent-teen dyads of four ethnic groups in Hawaii." Child Abuse & Neglect Jun 1995, v19n6, p. 681-689

ABSTRACT: In a study, 96 high school students reported their own behavior and the behavior of their parents in the resolution of conflicts during the previous year using the Conflict Tactics Scale.

Hehir, J Bryan. "Expanding military intervention : Promise or peril?" Social Research Spring 1995, v62n1, p. 41-51

ABSTRACT: The purpose of a conference on examining the theme "rescue" challenges and confronts a political-moral principle of nonintervention that has been in operation for centuries. These challenges are discussed.

He Hongze. "New role for the UN." Beijing Review Jan 10, 1994, v37n2, p. 23-24

ABSTRACT: The torturous experience by the UN peacekeeping forces in Somalia taught the UN the lesson that peace keeping must be limited to peace keeping. Internal affairs of a country can be solved only by that country's people.

Henderson, Andre. "A safer way to settle differences." Governing Oct 1994, v8n1, p. 42-43

ABSTRACT: Innovations in State and Local Government Award winner Student Conflict Resolution Experts (SCORE) program is discussed. Boston's SCORE helps equip students with the emotional tools to cope with conflict and resolve it without violence.

Henderson, Conway W. "Conditions Affecting the Use of Political Repression." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1991, v35n1, p. 120-142

ABSTRACT: If certain political and socioeconomic variables have strong relationships with political repression conceptualized as disappearance, detention, torture and political killings is examined.

Henderson, Hazel. "New markets and new commons : Opportunities in the global casino." Futures Mar 1995, v27n2, p. 113-124

ABSTRACT: The UN is well positioned for the global changes of the information age now engulfing nation-states. Technological, social and economic contexts for this new global agenda are described together with some market opportunities in new public/private partnerships to serve the global commons.

Hensel, Paul R.; Diehl, Paul F. "It takes two to tango : Nonmilitarized response in interstate disputes." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1994, v38n3, p. 479-506

ABSTRACT: In many cases where a state faces an immediate military threat, it chooses to respond without resort to the threat. This phenomenon of nonmilitary response is examined, and the utility of this strategy is evaluated.

Heraclides, Alexis. "Conflict resolution, ethnonationalism and the Middle East impasse." Journal of Peace Research May 1989, v26n2, p. 197-212

ABSTRACT: The use of denial and acceptance solutions distinguish the resolution of conflicts between ethnonational movements and states. The Middle East conflict is viewed from the prism of ethnic conlict resolution.

Herby, Peter. "U.N. disarmament session fizzles." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 44 (Sept. '88) p. 6-7

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--General Assembly (Special Session on Disarmament: 1988)

ABSTRACT: The Third Special Session on Disarmament at the United Nations ended inconclusively on June 26. The four-week session involved 150 governments and more than 120 organizations and research institutes. Its purpose was to assess and redefine the United Nations' role as a forum for disarmament, but the participants failed to agree on a consensus final document. According to many reports, the session reached agreement on such contentious issues as a nuclear test ban, nuclear nonproliferation, and the need for conventional disarmament. The main issues blocking consensus were regional matters, including differences over the importance of nuclear-free zones and zones of peace in contributing to international security. The agreement that was emerging, although modest in scope, would have served as a useful blueprint for further UN disarmament efforts. The failure to achieve consensus indicates that governments do not yet think in global terms.

Herek, Gregory M.; Janis, Irving L.; Huth, Paul. "Quality of U.S. decision making during the Cuban missile crisis : Major errors in Welch's reassessment." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1989, v33n3, p. 446-459

ABSTRACT: David Welch's critique of research into US decision making during the Cuban missile crisis and errors that permeate his entire critique are discussed.

Hiebert, Murray.; Vriens, Hans. "Draining the swamp." Far Eastern Economic Review Jun 11, 1992, v155n23, p. 24-25

ABSTRACT: On Jun 13, 1992, the UN will start attempting to disarm Cambodia's rival armies. The peace accord is designed to end 13 years of war in the country. Problems faced by UN troops are discussed.

Higashi, M.; Yamamura, N. "What determines animal group size? Insider-outsider conflict and its resolution." American Naturalist Sep 1993, v142n3, p. 553-563

ABSTRACT: A theory of animal population size incorporating the evolutionary interests of both insiders and outsiders is presented. The theory generates a more comprehensive set of predictions of group size.

Higgins, Rosalyn. "The new United Nations and former Yugoslavia." International Affairs Jul 1993, v69n3, p. 465-483

ABSTRACT: Peacekeeping and peace-enforcement are discussed in the context of the UN and the former Yugoslavia. Since the end of the Cold War, the structure of the UN has created problems in conflict resolution.

Higgins, Rosalyn. "The new United Nations and former Yugoslavia." International Affairs Jul 1993, v69n3, p. 465-483

Hillenbrand, Barry. "A Return to Arms?" Time Oct 29, 1990, v136n18, p. 54

ABSTRACT: Japan's Diet had a controversial bill under discussion recently. The bill called for the creation of a "UN Peace Cooperation Corps" that could be sent overseas in response to resolutions by the world organization. The heated debate was concerned with the fact that the proposed law would allow the Prime Minister to send armed forces units for foreign soil for the first time since 1945.

Hillenbrand, Barry. "A return to arms?." Time v. 136 (Oct. 29 '90) p. 54

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Japan--Armed Forces--Forces in foreign countries.

ABSTRACT: In Japan, furious debate has been generated by a proposed law calling for the creation of a "United Nations Peace Cooperation Corps" that could be sent overseas in response to UN resolutions. If passed, the law would allow the prime minister to send military troops abroad for the first time since World War II. Issues affecting the military are controversial in Japan, where the constitution renounces warfare and the "use of force as a means of settling international disputes." Opposition to the proposed bill is strong because many Japanese are afraid that allowing the military to operate abroad would set a dangerous precedent. On the other hand, if Japan decides not to send troops to the Persian Gulf like other nations, its allies could accuse it of using the constitution to evade its global responsibilities.

Hitchens, Christopher. "Minority report." The Nation v. 245 (Oct. 10 '87) p. 366

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United States.--Dept. of State.Palestine Liberation Organization.Palestine Information Office.

ABSTRACT: The State Department has given the Washington information office of the Palestine Liberation Organization notice that it must close. Domestically, this action placates right-wingers and restricts Americans' right to receive information from both sides of the Middle East conflict. The State Department privately admits that the measure was intended to weaken Senate and House bills that would also close the PLO's permanent mission to the United Nations. By accepting the notion that Americans must be shielded from one side of the debate, however, George Shultz and his subordinates have only served as advance men for these bills. Internationally, the action puts the United States in league with those few countries that refuse to acknowledge the legitimacy of the PLO as the chosen representatives of the Palestinians. This policy is absurd, since it is clear that peace in the Middle East cannot be achieved without the participation of the Palestinians.

Hoffmann, Stanley. "A new world and its troubles." Foreign Affairs v. 69 (Fall '90) p. 115-22

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on the future course of U.S. foreign policy. An article adapted from Sea-Changes: American Foreign Policy in a World Transformed discusses the need for new multilateral cooperation. The advanced nations should set up a new security system in Europe; key suppliers of arms and technologies should limit sales, strengthen the nuclear nonproliferation regime, and set up regional arms reduction and conflict resolution regimes; and power should be distributed among the main actors in the international financial and economic organizations--the United States, Japan, and the European Community.

Hoffmann, Stanley. "The price of war." The New York Review of Books v. 38 (Jan. 17 '91) p. 6+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Persian Gulf region.Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--Peace and mediation.Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--American intervention.

ABSTRACT: Even if the current Western coalition defeats Saddam Hussein, U.S. policy in the Persian Gulf may well complicate UN efforts to enforce collective security in the future. With the cold war over, no single nation will have the power to police the rest of the world, and it is unlikely that the UN will be up to the task. Collective security will suffer if the United States launches a war that divides the coalition and the public or if it interprets the UN Security Council's authorization of force as a go-ahead for presidential action without congressional endorsement. Although war may be unavoidable if serious negotiation fails, it must be brief and limited. Otherwise, it may push countries away from collective security, and it almost ensures that the United States will never again provide the leadership to make it work. Ultimately, allowing Hussein to save face if he leaves Kuwait may be less risky than destroying him.

Holiday, David.; Stanley, William. "Building the peace : Preliminary lessons from El Salvador." Journal of International Affairs Winter 1993, v46n2, p. 415-438

ABSTRACT: The UN's role in negotiating a peace agreement in El Salvador is discussed. What role the UN is playing in trying to build a democracy in El Salvador is also discussed.

Holiday, David.; Stanley, William. "Building the peace : Preliminary lessons from El Salvador." Journal of International Affairs Winter 1993, v46n2, p. 415-438

ABSTRACT: The UN's role in negotiating a peace agreement in El Salvador is discussed. What role the UN is playing in trying to build a democracy in El Salvador is also discussed.

Holmes, Steven A. "Bosnian seeks aid from Capitol Hill." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Sept. 10 '93) p. A3

KEY WORDS: Bosnia and Hercegovina.Serbia--Nationalism.Croatia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Izetbegovic, Alija, Visit to the United States, 1993.

ABSTRACT: Bosnian president Alija Izetbegovic has sought Congressional support for U.S. participation in a multinational peacekeeping force that would oversee the partitioning of his country if its warring factions are able to reach a peace accord. Prior to Izetbegovic's appeal to Congress, President Clinton had essentially rebuffed the Bosnian leader's appeal to set a deadline for use of armed force against the Bosnian Serbs if they refused to lift their siege of Sarajevo.

Holmes, Steven A. "U.S. is examining new Bosnia pact." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Sept. 17 '93) p. A8

KEY WORDS: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.Muslims--Bosnia and Hercegovina.Bosnia and Hercegovina.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Serbia--Nationalism.Croatia--Nationalism.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.

ABSTRACT: Clinton Administration officials report that they are uncertain whether a peace accord based on a recent agreement between the Bosnian government and Serbian nationalists would meet President Clinton's conditions for contributing U.S. peacekeeping troops to Bosnia. According to international mediators, the agreement and the recent cease-fire pact will provide a basis for substantive discussions between the Muslims, Serbs, and Croats in Sarajevo.

Holmes, Steven A. "U.S. envoy says crackdown strengthened Aidid's faction." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Dec. 18 '93) p. 5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Somalia--Civil War, 1991- .United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.

ABSTRACT: (Dec.17) In a speech to reporters in Washington, Robert B. Oakley, the Clinton Administration's special envoy to Somalia, said today that the failed efforts to hunt down General Mohammed Farah Aidid during the summer actually strengthened the Somali faction leader militarily and politically. Aidid was branded a criminal by the United Nations after a June clash that left 24 Pakistani peacekeepers dead. Efforts to broker a peace last week failed.

Holmes, Steven A. "U.S. envoy to Somalia is known for frank style." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 8 '93) p. A15

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.United States--Diplomatic and consular service--Somalia.

ABSTRACT: Robert B. Oakley, known for his candor and ability to produce results, has been selected to serve as President Clinton's special envoy to Somalia. Oakley has been outspoken in his opposition to the policy pushed by the United Nations of seeking to capture Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid, the Somali leader.

Holt, Victoria K. "Pay-more-later plan." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Mar 1995, v51n2, p. 52-53

ABSTRACT: The UN has become an easy target for Republican budget cutters. They have failed to inform the American public about the many successes of the peacekeeping missions, such as running elections in El Salvador and policing the Kuwaiti border.

Holtet, Einer Kr. "Duty in Darkness on Falcon Peak." UN Chronicle Dec 1988, v25n4, p. 18

ABSTRACT: A description of men and dogs of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) on night patrol in the mountains of southern Lebanon is presented.

Hong, Mark. "A follow-up assessment of "An Agenda for Peace"." Peacekeeping & International Relations May 1993, v22n3, p. 11-12

ABSTRACT: Responses to the "Agenda for Peace," a Jun 1992 report of the Secretary-General to the UN Security Council, are discussed. Some of the UN member states want the report to "die a natural death."

Hong, Mark. "A follow-up assessment of "An Agenda for Peace"." Peacekeeping & International Relations May 1993, v22n3, p. 11-12

Hoole, Francis W.; Chi Huang. "The global conflict process." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1989, v33n1, p. 142-163

ABSTRACT: The relationship between domestic and international conflict, defined as a fight or war, is examined. Empirical evidence supports the idea that the change in magnitude of domestic and international conflict are intimately related in a behavioral pattern that is called the global conflict process.

Hoover, Dean.; Kowalewski, David. "Dynamic models of dissent and repression." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1992, v36n1, p. 150-182

ABSTRACT: The linkage between dissent and repression is reconceptualized in terms of an interactive process model of changes in the grievances and resource-mobilizations of dissident movement and regime countermovement.

Hope, Kerin. "The Macedonia question." Europe May 1994, n336, p. 8

ABSTRACT: The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) was the only republic to emerge peacefully from the break up of the federation. FYROM's stability and economic conditions are discussed.

Hosmer, Clark. "A proposed pragmatic (nuclear) sanction." International Journal on World Peace Sep 1994, v11n3, p. 15-19

ABSTRACT: Hosmer suggests that a Moral Pact is not enough to produce lasting solutions to the problems of the UN. He offers a pragmatic approach that advocates UN control of nuclear weapons as a deterrent against future nuclear war.

Hottelet, Richard C. "Giving the UN its due(s)." New Leader Oct 9, 1995, v78n8, p. 8-9

ABSTRACT: The UN is owed $3.78 billion in unpaid dues, making it difficult for the organization to keep up its effort to maintain peace throughout the world. The UN situation in post-Cold War times and the severity of its financial situation are discussed.

Houston, Floyd D. "Rooftop triangulation for urban security operations." Marine Corps Gazette Oct 1995, v79n10, p. 41-42

ABSTRACT: Marine snipers in Mogadishu Somalia used rooftop triangulation techniques to observe the situation and provide security for USMC peacekeepers. The Marines used rifle scopes as simple but effective fire tower-style transits.

Houweling, Henk W.; Siccama, Jan G. "Power Transitions and Critical Points as Predictors of Great Power War." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1991, v35n4, p. 642-658

ABSTRACT: In Doran (1989), Doran described critical points as putative causes of great power war; in subsequent publications, Doran changed the dating of several of his putative points. These changes have the effect of increasing positive association between nations passing through a critical point interval on their relative capability trajectory and their involvement in war.

Howard, Michael. "Rot at the Top." Times Literary Supplement Jun 29, 1990, n4552, p. 686

ABSTRACT: Michael Howard reviews "Countenance of Truth: The United Nations and the Waldheim case," by Shirley Hazzard, and "Trygve Lie and the Cold War: The UN Secretary General pursues Peace, 1946-1953," by James Barros.

Howard, Lucy. "Iran: peace feelers." Newsweek v. 111 (Feb. 8 '88) p. 7

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: A group of Iranian moderates is allegedly conducting secret negotiations for a cease-fire in the Iran-Iraq War. A major reason for the peace effort is that Iran is reportedly unable to recruit enough troops to mount its annual massive offensive. As preconditions for peace, Iran would apparently be willing to drop its demand for the ouster of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein if Iraq acknowledged responsibility for starting the war and agreed to pay major reparations. The prospects for a cease-fire are bleak, however, because Iraq has rejected similar terms in the past and is reportedly waiting for a United Nations sanctions vote against Iran.

Howse, John. "In search of peace." Maclean's v. 102 (Oct. 30 '89) p. 48

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Jordan--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: In an interview, Jordan's American-born Queen Noor discusses the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the prospects for peace in the Middle East, and her country's role in the region. She points out that since Jordan withdrew from administering the West Bank in 1988, the PLO has assumed a larger role in international dialogue with Canada, the United States, and Europe. She states that Jordan has always desired peace and justice in the region and that her husband, King Hussein, will continue to work toward these goals. She asserts that the best chance for a resolution to the Middle East conflict will occur under the guidance of the United Nations.

Huai Chengbo. "US favoritism dampens peace process." Beijing Review Jun 19, 1995, v38n25, p. 20-21

ABSTRACT: Israel helped diffuse tensions in the Middle East by reversing a decision to expropriate 53 hectares of land in East Jerusalem for Jewish housing projects. The US vetoed a UN resolution that had called for Israel to rescind its decision and adversely affected the peace process.

Huffman, Robert T. "Repatriation of Refugees from Malawi to Mozambique." Africa Today First Quarter 1992, v39n1-2, p. 114-122

ABSTRACT: The possibility of repatriation for Mozambicans presently living in Malawi is explored. It is suggested that repatriation is both necessary and feasible if peace is reached, but that it will entail numerous difficulties and involve "external" organizations such as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees who can monitor the safety of the refugees and assist their reintegration into Mozambican society.

Hughes, David. "Canadian aerospace industry prepares for rising competition, falling defense sales." Aviation Week & Space Technology v. 134 (Mar. 18 '91) p. 68-9

KEY WORDS: Aerospace industries--Canada.Aerospace industries--Competition.

ABSTRACT: The Canadian aerospace industry is bracing for the effects of falling defense sales in the United States and Canada, increased competition on commercial contracts, and a recession. Sales in the Canadian aerospace industry are expected to remain flat through 1992 and to assume a growth rate of 10 percent or more per year by the mid 1990s. Because the Canadian industry depends on defense business for only 30 percent of its revenue, it is well positioned to handle the decline in defense spending. Industry leaders are concerned, however, about the effects of the North American recession and a Canadian dollar that is considered to be too highly valued compared to the American dollar. Canada is still committed to its participation in UN peacekeeping operations and in NATO and NORAD, but some military cutbacks are expected.

Hughes, David. "Canadian aerospace industry prepares for rising competition, falling defense sale." Aviation Week & Space Technology v. 134 (Mar. 18 '91) p. 68-9

KEY WORDS: Aerospace industries--Canada.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special issue on Aviation Week & Space Technology's 58th annual aerospace industry forecast and inventory. The Canadian aerospace industry is bracing for the effects of falling defense sales in the United States and Canada, increased competition on commercial contracts, and a recession. Sales in the Canadian aerospace industry are expected to remain flat through 1992 and to assume a growth rate of 10 percent or more per year by the mid 1990s. Because the Canadian industry depends on defense business for only 30 percent of its revenue, it is well positioned to handle the decline in defense spending. Industry leaders are concerned, however, about the effects of the North American recession and a Canadian dollar that is considered to be too highly valued compared to the American dollar. Canada is still committed to its participation in UN peacekeeping operations and in NATO and NORAD, but some military cutbacks are expected.

Hughes, David. "Canadian panel asks for cuts in aviation." "Aviation Week & Space Technology Nov 7, 1994, v141n19, p. 32

ABSTRACT: A Canadian Parliamentary committee has called for a 25% cut in defense spending on fighter aircraft operations and suggests the elimination of one CF-18 squadron. Land forces would be increased for peacekeeping duties.

Huie, Barbara. "Teaching students cultural mediation." The Education Digest v. 55 (Oct. '89) p. 50-2

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: High schools--Race relations.Conflict resolution--Study and teaching.Stockton (Calif.)--Education.

ABSTRACT: An article condensed from the Winter issue of School Safety. The Community Relations Service (CRS) of the U.S. Department of Justice was instrumental in reducing racial tensions at Amos Alonso Stagg High School in Stockton, California. Under a school integration plan, the student population had become about one-third Hispanic, one-third Asian, and one-third black or white in 1985. As is typical of many high schools, students remained self segregated along racial and ethnic lines. In response, the CRS implemented a joint problem-solving strategy. Students met with CRS staff members over a two-day period, and a series of meetings with parents, teachers, administrators, and staff followed. Representatives from each group met in a final session to decide on a plan of action. Several improvements were made as a result of the project.

Hultman, Tami. "UN Mission at Risk in Western Sahara." Africa News May 11, 1992, v36n1, p. 1

ABSTRACT: UN peacekeeping forces believe that their operation in Western Sahara is in danger of failing because the US has been reluctant to fully support peace initiatives that may threaten friendly governments. Warring parties fighting for control of Western Sahara have necessitated the presence of the peacekeepers.

Hunt, W Ben. "Port access and arms sales : The unspoken quid pro quo." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1990, v34n2, p. 335-365

ABSTRACT: The strategic use of arms sales by the USSR as a foreign policy instrument is examined. Both grants of port access and the ability to pay in hard case were determinants of variation in the terms of Soviet arms sales.

Hunter, Robert Edwards "Seeking Middle East peace." Foreign Policy v. 73 (Winter '88/'89) p. 3-21

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.United States--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: The United States must resume an active role in Arab-Israeli peacemaking efforts in 1989. Historically, two broad strategies for seeking peace in the region have been attempted: the comprehensive approach, in which a single plan for resolving all major disputes is formulated, and the step-by-step approach, in which one issue at a time is addressed. Only the latter strategy has been successful. Events now warrant a step-by-step approach starting with a resolution of the Palestinian uprising in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. U.S. secretary of state George Shultz drafted a plan for peace in the territories, but it had two major flaws: it called for acceptance of territorial compromise as a precondition for talks instead of an outcome, and it opened the way for active Soviet participation in the peacemaking process. A strategy that would be more effective for the United States is described.

Husarska, Anna. "Conduct unbecoming." Village Voice Apr 11, 1995, v40n15, p. 21-26

ABSTRACT: The accusations against Captain Lawrence P. Rockwood, a 15-year veteran of the armed forces, are discussed. Rockwood tried to do the right thing as part of the US peacekeeping force in Haiti, and now he's being court-martialed.

Hussein I. "Let's End the War : The Legitimacy of Security." Vital Speeches of the Day Mar 1, 1991, v57n10, p. 292-294

ABSTRACT: The Persian Gulf war is supposedly being waged under the name of international legitimacy, but this is hard for many Arabs to swallow. The history of the Palestinian question shows how the UN approaches Arab issues.

Hutchinson, Earl Ofari. "Fighting the wrong enemy." The Nation v. 253 (Nov. 4 '91) p. 554-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Koreans and blacks.

ABSTRACT: African-Americans and Koreans will need to change their attitudes and improve their leadership if the bloodletting between them is to be stopped. The Korean merchants who have opened stores in inner city black neighborhoods are trained to run their businesses in a formal and structured manner, with little physical contact and social interaction with non-Korean employees and customers. African-Americans, many of whom are from the South, where intimacy and informality in relationships are the norm, tend to see the Koreans' manner as a reflection of disrespect, hostility, and racial bias. Korean merchants deny that they are bigots, but many see African-Americans as a threat to their economic turf. The tension between the groups is unlikely to end until they adjust their attitudes and start to deal with each other directly in the peacemaking process. Such a process is especially necessary for African-Americans, who must already deal with massive problems.

Huth, Paul.; Bennett, D Scott.; Gelpi, Christopher. "System Uncertainty, Risk Propensity, and International Conflict Among the Great Powers." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1992, v36n3, p. 478-517

ABSTRACT: The relationship between system structure and the initiation of militarized disputes among great powers concerning the interaction between system uncertainty and the risk propensity of natinal decision makers is investigated.

Huth, Paul K. "The extended deterrent value of nuclear weapons." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1990, v34n2, p. 270-290

ABSTRACT: The extended deterrent role of nuclear weapons in international confrontations not characterized by mutual assured destruction (MAD) is examined. Empirical findings indicate that nuclear weapons do contribute to extended success, but there is an inverse relationship between the conventional balance of forces and the extended role of nuclear weapons.

Hyatt, Margot. "Fortieth anniversary of United Nations Charter." The Humanist v. 45 (Sept./Oct. '85) p. 45-6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--History.

ABSTRACT: Speakers and dignitaries from many nations reaffirmed the work and value of the United Nations during a four-day anniversary conference held in San Francisco in June 1985. Peace, human rights, and hopes for a rapprochement between the United States and the Soviet Union were major themes. American ambassador Vernon A. Walters stressed the importance of the rule of law in international affairs, and Soviet ambassador Vsevolod Oleandrov suggested that the United Nations could play a greater role in ensuring world peace. UN secretary-general Perez de Cuellar proposed the establishment of a UN collective force that would include American and Soviet troops.

Huyghe, Francois-Bernard. "The Fabulous Land of Cathay." UNESCO Courier May 1991, n5, p. 46-48

ABSTRACT: After stopping off in Thailand and Indonesia, the Fulk al-Salamah, the Ship of Peace which is carrying the Silk Roads expedition, approaches the coast of China.

Hu Yumin. "UN's Role in a New World Order." Beijing Review Jun 10, 1991, v34n23, p. 12-14

ABSTRACT: Many feel that the UN should play a more extensive role in promoting security and stability in the Middle East as well as the rest of the world. The UN's peace-keeping operation in the Middle East and China's positive attitude toward it are discussed.

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Iannone, Joseph A. "P. O. T. C." America v. 154 (Apr. 12 '86) p. 294-6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: St. Thomas University.Peace studies.

ABSTRACT: St. Thomas University's Institute for Pastoral Ministries in Miami, Florida, initiated POTC (Peacemakers of the Community) in the fall of 1985, a graduate-level program intended to educate students in nonviolent problem-solving. Because the arms race consumes $500 billion of the world's resources annually and nearly half the world's scientists and engineers are engaged in weapons research, the architects of the program have tried to highlight peacemaking and to define an active role for universities in encouraging a nationwide commitment to peace. The four courses in the POTC program adapt the methods of military-training programs to survey historic and contemporary conflicts--the Iranian hostage crisis, Nicaragua, Poland, urban unrest--and allow students to discuss alternatives to violence for resolving conflict.

Ifill, Gwen. "Clinton sets out conditions for sending G.I.'s to Bosnia." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 31 '93) p. A2

KEY WORDS: Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- .United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Clinton, Bill, Press conferences.

ABSTRACT: At a news conference on August 30, President Bill Clinton said that he would support the use of U.S. troops in a Bosnian peace plan if the plan seemed "enforceable." He drew comparisons between the situations in Bosnia and in Somalia, where he said that he would continue to support international peacekeeping efforts.

Ignatieff, Michael. "Alone with the Secretary-General." New Yorker Aug 14, 1995, v71n24, p. 33-39

ABSTRACT: Iganatieff traveled to four trouble spots with UN Secy-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali recently in order to find out what Boutros-Ghali is really like. Peacekeepers had been taken hostage in Bosnia, but Boutros-Ghali was concentrating on Africa.

Ignatieff, Michael. "The seductiveness of moral disgust." Social Research Spring 1995, v62n1, p. 77-97

ABSTRACT: People tend to assume that they live in a post-imperial age. Central to this assumption is the notion that interventions of the post-1989 period were humanitarian rather than imperial in their essential motivation.

Ignatieff, Michael. "UN : Make or break--The seductiveness of moral disgust." Index on Censorship Sep 1995, n24n5, p. 22-38

ABSTRACT: With the partial failure of almost all its post Cold-War interventions, the UN is confronted with the accusation that its efforts have merely delayed the inevitable or prolonged the agony of those it sought to assist.

Iida, Keisuke. "When and how do domestic constraints matter?" Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1993, v37n3, p. 403-426

ABSTRACT: An attempt is made to integrate the studies of uncertainty in international relations. The distinction between domestic and international asymmetric information turns out to be subtle yet important.

Iino, Atsushi. "Teaching about the United Nations through the hunger issue in an English as a Foreign Language class." Social Education Nov 1994, v58n7, p. 438-439

ABSTRACT: Japanese students tend to think of the UN as something relevant to conflicts. Because Japan is the second largest contributor to the UN, students need to be more aware of the UN and think about their country's role in the organization in order to realize world peace. The process of teaching the hunger issue in an English as a foreign language class in Japan and its connections with teaching about the Un are examined.

Impoco, "Forgetting Pearl Harbor: Japanese recall war from victims' viewpoint." U.S. News & World Report v. 111 (Oct. 28 '91) p. 80

KEY WORDS: World War, 1939-1945--Japan.Victims.

ABSTRACT: In the years since World War II, the Japanese have come to recall their militaristic past from the viewpoint of victims rather than perpetrators. They now view the 14 years between the occupation of Manchuria in 1931 and Japan's capitulation in 1945 as "victims' history," a time when military leaders suppressed the people, launched a reckless war, and brought on national catastrophe. Japan's conservative Ministry of Education has been criticized for glossing over unpleasant facts, and textbooks routinely eliminate grisly details of the war. Japan's image of itself as a victim rather than a perpetrator has done little to ease the concerns of Japan's Asian neighbors, many of which are wary of resurgent Japanese militarism. China and South Korea, for example, have expressed concern over Tokyo's plans to form a UN peacekeeping force and have criticized Japan for its refusal to issue an unambiguous apology for the war.

Inbar, Michael.; Yuchtman-Yaar, Ephraim. "The people's image of conflict resolution : Israelis and Palestinians." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1989, v33n1, p. 37-66

ABSTRACT: A comparison of political preferences for solutions to the Israeli-Arab conflict from three samples--Israeli Jews, Israeli Arabs and West Bank Arabs--is presented. Both Jews and Arabs were found to distinguish between ideal solutions and reality-bound ones they could live with and would accept.

Inoguchi, Takashi. "A Job for the Men from UNPKO." Far Eastern Economic Review Dec 13, 1990, v150n50, p. 24

ABSTRACT: The Gulf crisis illustrates the conflicting views in Japan regarding involvement in international conflicts. Japan's crisis can be alleviated, in part, by a small revision of the UN Charter, given the increasing important role of the UN Peace Keeping Operations (UNPKO) in the post-Cold War era.

Insko, Chester A.; Schopler, John.; Graetz, Kenneth A.; Drigotas, Stephen M. "Interindividual-intergroup discontinuity in the prisoner's dilemma game." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1994, v38n1, p. 87-116

ABSTRACT: A study that involved an examination of interindividual-intergroup discontinuity in the context of three different generalizations of the prisoner's dilemma game (PDG) is presented. According to the results, discussion between groups was characterized by a higher frequency of fear and greed statements than is discussion between individuals.

Insko, Chester A.; Schopler, John.; Drigotas, Stephen M.; Graetz, Kenneth A. "The role of communication in interindividual-intergroup discontinuity." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1993, v37n1, p. 108-138

ABSTRACT: The role of communication on interindividual-intergroup discontinuity is examined in the context of the PDG-Alt matrix. Several predictions implied by the fear and greed explanations of interindividual-intergroup discontinuity were tested.

Isaacs, John D. "Who woulda thunk it?." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 44 (Dec. '88) p. 4

KEY WORDS: Disarmament.

ABSTRACT: President Reagan has moved toward the center on many of his initiatives, forsaking the New Right agenda in the process. The Reagan administration recently called on the World Court to arbitrate a number of disputes between the United States and the Soviet Union, even though the United States rejected the decision of the court in a disagreement with Nicaragua two years ago. In September, the president lauded the United Nations' peacekeeping efforts after deciding to make overdue payments to the international organization. When Reagan ran for president, he expressed profound distrust of the Soviet Union and showed no inclination to support new arms control treaties, but he will leave office having negotiated the INF Treaty and having made progress on deep cuts in strategic nuclear forces. Reagan has also reneged on his early vows to rule out arbitrary deadlines on arms agreements and to refrain from making predictions that heighten arms control expectations.

Isaacs, Dan. "Watching and waiting." Africa Report Jul 1993, v38n4, p. 40-43

ABSTRACT: A UN peace-keeping force of more than 6,000 troops from several nations is deployed around Mozambique, guarding vital land corridors and waiting to begin disarming and demobilizing the estimated 82,000 former fighters.

Isaacs, John. "A confederation of caution." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Jul 1994, v50n4, p. 14-15

ABSTRACT: During his presidential campaign, Pres Clinton promised to adopt an assertive stance toward peacekeeping. His promises have deterioriated into a policy that offers guidelines but no leadership.

Iseri, Hirofumi. "Clearing the Mist from the Peace-Keeping Debate." Japan Echo Autumn 1992, v19n3, p. 44-49

ABSTRACT: The issues raised by Japan's role, particularly the nature of international contributions, in UN peace-keeping operations are discussed. A debate has raged in the media about Japan's policy since not long after Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990.

Ivanov, Ivan. "Shameful deal." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Oct 11, 1995, v47n37, p. 15

ABSTRACT: NATO aircraft have the right to bomb Serbs in Bosnia even if the Serbian army makes no attempt to conduct combat operations. Many other provisions regarding NATO are included in a memorandum between NATO and the UN.

Ivanov, Yevgeny. "NATO storm clouds over Bosnia." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Jun 21, 1995, v47n21, p. 7-8

ABSTRACT: The air strikes by NATO on Bosnia Serb targets near Pale Bosnia-Hercegovina have forced the Serbs to do what they wanted to do back in Feb 1994. About 170 UN observers have been taken hostage.

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