Abarinov, Vladimir. “Diplomacy : Shock therapy, Serbian style.” Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Jun 21, 1995, v47n21, p. 6-7

Abarinov, Vladimir. "Diplomacy : Shock therapy, Serbian style." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Jun 21, 1995, v47n21, p. 6-7

ABSTRACT: The taking of UN peacekeeping forces as hostages by Bosnian Serbs is a deliberate act of terrorism. The Serbian rulers in Pale Bosnia-Hercegovina know that by using terrorism, they have lost the possibility of appealing to international law.

Abarinov, Vladimir. "Diplomacy : Kozyrev advises German friends to weigh the consequences." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Jul 26, 1995, v47n26, p. 26

ABSTRACT: Russia is concerned about reports of plans to increase the military presence in Bosnia-Hercegovina. Russia advises Germany to consider the consequences of its decision to deploy a military contingent to the UN's rapid-response force.

Abarinov, Vladimir. "Out of favor : Gen. Perelyakin accuses U.N. of harassing Russian peacekeepers." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press May 10, 1995, v47n15, p. 23-24

ABSTRACT: Gen Aleksandr Perelyakin, who has been removed from command of the UN peacekeeping forces in Croatia, claims that his dismissal is unfounded and that the UN's decision "pursues political objectives."

Abarinov, Vladimir. "Scandal : Russian general removed from command of peacekeepers in Croatia." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press May 10, 1995, v47n15, p. 23

ABSTRACT: The UN has decided to dismiss Major Gen Aleksandr Perelyakin, commander of the East sector of UN forces in Croatia. The decision to remove Perelyakin is a result of an inspection that revealed "disciplinary and morale problems" in the troops subordinate to him.

Abraham, A. S. "Israel's full circle." World Press Review v. 32 (Mar. '85) p. 48

KEY WORDS: Lebanon--Israeli invasions, 1982- .

ABSTRACT: An excerpt from The Times of India reports that Israeli forces departing Lebanon will see the gains made by their June, 1982 incursion reversed. Easy progress extended the original Israeli mission of eliminating Palestinian terrorist bases in Southern Lebanon. Syria, instrumental to any political success in the area, rejected Israeli provisions to the May 1983 accord with Lebanese president Amin Gemayel, thus enabling the country to protect its border. A Western peacekeeping force left when the situation grew too dangerous, and Israel followed after the formation of the Likud-Labor coalition. Galilee will be secure only until the guerrillas reorganize. Israel succeeded in dividing the Palestinian movement between Yasir Arafat and Syrian-backed factions, but Beirut's unrest grows daily and threatens to spread. The task of mending Lebanon now faced by Syria will require more commitment.

Abu-Nimer, Mohammed. "Conflict resolution approaches : Western and Middle Eastern lessons and possibilities." American Journal of Economics & Sociology Jan 1996, v55n1, p. 35-52

ABSTRACT: Conflict resolution processes exist in every society. A comparison between Western and Middle Eastern procedures of dispute resolution processes reveals different assumptions underlining each approach. Two case studies are discussed.

Action. "Bosnian Serbs detain U.N. personnel in leverage action." Radio Program: All Things Considered--NPR Apr 14, 1994, Program n1452, p. --

ABSTRACT: Bosnian-Serb forces have detained about 200 UN personnel in Bosnia in a move believed to be retaliatory for, and preventative against, NATO air strikes. The UN and US have issued warnings.

Adam, Heribert. "Israel and South Africa : Conflict Resolution in Ethnic States." Telos Winter 1989, n82, p. 27-46

ABSTRACT: The similarities of the ethnic conflicts in Israel and South Africa are examined. If Palestine is successful in its attempt to turn Israel into another stone-throwing, street barricaded, closed school, press censored state it would be a moral victory for them.

Adebajo, Adekeye. "The UN's unknown effort." : Africa Report Mar 1995, v40n2, p. 60-63

ABSTRACT: The Western Sahara conflict is on track to be resolved this year when a referendum to decide the issue of integrating the territory with Morocco or becoming independent takes place in October. The three-year-long cease-fire allowed the UN to direct the process to a vote, and it could be one of the UN's few success stories in Africa.

Aga Khan, Sadruddin, Prince "'Operation Salam': to build a future." UN Chronicle v. 27 (June '90) p. 22-3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Afghanistan.Relief work--Afghanistan.Economic assistance--Afghanistan.

ABSTRACT: Operation Salam, the UN office charged with coordinating humanitarian and economic assistance to Afghanistan, is preparing to step up its activities. Some of the pledged contributions have yet to be received, but the office is counting on funding of more than $650 million. Agriculture and health will be the focuses of UN activity in Afghanistan in 1990, but progess in these and other sectors will depend on the removal of mines and other unexploded ordnance. Hostilities are now limited to a few isolated zones and have not been a serious impediment to UN efforts in the country as a whole. To underscore the link between peace and humanitarian assistance, the UN plans to recognize several areas and provinces as "zones of tranquility" that will receive more aid.

Akashi, Yasushi. "The limits of UN diplomacy and the future of conflict mediation." Survival Winter 1995, v37n4, p. 83-98

ABSTRACT: The UN's involvement in complex conflicts, particularly in the former Yugoslavia, has highlighted many of the dilemmas that will continue to challenge UN mediators in the future. It is important to have a clear understanding of the UN's capabilities and for the organization to operate within its bounds.

Akimov, Vladimir.; Soutchanski, Mikhail. "Automata simulation of N-person social dilemma games." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1994, v38n1, p. 138-148

ABSTRACT: In a social dilemma game, the collective behavior of N players is simulated by automata exhibiting cooperative behavior. An investigation of relationships between information received by the automata and the emergence of cooperation in a simulated evolution process is outlined.

Akopova, Yekaterina. "The situation in Tajikistan : Border troops are fighting, collective forces are biding their time." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press May 10, 1995, v47n15, p. 3-4

ABSTRACT: The CIS's collective peacekeeping forces are in no hurry to interfere in the fighting in the vicinity of the Dashti-Yazgulem Tajikistan border post, which has been going on for more than a day.

Alberts, David S.; Hayes, Richard. "Viewpoint : 'Peace ops' call for new military approach." Aviation Week & Space Technology Nov 13, 1995, v143n20, p. 82

ABSTRACT: The US is increasingly participating in peace operations, and the defense establishment needs to recognize that such operations are becoming increasingly important. Failing to perform these operations effectively could have important consequences.

Albrecht, Kirk. "UNRWA's uneasy future." Middle East May 1995, n246, p. 11

ABSTRACT: The UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) has been providing aid to Palestinian refugees for much of 40 years. The organization faces traumatic changes as peace in the Middle East approaches.

Albright, Madeleine K. "Keeping faith with the people of Haiti." US Department of State Dispatch Feb 13, 1995, v6n7, p. 93-94

ABSTRACT: The planned transfer of responsibility to keep the peace in Haiti from the US government to a multinational UN force is discussed, and the text of UN Resolution 975, which formally establishes the framework for this transfer of responsibility, is presented.

Albright, Madeleine K. "The United States and the United Nations : Confrontation or consensus?" US Department of State Dispatch Feb 6, 1995, v6n6, p. 79-83

ABSTRACT: A vision of US leadership at the UN--one that reflects past lessons, current capabilities, future challenges and enduring principles--is proposed. From the day the US signed the UN Charter, Americans have viewed the UN not as an end in itself, but as one instrument for advancing US goals.

Albright, Madeleine K.; Lake, Anthony.; Clark, Wesley. "The Clinton Administration's policy on reforming multilateral peace operations." US Department of State Dispatch May 16, 1994, v5n20, p. 315-321

ABSTRACT: The future of UN peacekeeping is discussed. Pres Clinton has signed the first comprehensive US policy on multilateral peace operations suited to the post-Cold War era. The text of the executive summary from "The Clinton Administration's Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations" is presented.

Albright, Madeleine K. "Statement at confirmation hearing of US Ambassador to the United Nations." US Department of State Dispatch Apr 12, 1993, v4n15, p. 229-231

ABSTRACT: The Clinton Administration's nominee for the position of US Ambassador to the UN discusses how she would fulfil her obligations and promote US foreign policy objectives in her position. The UN, Congress and the Clinton Administration must work together to ensure international peace and stability.

Albright, Madeleine K. "UN Security Council adopts Resolution 808 on war crimes tribunal." US Department of State Dispatch Mar 22, 1993, v4n12, p. 166-167

ABSTRACT: The UN Security Council's Resolution 808 to create a war crimes tribunal is discussed. The tribunal will enforce the Nuremberg principles on dealing with crimes against peace and humanity.

Albright, Madeleine K. "UN Security Council adopts Resolution 851 on Angola." US Department of State Dispatch Jul 26, 1993, v4n30, p. 532-533

ABSTRACT: The efforts of the UN to bring about peace in Angola and the need to discourage the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) from interfering in these efforts are discussed, and the text of UN Security Council Resolution 851 that concerns peacemaking endeavors in Angola is presented.

Albright, Madeleine K. "What you need to know about the United Nations : Foreign policy today." Vital Speeches of the Day Jun 1, 1993, v59n16, p. 486-488

ABSTRACT: The UN is on the verge of becoming the institution envisaged by its founders in 1945. The role of the UN in securing peace and promoting democracy through foreign policy is discussed.

Albright, Madeleine K. "Building a collective security system." US Department of State Dispatch May 10, 1993, v4n19, p. 331-334

ABSTRACT: The conceptual question of collective security throughout the world is discussed, as are ways in which to strengthen collective security initiatives. The UN and the US must work together to preserve or restore peace in the international community.

Albright, Madeleine K. "Building a consensus on international peace-keeping." US Department of State Dispatch Nov 15, 1993, v4n46, p. 789-792

ABSTRACT: The US' role in international peacekeeping operations is discussed. The elements necessary for a consensus on UN peacekeeping would include realism about expectations and proper reaction to setbacks.

Albright, Madeleine K. "Myths of peace-keeping." US Department of State Dispatch Jun 28, 1993, v4n26, p. 464-467

ABSTRACT: Peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Cambodia and Mozambique, conducted under UN supervision, are discussed, as is recent UN Security Council action on Haiti. Peacekeeping operations have been a struggle but are succeeding, and international sanctions have been imposed against Haiti to encourage a return to democracy.

Albright, Madeleine K. "Keeping faith with the people of Haiti." US Department of State Dispatch Feb 13, 1995, v6n7, p. 93-94

Albright, Madeleine K. "Building a collective security system." US Department of State Dispatch May 10, 1993, v4n19, p. 331-334

Albright, Madeleine K. "Building a consensus on international peace-keeping." US Department of State Dispatch Nov 15, 1993, v4n46, p. 789-792 (4 pages)

Albright, Madeleine K. "Myths of peace-keeping." US Department of State Dispatch Jun 28, 1993, v4n26, p. 464-467

Albright, Madeleine K. "The United States and the United Nations : Confrontation or consensus?" Vital Speeches of the Day Apr 1, 1995, v61n12, p. 354-358

ABSTRACT: Madeleine Albright outlines the importance of the US-UN relationship and steps that both can take to ensure world peace. With strong US leadership, the UN can be a formidable force for international law and justice throughout the world.

Albright, Madeleine K. "UN Security Council adopts Resolution 1009 on Croatia." US Department of State Dispatch Aug 21, 1995, v6n34, p. 645-647

ABSTRACT: Discussion of the UN Security Council's Resolution 1009 as an expression of its continued commitment to peace and to the relief of human suffering in the former Yugoslavia is presented. The decision by the goverment of Croatia to launch an offensive against the Krajina region is regretted.

Albright, Madeleine K. "The future of the U.S.-UN relationship." US Department of State Dispatch Jul 25, 1994, v5n30, p. 493-496

ABSTRACT: One of the world's vital relationships is that between the US and the UN. The UN does not run on its own power, and the leadership of the UN is now ever more dependent on the US.

Alden, Chris. "The UN and the resolution of conflict in Mozambique." Journal of Modern African Studies Mar 1995, v33n1, p. 103-128

ABSTRACT: The Oct 1992 General Peace Agreement ended 17 years of warfare between Renamo guerrillas and the Marxist-Leninist regime in Mozambique, and the country's first democratic elections were held in Oct 1994. The UN's role in resolving the conflict in Mozambique is examined.

Al-Haj, Majid.; Katz, Elihu.; Shye, Samuel. "Arab and Jewish attitudes : Toward a Palestinian state." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1993, v37n4, p. 619-632

ABSTRACT: The attitudes of Arabs and Jews in Israel regarding a Palestinian state are discussed. These include their images of such a state, the costs and benefits perceived if a Palestinian state were established and the fears and desires involved.

Alimov, G. "USSR presses gulf peace initiative." Current Digest of the Soviet Press Mar 20, 1991, v43n7, p. 4

ABSTRACT: The USSR envoy in Baghdad Iraq pressed for the Iraqis to comply with UN demands. The USSR envoy was Ye. Primakov. He visited at the request of the Iraqis.

Ali, Salamat. "Race against time." Far Eastern Economic Review Apr 23, 1992, v155n16, p. 12-13

ABSTRACT: Efforts continue to end the Afghan civil war. A majority of interested parties has asked for a 15-member council of neutral Afghans to take over from the Kabul regime under the supervision of the UN.

Allen, Glen. "Under suspicion." Maclean's v. 106 (May 3 '93) p. 28-9

KEY WORDS: Murder.Canada--Armed Forces--Crimes and misdemeanors.Canada--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.

ABSTRACT: The noble record of Canadian peacekeeping forces across the world may be tainted by 2 recent suspicious deaths in Somalia. On March 4, a Somali was shot and killed and another was wounded near the Canadian compound in Belet Huen, 260 km north of Mogadishu. On March 16, another Somali was apparently beaten to death while in Canadian custody after he tried to break into the compound. Both incidents involved the Canadian Airborne Regiment, crack paratroopers who form the core of the 4,200-member Special Service Force. Both incidents also have prompted charges by opposition parties that the defense department is covering up. Two teams of Canadian military investigators have been sent to Somali to probe the killings, and the Canadian Forces will not say when reports on the 2 deaths will be finished. Amid the controversy are indications that the Somali tour is exposing the Canadian soldiers to unaccustomed tests and stresses.

Allen, Glen. "Peacekeepers at war." Maclean's v. 104 (Mar. 4 '91) p. 41

KEY WORDS: Persian Gulf War, 1991--Canadian participation.Canada--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the start of the ground war in the Persian Gulf. Opinion is divided over whether Canada's participation in the allied coalition, particularly the recent decision to allow Canadian bombers to take an offensive role in the ground war, will compromise its reputation as a peacekeeper. Some analysts, including political scientist Henry Habib of Montreal's Concordia University, contend that the country's reputation will be tarnished by its support of the Gulf War. Habib notes that many people are now lumping Canada with the United States and Britain. Other analysts, however, argue that Canada's reputation as a peacekeeper will not be hurt and that Canada will go on to play a strong peacekeeping role in the Middle East. Canadian external affairs minister Joe Clark recently noted that some of the nearly 1,000 Canadian peacekeeping forces now stationed elsewhere in the region are prepared to supervise an Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait.

Allen, Linda.; Cebenoyan, A. Sinan. "Bank acquisitions and ownership structure: theory and evidence." Journal of Banking and Finance v. 15 (Apr. '91) p. 425-48

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Corporate ownership.Bank acquisitions and mergers--Mathematical models.

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to both theoretically and empirically consider the joint nature of insider shareholdings, a, and shareholder concentration, c, which are owner-manager conflict resolution mechanisms. A switching of regression regimes model was utilized to solve for critical values of a and c that subdivide the universe of acquiring companies into separate and distinct ownership structure regimes. The results show a significant entrenchment effect for high a, low c firms, and bidder returns are found to be positive for high a, high c firms only. Overall, shareholders can reduce the cost of resolving agency conflicts by choosing the least cost combination of control mechanisms from the selection of methods available. This suggests that insider stake, a, and shareholder concentration, c, are complementary methods to be used jointly by shareholders in the most efficient way to align shareholder and managerial interests.

Alm, Richard. "Move over, Capitol Hill, the action's back home." U.S. News & World Report v. 100 (June 9 '86) p. 22-3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: State governments.Local government.

ABSTRACT: Domestic policy is increasingly becoming the province of state and local governments rather than of the federal government. Supporters welcome this trend as an opportunity for creativity and a move toward better government. State and local governments are now attracting talented personnel and devising innovative programs. These include northern Oklahoma's use of a traveling city manager to advise far-flung local communities on administration, New York's conflict-resolution centers, Los Angeles's Alternatives to Gang Membership youth education program, and Michigan's introduction of a business ombudsman to advise small businesses on dealing with bureaucracy.

Al-Marayati, Abid A. "Time to re-examine US policy in the gulf." Peacekeeping & International Relations Mar 1995, v24n2, p. 17-18

ABSTRACT: Changing conditions in the Persian Gulf demand that the US change its foreign policy. US dependence on oil imports will mean that it will have to deal with Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Iraq.

Alpert, Arnie. "War and peace in the White Mountains." The Progressive v. 53 (Mar. '89) p. 13-14

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Military maneuvers.Peace movement.

ABSTRACT: New Hampshire peace activists mounted a peacemaking initiative and educational campaign in response to a U.S. Army training exercise in the White Mountains last fall. The Army's Firestorm '88 exercise involved 200 soldiers who were dropped into the mountains by helicopter or parachute to play the part of guerrillas and 120 troops who played the part of local civilians. The mock civilians were trained in the techniques of counterinsurgency by 150 Green Berets. A number of peace groups responded with what they called the White Mountain Peacemaking Initiative. The activists notified the Army of their intention to host a negotiating session to resolve the conflict peacefully. Although the Army's plans did not entail peace negotiations, the activists went ahead with the conference, where they explained the Initiative to reporters. They also linked the Firestorm '88 exercise to the U.S. military's plans for intervention in Third World insurgencies.

Altschiller, Donald. The United Nations' role in world affairs. New York : H.W. Wilson, 1993.

SUBJECTS:United Nations. International relations.

CONTENTS:Rethinking international governance / Harlan Cleveland -- United Nations peacekeeping forces -- The U.N. in a new world order / Bruce Russett and James S. Sutterlin -- Whose collective security -- Edward C. Luck and Toby Trister Gati -- Peacekeeping in the new Europe / James E. Goodby / Reforming the United Nations / Gene M. Lyons -- The fluctuating fortunes of the U.N. international civil service / Robert S. Jordan -- Can the U.N. stretch to fit its future / Tad Daley -- U.N. dues: the price of peace / Enid C. B. Schoettle -- The limits to sovereignty / Brian Urquhart -- U.N. peacekeeping efforts to promote security and stability / John R. Bolton -- U.N. repeals Zionism-is-racism resolution / Lawrence Eagleburger -- U.N. role in establishing a new world order / Li Luye -- Japan, the United Nations, and human rights / John M. Peek -- A view from Russia / A. Portansky -- The U.N.: impact grows, coverage lags / Michael J. Berlin -- Polls rate the U.N. -- Closing time for the U.N. / Brian Crozier.

Is the United Nations useful / Ernest van den Haag -- Why the right loves the U.N. / Ian Williams -- Double standard for human rights / Mia Taylor Valdes -- The United Nations and its critics / Bhaskar P. Menon.

Altschiller, Donald. The United Nations' role in world affairs. New York : H.W. Wilson, 1993.

SUBJECTS:United Nations. International relations.

Amer, Ramses. "The United Nations' peacekeeping operation in Cambodia : Overview and assessment." Contemporary Southeast Asia Sep 1993, v15n2, p. 211-231

ABSTRACT: An overview and assessment of the UN's peacekeeping operation in Cambodia is provided. The UN failed to create a truly politically neutral climate ahead of the elections.

Amer, Ramses. "The United Nations' reactions to foreign military interventions." Journal of Peace Research Nov 1994, v31n4, p. 425-444

ABSTRACT: A study investigated how the UN has reacted to foreign military interventions. UN reactions in seven different cases were not consistent.

Anderson, Harry. "Getting some respect." Newsweek v. 112 (Aug. 8 '88) p. 36-7

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations, which has been widely perceived in the United States as little more than a mouthpiece for the Third World, has recently improved its image by negotiating tentative peace settlements in Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf and by working toward settlements in Cyprus, Cambodia, Namibia, and the western Sahara. To fund its peace-keeping missions, however, the UN will require payment on the overdue debts of member nations. The United States, which is assessed for the largest share of the UN's general budget, also owes the most money--$626 million. Congress has limited U.S. contributions until the UN has reduced its staff, given major contributors greater say over its budget, and made it more difficult for the Soviet Union to rotate spies through assignments at UN headquarters. Even critics of the UN acknowledge that its efforts to negotiate peace settlements are useful in that they give nations that want to end conflicts a way to save face.

Anderson, Harry. "'More deadly than poison'." Newsweek v. 112 (Aug. 1 '88) p. 28-31

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: Iran has accepted a United Nations plan for an immediate cease-fire in its eight-year-old war with Iraq. Although Iraqi president Saddam Hussein responded with military advances, many diplomats believe that pressure from abroad will induce him to comply with the process. Long-standing disputes could forestall an actual peace treaty, but the cease-fire and preoccupation with domestic reconstruction could end the fighting for some time. The war has crippled much of Iran's industry and depleted the morale of its people. A four-month assault on the Iraqi city of Basra in 1987 seemed to sap the zeal of Iran's army, and fears were stirred by an Iraqi chemical warfare attack and the U.S. Navy's recent accidental downing of an Iranian civilian aircraft. Even if the Gulf war is finally ended, it has set a dangerous precedent with the introduction of chemical weapons and missiles as decisive elements.

Anderson, Harry.; Underwood, Anne.; Cullen, Robert B. "Getting Some Respect." Newsweek Aug 8, 1988, v112n6, p. 36-37

ABSTRACT: Successful peace negotiations by the UN have earned the organization newfound respect. However, the Us and other countries are behind in their financial obligations to the UN.

Anderson, Richard E. "HRD's role in concurrent engineering." Training and Development (Alexandria, Va.) v. 47 (June '93) p. 49-54

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Organizational change--Personnel management.Team work in industry. Concurrent engineering.Employee training--Aims and objectives.

ABSTRACT: Human resource (HR) professionals can help overcome cultural barriers to concurrent engineering and gain employees' commitment to it. Concurrent engineering, an approach to product development in which engineers work on design and manufacturability at the same time, is designed to reduce time-to-market while improving quality. In this approach, manufacturing engineers work with designers as a team to collaborate on a product's components and specifications, but getting them to work together effectively is not always easy. HR development can help teams cope with and resolve diversity-related issues through organization process, which involves team and team-leader skills, executive skills, project management, problem solving, conflict resolution, facilitation, change management, transitional management, career coaching, and the presentation of business-information briefings. Several firms that have implemented concurrent engineering are discussed.

Anderson, Sharon. "Churches to consider the formation of peacemaking teams." Christianity Today v. 30 (Feb. 7 '86) p. 61+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Religion and peace.Mennonites.

ABSTRACT: In an effort to extend their traditional commitment to peace and nonviolence, the Mennonite and Brethren in Christ churches are pondering a role as global peacemakers. A proposal made in 1984 during the Mennonite World Conference in Strasbourg, France, calls for the training of between 100 and 200 volunteers who would promote an atmosphere of peace in strife-torn areas while maintaining political neutrality. The intervention could take the form of mediation and reconcilation, or education. The proposal will be taken up later this year at the meeting of a council representing the Mennonite Brethren, the General Conference Mennonite church, the Mennonite church, and the Brethren in Christ church.

Anderton, Charles H. "Arms race modeling." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1989, v33n2, p. 346-367

ABSTRACT: Methodological problems associated with Lewis F. Richardson's arms race models are discussed, and suggestions on where the arms race modeling enterprise should be heading are offered. Arms race modeling began with Richardson's work prior to the outbreak of WWII.

Andrew, Arthur. "Peacekeeping and Peacemaking." Canadian Forum Nov 1992, v71n814, p. 4-5

ABSTRACT: Traditional ideas of peacekeeping may never settle anything in the Balkans. Although Canada has committed to sending still more soldiers there, government officials should ask the UN to make their objectives clear.

Angelo, Bonnie. "Challenge for the New Boss." Time Feb 3, 1992, v139n5, p. 28-30

ABSTRACT: The end of the Cold War has brought a boom in opportunities for peacekeeping. Now, Egypt's Boutros Boutros-Ghali must reform the swollen bureaucracy of the UN to give it the shake-up the organization badly needs.

Angelo, Bonnie. "A man for all nations." Time v. 138 (Dec. 2 '91) p. 28

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--Secretary-General.

ABSTRACT: Boutros Boutros Ghali is the first African to be appointed UN secretary-general. The election of the Egyptian diplomat marked a victory for the UN's African bloc. Boutros Ghali brings strong qualifications to the world forum's helm. The Egyptian deputy prime minister is an expert in international law and has a record filled with degrees, decorations, and scholarly writings in 3 languages. He helped negotiate the Camp David peace process, and he was involved in the mediation of many quarrels among African countries.

Anglin, Douglas K. "The life and death of South Africa's National Peacekeeping Force." Journal of Modern African Studies Mar 1995, v33n1, p. 21-52

ABSTRACT: South Africa's National Peacekeeping Force (NPKF) was intended to meet anticipated security challenges in the run-up to the nation's first democratic elections in Dec 1994. The genesis and evolution of the NPKF, its character, composition, and cohesion, and the causes and consequences of its fateful deployment in the volatile East Rand are examined.

Apple, R. W. (Raymond Walter) "Policing a global village: as peacekeeping falters in Somalia, foes of the U.S. effort in Haiti are emboldened." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 13 '93) p. A1+

KEY WORDS: Haiti--Politics and government.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Haiti.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: Emboldened by the recent faltering of U.S. peacekeeping efforts in Somalia, a small gang of toughs, protected by Haitian police, demonstrated on the streets of Port-au-Prince, threatening to create "another Somalia" to keep U.S. troops and others from landing to help oversee a transition to democratic government. The United Nations plan for stabilizing Haiti has been undermined by the incident, so economic sanctions will be tried again.

Aquila, August J.; Koltin, Allan D. "How to Lose Clients Without Really Trying." Journal of Accountancy May 1992, v173n5, p. 67-70

ABSTRACT: CPA firms should worry about retaining their clients. The number of competitors has multiplied, and clients are more sophisticated and demand higher levels of quality service each year. Conflict resolution, prompt return of phone calls and creative business ideas are part of quality service.

Aquino, Karl.; Steisel, Victoria.; Kay, Avi. "The effects of resource distribution, voice, and decision framing on the provision of public goods." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1992, v36n4, p. 665-687

ABSTRACT: The effects of resource distribution, voice and decision framing on cooperative behavior in a social dilemma were examined in a study. The results supported the idea that inequality leads to decreased cooperation, but no support was provided for the effects of framing and voice.

Arad, Sharon.; Carnevale, Peter J. "Partisanship effects in judgments of fairness and trust in third parties in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1994, v38n3, p. 423-451

ABSTRACT: A study tested the hypothesis that partisanship influences judgments of fairness and trustworthiness in the mediation of social conflict in Jerusalem. The results indicate practical problems in mediation where the third party may need the trust not only of the disputing parties, but also the trust of nonpartisan others.

Arbess, Daniel.; Epstein, William "Disarmament role for the United Nations?." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 41 (May '85) p. 26-8

KEY WORDS: United Nations.Disarmament.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations seems irrelevant to some of the major issues facing the world today, partly because flaws in its structure prevent decisive action without the consent of all five Great Powers. Early conflicts between the United States and the Soviet Union prevented agreement about the creation of international peacekeeping forces, so the UN has had to rely on ad hoc troops with no enforcement power. Suspicion and distrust between the superpowers has limited their ability to negotiate both bilaterally and multilaterally. The clearest example of this is U.S. opposition to comprehensive test ban resolutions, supported by nearly every other nation. "Cautious hope" is offered by the superpowers' interest in eventually abolishing nuclear weapons; the United Nations offers a multilateral forum for the resolution of political problems and a decreased reliance on weapons in international relations. Progress toward disarmament requires multilateral participation.

Arce M, Daniel G. "Stability criteria for social norms with applications to the prisoner's dilemma." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1994, v38n4, p. 749-765

ABSTRACT: Four criteria for characterizing social norms in both cooperative and noncooperative games are discussed. When applied to the three-player prisoner's dilemma game, these criteria illustrate that Nash and strong Nash equilibrium behavior do not rule out the possibility of unilateral defection as a social norm.

Archibugi, Daniele. "The reform of the UN and cosmopolitan democracy : A critical review." Journal of Peace Research Aug 1993, v30n3, p. 301-315

ABSTRACT: Various proposals on reforming the structure and purpose of the UN are assessed. A proposal based on "cosmopolitan democracy" is also advanced.

Archibugi, Daniele. "The reform of the UN and cosmopolitan democracy : A critical review." Journal of Peace Research Aug 1993, v30n3, p. 301-315

ABSTRACT: Various proposals on reforming the structure and purpose of the UN are assessed. A proposal based on "cosmopolitan democracy" is also advanced.

Arian, Asher. "A people apart : Coping with national security problems in Israel." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1989, v33n4, p. 605-631

ABSTRACT: The mechanisms employed for dealing with two attitude clusters are examined. Three mechanisms are shown to dominate: perceived success, denial and a belief system identified as the People Apart Syndrome.

Armstrong, Charles L. "From futility to insanity--A brief overview of United Nations failures." Marine Corps Gazette Sep 1994, v78n9, p. 46-48

ABSTRACT: Apart from US-led initiatives, the overall record of UN undertakings has been one of failure. The USMC and other US units must learn from the lessons of failure in Somalia and elsewhere.

Aron, Leon and Kenneth M. Jensen. The emergence of Russian foreign policy. Washington, D.C. : United States Institute of Peace Press, 1994.

SUBJECTS:National security--Russia (Federation)--Forecasting. Russia (Federation)--Foreign relations--Forecasting. Russia (Federation)--Defenses--Forecasting.

CONTENTS:The emergent priorities of Russian foreign policy / L. Aron -- Tradition, ideology, and pragmetism in the formation of Russian foreign policy / M. Malia -- The legacy of Soviet policymaking in creating a new Russia / C.H. Fairbanks, Jr. -- Institutional mechanisms of Russian foreign policy / M.E. Bezrukov -- Russians outside Russia and Russian security policy / E. Teague -- Russian statehood, the CIS, and the problem of security / I. Kliamkin -- Russia in a peacekeeping role / S.L. Clark -- Russian-U.S. relations on the Pacific: missing links / V. Ivanov -- Russian-American strategic relations

current trends and future opportunities / A.V. Kortunov -- On Western perceptions of the new Russian national security doctrine / E.S. Volk

Ashdown, Paddy. "Hang on in there." New Statesman & Society Feb 4, 1994, v7n288, p. 17

ABSTRACT: There is growing pressure on the UN to abandon its humanitarian mission in Bosnia. To do so would be disastrous for both the Bosnians and the West.

Askari, Hossein. "Restoring the Gulf's health." U.S. News & World Report v. 110 (Mar. 18 '91) p. 60-1

KEY WORDS: Persian Gulf War, 1991--Reconstruction.

ABSTRACT: The Persian Gulf will achieve stability only if the sober economic realities of the region are addressed. A staggering $300 billion will be needed over the next decade to return the area to health. The world's large industrialized nations and member nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council must help bear the costs of reconstructing Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran, which is still suffering the effects of its war with Iraq; supporting peacekeeping forces; and helping the have-not nations of the Middle East. If these huge outlays are not made, the region could again become ensnared in conflict. Gulf countries must coordinate their oil production policies and establish workable quotas, and the United States should try to resume relations with Iran. Compassion and generosity should be shown toward the vanquished countries of the Gulf so that impoverishment will not breed resentment and lead to even bigger wars.

Asker, James R. "Washington outlook." Aviation Week & Space Technology Nov 27, 1995, v143n22, p. 19

ABSTRACT: Goings-on in Washington DC concerning the aviation industry in Nov 1995 are discussed, including the expected appointment of Gen Joe Ralston as vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Astorino-Courtois, Allison. "The cognitive structure of decision making and the course of Arab-Israeli relations, 1970-1978." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1995, v39n3, p. 419-438

ABSTRACT: A study examines the structural components of Arab and Israeli decision makers' beliefs about foreign affairs and their effect on regional relations. The results show a systematic positive relationship between the complexity of leaders' cognitions and the cooperativeness of their foreign policy behaviors.

Aspinwall, Richard. "Conflicting objectives of financial regulation." Challenge (Armonk, N.Y.) v. 36 (Nov./Dec. '93) p. 53-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991.Financial institutions--Laws and regulations.

ABSTRACT: Because the objectives of financial regulation--safety and soundness, competitiveness, fair treatment, disclosure, resource allocations, avoidance of abuses, and monetary management--often conflict, a means for explicit and open conflict resolution with elements of regulatory activity is needed. While the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 was designed to increase bank regulatory accountability, the act did not address resolution among conflicting objectives. In addition, failure to address conflict resolution is a common feature of proposals for consolidating functions of bank regulatory agencies and the agencies themselves. Any changes in the organization of financial regulation must reinforce clearly the need for more public disclosure of how conflicting regulatory objectives are reconciled. Moreover, new proposals for change in regulatory agencies should be tested for their capacity to improve conflict resolution.

Atkins, Norman, reviewer. "<Amerika (television program review)>." Rolling Stone (Feb. 12 '87) p. 29-30

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Television program reviews--Single works.

ABSTRACT: The story behind ABC's miniseries Amerika would make a better movie than the dopey epic that has reached the screen. ABC Entertainment president Brandon Stoddard, known as the "father of the miniseries," got the basic idea for Amerika's Soviet invasion of the United States from a column by former Nixon speech writer Ben Stein. Once it was launched, the project immediately drew heated criticism both from the Soviets, who threatened to retaliate against ABC, and from the United Nations, whose peace-keeping troops are characterized in the film as a Soviet tool. At first director Donald Wrye thought that the film was "Russki-bashing," but he now considers it a meditation on the meaning of freedom. Newsweek critic Harry F. Waters's characterization of the work as "Nazi-bondage porn" is probably closer to the mark. Amerika is merely a snazzy update of the Defense Department's 1950s propaganda film Red Nightmare..

Atkins, Norman. "Better red than dud." Rolling Stone (Feb. 12 '87) p. 29-30

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.Television and politics.Soviet Union in television.

Auster, Bruce B. "Another hollow Army? As the U.S. military shrinks, it finds its responsibilities growing." U.S. News & World Report v. 115 (Nov. 15 '93) p. 50

KEY WORDS: United States.--Army--Appropriations and expenditures.

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Army and the U.S. Air Force concede that they cannot conduct peacekeeping missions in Bosnia, Somalia, and Haiti and also win 2 Desert Storm-size wars at about the same time. Unless it receives a larger share of the federal budget, which is unlikely, the Pentagon will have to eliminate its 2-war strategy, scale back or abandon peacekeeping missions, or continue to cut back on training and readiness. As the Army's force is reduced from 12 divisions to 10 by 1999, the reservoir of soldiers available to fight 2 major wars, each requiring about 5 divisions, will decline. Even now, the army is maintaining only a handful of units at peak levels and is undermanned by 15,000 troops. Unfortunately, the rear guard effort to stave off more cuts will probably fail, as the Defense Department will need to trim at least $25 billion--and probably much more--from its budget.

Auster, Bruce B. "An 'America first' defense program." US News & World Report Feb 27, 1995, v118n8, p. 61

ABSTRACT: Cloaked in pro-defense promises, the Republicans defense legislation offers a neoisolationist vision of an America aloof from unpleasantries abroad. The legislation calls for a reduction in the amount spent on UN peacekeeping missions.

Auster, Bruce B. "A farewell to distant shores." US News & World Report Mar 13, 1995, v118n10, p. 6-7

ABSTRACT: The withdrawal of UN peacekeepers from Somalia, which was supervised in part by US forces, is discussed, as is the uncertain role US armed forces will assume in the post-Cold War world. It appears that the US is moving towards a policy of isolationism.

Auster, Bruce B. "Lost in the Balkans." US News & World Report Jun 12, 1995, v118n23, p. 34-38

ABSTRACT: Issues related to US foreign policy in Bosnia, the history of ethnic conflict in the Balkans, the wider stakes for the US and its allies and whether there is any hope for peace in the region are examined. The West will either fight in the Balkans, flee or muddle along after the current crisis is defused.

Auster, Bruce B. "Heading over there?" US News & World Report Dec 19, 1994, v117n24, p. 40-43

ABSTRACT: The Clinton Administration has promised to send troops into the Bosnian conflict rather than risk further dividing NATO. Pres Clinton's different options for achieving peace in the Balkans are discussed.

Auster, Bruce B. "Lessons in killing and kindness." US News & World Report Oct 3, 1994, v117n13, p. 18

ABSTRACT: In Haiti, US soldiers are hoping that they can teach the Haitian military that order can be kept without bullets or batons. During 1993 300 US soldiers traveled to 12 different nations to teach Latin American forces these techniques.

Awanohara, Susumu. "Killing Time." Far Eastern Economic Review Sep 13, 1990, v149n37, p. 8-9

ABSTRACT: After eight months of often directionless negotiations, the UN Security Council on Aug 28, 1990 agreed on the framework for a comprehensive peace settlement in Cambodia. Warring Khmer factions are maintaining diverging lines on the formation of an interim regime.

Axworthy, Lloyd. "Forging the forces into peace police." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1993, v22n1, p. 11

ABSTRACT: The conflict in former Yugoslavia has demonstrated the need for a new, different kind of security regime for Europe. Canada's peacekeeping role in Europe is discussed.

Ayres, Ed. "Giving the U.N. financial muscle." World Watch May 1995, v8n3, p. 7

ABSTRACT: The Global Commission to Fund the UN has formed with the aim of giving the UN new strength in an era when the strength of individual nations is declining. The new Commission will try to turn the UN from a supplicant that has to plead for funds into a global nerve center that provides valued services for fees.

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Babbitt, John S. "1995 marks the 50th anniversary of the United Nations." Stamps Jul 22, 1995, v252n4, p. 1, 5

ABSTRACT: The UN, whose goals are to secure peace and human dignity throughout the world, was established in 1945. It still remains a powerful organization, and to commemorate its anniversary a new stamp will be released which can be added to collections of other UN commemorative stamps.

Babson, Jennifer. "House approves crime funds, rejects peacekeeping cuts." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Jul 2, 1994, v52n26, p. 1809-1810

ABSTRACT: The House passed a $27.2 billion spending bill on Jun 28, 1994 that would fund the new anti-crime initiatives and defeated a move to cut US spending for international peacekeeping. The fiscal 1995 spending bill is discussed.

Bacevich, A J. "The use of force in our time." The use of force in our time.

ABSTRACT: The US' victory in the Persian Gulf War seemed to be a resounding confirmation of conventional US military thought. Yet to cope with a world in which terrorists and warlords pose as great a challenge as massed armies, a radical revision of military thinking is essential.

Bacevich, A J. "Fear of heights." National Review Dec 31, 1994, v46n25, p. 53, 68

ABSTRACT: The US should deploy peacekeeping troops to the Golan Heights only if the peace is real and the mission modest. Few doubt the US will play some kind of role if the cuurent Israeli-Syrian negotiations succeed.

Bajpai, Kanti P., Harish C. Shukul. Interpreting world politics : essays for A.P. Rana. New Delhi ; Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Sage Publications, c1995.

SUBJECTS:World politics--1945- International relations.

CONTENTS:Introduction: International Theory, International Society, Regional Politics, and Foreign Policy / Kanti P. Bajpai -- 1. International Relations: Anglo-American Aspects - A Study in Parochialism / A. J. R. Groom -- 2. System or Society? / Alan James -- 3. On Understanding Politics / Louis J. Halle -- 4. The Prospects for a More Integrated International Society / Adam Watson -- 5. The International Nuclear Regime and the Near-Nuclear Countries / P. R. Chari -- 6. The United Nations in a New World Order / Ramesh Thakur -- 7. Before Non-Alignment / A. K. Damodaran -- 8. Reforming the Sovereign State System: A Non-Aligned Perspective / M. S. Rajan -- 9. From Domination to Non-Domination: Towards a New Geopolitics / Geoffrey Parker -- 10. Constructing a 'Community of States and Peoples': Ideological and Theoretical Foundations of the Post-Cold War Euro-Atlantic Order / K. J. Holsti -- 11. States and Firms: Two New Dimensions of Diplomacy / Susan Strange --

12. The Global Media System and International Relations / Elizabeth C. Hanson -- 13. On the Meaning of Democracy in the Third World / Robert L. Rothstein -- 14. Images of Peace and War in South Asia / Stephen Philip Cohen -- 15. West Asia in a Changing Regional and International Environment / K. R. Singh -- 16. The Struggle for Mastery Over Space in Southern Africa / Rajen Harshe -- 17. Democracy and Decentralisation in a New South Asian Order / Anirudha Gupta -- 18. Security, Ethnicity, and Conflict in South Asia: A Study of Two Cases / Rakhahari Chatterji -- 19. Discord and Cooperation in India-Pakistan Relations / Sumit Ganguly.

Baker, James A., III. "FY 1993 budget: meeting new foreign policy challenges." US Department of State Dispatch v. 3 (Mar. 9 '92) p. 190-1

KEY WORDS: United States.--Dept. of State--Appropriations and expenditures.Economic assistance, American.

ABSTRACT: In a statement before a subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee, U.S. secretary of state James A. Baker III presents the State Department's fiscal year 1993 budget. In requesting $4.4 billion for the department and $1.5 billion for related international agencies, he asserts that the lean but flexible budget seeks to take advantage of the opportunity presented by the end of the cold war. He notes that the budget's 2 most important initiatives--aid to the former Soviet Union and support for international peacekeeping--support the department's vision of a future characterized by a growing democratic community and the increasing use of collective engagement in foreign policy. He describes key elements of the budget: peacekeeping, international organizations, the foreign buildings program, salaries and expenses, new posts, investing in diplomacy, a regional passport processing center, modernizing the financial management system, and public diplomacy.

Baker, James A., III. "Violent crisis in Yugoslavia." US Department of State Dispatch v. 2 (Sept. 30 '91) p. 723-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: In an address before the UN Security Council, Secretary of State James A. Baker III discusses Yugoslavia's civil war. He denounces the government of Serbia and the Yugoslavian federal military for pursuing a violent course, and he urges all parties to stop fighting and resolve their problems through peaceful negotiation. He says that the United States, the European Community (EC), and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) have stated that the use of force to solve political differences or to change external or internal borders in Yugoslavia is not acceptable. He announces America's support for EC and CSCE efforts to bring about a cease-fire, send observers, convene a peace conference, and create an arbitration commission for the peaceful resolution of disputes in Yugoslavia.

Baker, James. "A Pause for Peace in the Persian Gulf." US Department of State Dispatch Dec 3, 1990, v1n14, p. 299-301

ABSTRACT: The UN Security Council authorized the use of all necessary means, including the use of force, if Iraq does not agree to terms of peace in the Persian Gulf crisis. Attempts at peace negotiations are discussed.

Baker, James. "Gulf Crisis : At a Crossroads." US Department of State Dispatch Dec 3, 1990, v1n14, p. 297-298

ABSTRACT: The passing of the UN Security Council Resolution 677, a pause for peace, sent a message to Saddam Hussein that the US is continuing to seek a diplomatic solution to the Persian Gulf crisis. The resolution is discussed.

Baker, James A III. "Cambodia Conference Intervention." US Department of State Dispatch Oct 28, 1991, v2n43, p. 791-792

ABSTRACT: The UN's two year effort has led to the successful completion of a comprehensive political settlement agreement to bring peace to Cambodia. The agreement and the future of Cambodia are discussed.

Baker, James.; Mulroney, Brian. "Canada Supports Desert Shield Coalition." US Department of State Dispatch Jan 21, 1991, v2n3, p. 42

ABSTRACT: Canada fully supports UN Resolution 678 and will stand with the UN in implementing its resolutions calling on Iraq to get out of Kuwait. The coalition and efforts to restore peace before the Jan 15, 1991 deadline are discussed.

Baker, James A III.; Levy, David.; Shara, Farouk. "Two-Track Approach Toward Peace in the Middle East." US Department of State Dispatch Mar 18, 1991, v2n11, p. 181-187

ABSTRACT: The peace process for the Persian Gulf crisis is discussed. The US intends to be very vigorous in attempting to use whatever influence and good offices it might have to pursue a comprehensive settlement based on UN resolutions.

Barnes, Fred. "The Peace Powers Act." Weekly Standard Oct 23, 1995, v1n6, p. 16-17

ABSTRACT: The congressional GOP leadership responsed in a largely favorable way to the Clinton Administration's overtures on a Bosnia peacekeeping deployment. The White House must now make its case effectively in October hearings.

Barnes, John. "Truce in troubled waters?." U.S. News & World Report v. 105 (Aug. 1 '88) p. 28-30

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: On July 18, Iran accepted unconditionally a United Nations cease-fire resolution. Western and Arab diplomats cite physical and economic exhaustion as the reason for Iran's new willingness to compromise. U.S. officials believe that American policy in the Persian Gulf was also a factor. According to Iranian leader Hashemi Rafsanjani, the downing of Iran Air Flight 655 by the USS Vincennes was the turning point in the decision to accept the proposal for peace. The UN has dispatched a team of European law professors to Tehran and Baghdad to check on prisoners of war, and truce-monitoring teams will soon follow.

Barrett, Cindy. "Taking on the Soviets." Maclean's v. 98 (Nov. 25 '85) p. 18

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Canada.United Nations--Afghanistan.Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's appointment of New Democrat Stephen Lewis as Canada's ambassador to the United Nations raised doubts among conservatives, but they have so far proven unfounded. That conclusion was reinforced last week when Lewis spearheaded a drive at the UN to condemn the Soviet Union's continued involvement in Afghanistan. The vote passed by a margin of 122 to 19. Lewis denounced the Soviet occupation in strong terms, citing the deaths of about 1 million people during the six-year-old war in Afghanistan. Lewis rejects the notion that left-wing politics entails support for Eastern Bloc practices and policies. He has also been critical of efforts in the United States to cut back on UN funding. Lewis's ambassadorial skills have been noticed by other representatives.

Barrett, Jerome T. "The FMCS contribution to nonlabor dispute resolution." Monthly Labor Review v. 108 (Aug. '85) p. 31-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United States.--Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service.

ABSTRACT: Over the last two decades, the U.S. Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) has pioneered the expansion of mediation into nonlabor disputes. The FMCS specializes in mediation, which combines the best facets of litigation, arbitration, and negotiation, using an objective third party but allowing the participants to come to their own decisions. Despite the limitation of the agency's legislative authority over private-sector labor-management relations, the FMCS expanded its scope as public employee unionism grew in the 1960s. Beginning in 1973 under director William Usery, the FMCS helped resolve the Hopi-Navajo dispute and set up the Home Owners' Warranty program. The agency became involved in age discrimination cases in 1977 under director Wayne Horvitz. Although budget cuts forced the service to stop its nonlabor work, FMCS field mediators continue to help spread this effective, low-cost approach to conflict resolution.

Barricklow, Denise. "Champions of peace : UN Volunteers in Cambodia." Choices: The Human Development Magazine Jun 1994, v3n2, p. 10-11

ABSTRACT: Increasingly, UN Volunteers are helping to protect human rights, organize democratic elections, conduct census surveys or assist in demobilization in trouble spots all over the world. The success of the program's biggest peacekeeping effort--the setting up and supervising of that country's first democratic elections in decades--is detailed.

Barricklow, Denise. "Champions of peace : UN Volunteers in Cambodia." Choices: The Human Development Magazine Jun 1994, v3n2, p. 10-11

Barry, John.; Cohn, Bob. "Starting the hard sell." Newsweek Oct 30, 1995, v126n18, p. 56

ABSTRACT: Pres Clinton is begin to push his plan for US and NATO troops in Bosnia. While the Republicans are less than receptive of this course of action, many Congress-watchers think that the GOP will eventually come around--or at least not try to tie Clinton's hands.

Barry, Michele.; Molyneux, Malcolm. "Ethical dilemmas in malaria drug and vaccine trials : A bioethical perspective." Journal of Medical Ethics Dec 1992, v18n4, p. 189-192

ABSTRACT: A debate raises questions concerning the conduct of trans-cultural clinical malaria research. Potential conflicting priorities between investigators are discussed and ideas regarding conflict resolution are offered.

Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov. "The Arab-Israeli conflict : Learning conflict resolution." Journal of Peace Research Feb 1994, v31n1, p. 75-92

ABSTRACT: It is argued that a protracted conflict lingering over time with violent hostilities, such as the Arab-Israeli conflict, cannot be resolved without a prerequisite prolonged and successful conflict management.

Bar-Tal, Daniel.; Jacobson, Dan.; Freund, Tali. "Security feelings among Jewish settlers in the occupied territories." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1995, v39n2, p. 353-377

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to assess the effect of living in a communal settlement in Israel's occupied territories on residents' general feelings of insecurity and related variables. Results indicate that living in a settlement had little effect on insecurity feelings and most other dependent variables.

Bartholet, Jeffrey. "This is the new world order?." Newsweek v. 119 (Apr. 6 '92) p. 36

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: A UN delegation recently visited Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, to find ways to monitor a fragile cease-fire there and to concoct a plan for delivering emergency food to a land torn by rival warlords and gangs. The country is being torn into ever smaller fragments, and an estimated 4.5 million Somalis urgently need food. The worst bloodshed has been in Mogadishu, where interim president Ali Mahdi Mohamed and Gen. Mohamed Farah Aidid have been fighting since November. Shortly after the UN team's arrival there, bandits shot and killed the Somali driver of a UN-hired vehicle. Many Somalis, starving or caught in the cross fire, are hoping that the UN can help their country, but major military intervention on the scale of Cambodia or Yugoslavia is unlikely. Washington funds 30 percent of UN peacekeeping operations, and America's current political climate hardly encourages more spending on faraway lands.

Bartholet, Jeffrey. "This is the new world order?." Newsweek v. 119 (Apr. 6 '92) p. 36

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

Baskerville, Dawn M. "How do you manage conflict?." Black Enterprise v. 23 (May '93) p. 62-6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict management.

ABSTRACT: Effective conflict resolution is an essential skill for any successful business manager. While unmanaged and unresolved conflict can lead to trouble, constructive disagreement can be a healthy and creative exercise for growth. A quiz and descriptions covering 5 conflict management styles, excerpted from Bil and Cher Holton's The Manager's Short Course: A Complete Course in Leadership Skills for the First-Time Manager, are presented.

Bass, Gary J. "Courting disaster." The New Republic v. 209 (Sept. 6 '93) p. 12-14

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.United Nations.--Security Council (Meetings: 1993)War crime trials.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Atrocities.Serbia--Nationalism.Bosnia and Hercegovina.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations (UN) Security Council voted in February to establish a war crimes tribunal for atrocities committed during the war in the former Yugoslavia, but this endeavor could become bogged down in the UN bureaucracy. Political maneuvering has plagued efforts to appoint a prosecutor, and there has been a lack of interest among member states to nominate judges. Moreover, even if the UN manages to convene a worthy tribunal, the body will suffer from a nearly total lack of authority to punish. Serbia, the most blood-stained offender, is unlikely to settle any Balkan peace treaty without protection from prosecution. Nevertheless, a tribunal could still do some good: Some prosecutions would be relatively easy, and low-level convictions should lead to higher ones, creating a deterrent to future bloodbaths.

Bateman, Robert L. "The Peace Brigade--A hybrid unit for real-world missions." Army Dec 1995, v45n12, p. 8-12

ABSTRACT: The first-place winner of the "Army" magazine essay contest is offered. Bateman proposes a hybrid force based on a light infantry brigade but including considerable mechanized firepower for peacekeeping and similar missions.

Bauerlein, Monika. "The second coming of the United Nations." Utne Reader (Mar./Apr. '90) p. 34+

KEY WORDS: United Nations.

ABSTRACT: As old power structures crumble all over the world, the United Nations has made a remarkable comeback in the areas of peacekeeping and security. The agency's attempts to regulate international trade, promote social justice, and protect the environment may continue to be greeted with skepticism and resistance by world leaders, however. If it is to deal effectively with these increasingly important issues, the United Nations must overcome public ignorance and consider reforming its structure. Articles in the March 29, 1989, issue of In These Times; the March/April 1989 issue of the Churchman's Human Quest; the December 29, 1986, issue of New Options; the February 20, 1989, issue of the Nation; and World Watch discuss the challenges facing the United Nations in a changing world.

Baumann, Melissa. "Namibia on edge." Mother Jones v. 14 (Oct. '89) p. 18+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: SWAPO.Political campaigns--Namibia.

ABSTRACT: Tensions between the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) and South African security forces could erupt at any time in Namibia. Such a conflict could undermine the peace treaty signed last December by South Africa, Angola, and Cuba. Brokered by the United States, the accord links Cuban troop withdrawal from Angola with South African troop withdrawal from Namibia. The treaty also mandates national elections for a new Namibian government on November 1. South Africa, which will keep 1,500 troops in Namibia until the United Nations declares the election "free and fair," has been accused of trying to destabilize the fledgling nation in order to prevent SWAPO from gaining political control.

Behunin, R. Alan. "Post-war business prospects bloom in Middle East." Public Relations Journal v. 47 (May '91) p. 10

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Public relations--Middle East.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Economic aspects.

ABSTRACT: The recovery of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia following the Persian Gulf War will likely increase the demand for public relations services in the region. There is a pent-up demand for communications, problem-solving, and conflict-resolution skills as the region's governmental, corporate, and academic sectors grow ever more aware of the need for aggressive public relations. American public relations practitioners seeking opportunities in the region must be prepared to cope with such factors as limited media and pervasive censorship. They must also take the region's beliefs and customs into account.

Beinart, Peter. "Aid and abet." New Republic Oct 30, 1995, v231n18, p. 22-25

ABSTRACT: Beinart investigates some of the more drastic failures of the UN in recent years. The chief failing of the UN aid agencies is not that they are clumsy and lethargic but that they are dishonest.

Bekri, Chikh. "The road to 1945." UNESCO Courier Nov 1995, n11, p. 11-13

ABSTRACT: The idea of creating peace took form in 1945 with the creation of UNESCO. UNESCO is set apart from the UN system by its intellectual nature and moral basis.

Benderly, Beryl Lieff. "Is peace as natural as violence?." Psychology Today v. 23 (Dec. '89) p. 70

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Primates.Animals--Habits and behavior.

ABSTRACT: In his new book, Peacemaking Among Primates, primatologist Frans de Waal of the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center argues that reconciliation behavior is as natural and as deeply ingrained in primate life as aggression. De Waal's studies of a chimpanzee, a rhesus monkey, a bonobo ape, and other primates revealed that each species had characteristic peacemaking rituals to mediate conflicts, mark changes in social status, and save face. According to de Waal, these findings suggest that forgiveness is innate to humans and other animals, not a sublime idea that can be appropriated by an ideology or a religion.

Ben-Meir, Alon. "Israel and Syria : The search for a "risk-free" peace." Middle East Policy Sep 1995, v4n1-2, p. 140-155

ABSTRACT: Israel and Syria's search for a "risk-free" peace includes the problem of security, both real and imagined. Ben-Meir believes US troops should be placed on the Golan Heights to monitor the peace.

Bendor, Jonathan. "Uncertainty and the evolution of cooperation." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1993, v37n4, p. 709-734

ABSTRACT: It is well known that inferential errors can induce nice but provocable strategies to engage in vendettas with each other. A more general way of how monitoring uncertainty affects the fate of cooperation in tournaments of the iterated prisoner's dilemma is examined.

Benjamin, Susan.; Gard, Jane. "Creating a climate for change : Students, teachers, administrators working together." NASSP Bulletin Apr 1993, v77n552, p. 63-67

ABSTRACT: Highland Park High School in Illinois changed its organizational structure to allow for collaboration and shared leadership. Four communication issues were addressed: conflict resolution, empathic communication, professional communication and communication for mutual support.

Bennet, Douglas J. "The United States and the United Nations in the global era." US Department of State Dispatch v. 5 (Jan. 24 '94) p. 31-4

KEY WORDS: United Nations--United States.

ABSTRACT: In an address before the National Convention of the United Nations Association (UNA/USA) in New York City on January 6, 1994, Douglas Bennet, Jr., the assistant secretary of state for international organization affairs, discusses the importance of building a vibrant, productive partnership between the United States and the UN: Although the United States should maintain a strong military and retain the diplomatic ability to act unilaterally, it also needs a viable alternative when unilateral action is unnecessary, insufficient, or unwise. Therefore, the United States should renew its commitment to the UN. Discussed are the global forces of the post-Cold War world, the 3 main components of the Clinton administration's strategy for developing multilateral institutions, the administration's efforts to forge a bipartisan consensus in Congress on international peacekeeping, and the elements that such a consensus might include.

Bennet, Douglas J. "Statements at confirmation hearings." US Department of State Dispatch May 17, 1993, v4n20, p. 360-364

ABSTRACT: The US role as a global leader is discussed. The US and the UN have a new opportunity to work toward peace and prosperity around the globe.

Bennet, Douglas Jr. "Peace-keeping and multilateral relations in U.S. foreign policy." US Department of State Dispatch Dec 5, 1994, v5n49, p. 808-810

ABSTRACT: In an address before the UN Association at Princeton University, US Assistant Secy for International Organization Affairs Douglas Bennet discusses US foreign policy with regard to UN peacekeeping missions. The US is determined to strengthen peacekeeping efforts and international cooperation.

Bennet, Douglas J Jr. "Leveraging U.S. resources through the United Nations." US Department of State Dispatch Feb 20, 1995, v6n8, p. 131-133

ABSTRACT: The Clinton Administration's budget request for assessed and voluntary contributions to international organizations is presented. US involvement with the UN, peacekeeping and other international organizations is important for the advancement of its own interests.

Bennet, Douglas J Jr. "The United Nations : The next 50 years." US Department of State Dispatch Apr 10, 1995, v6n15, p. 297-299

ABSTRACT: Some of the challenges the UN will face in the next 50 years related to economic development, peacekeeping and human rights are discussed. The UN has proven to be a meaningful forum for peace, human rights and international relations debates.

Bennet, Douglas J Jr. "The United Nations : The next 50 years." US Department of State Dispatch Apr 10, 1995, v6n15, p. 297-299

Bennis, Phyllis and Michel Moushabeck. Beyond the storm : a Gulf crisis reader / edited by; foreword by Edward W. Said ; introduction by Eqbal Ahmad. Brooklyn, N.Y. : Olive Branch Press, 1991.

SUBJECTS:Iraq-Kuwait Crisis, 1990-1991. Persian Gulf War, 1991--Influence. Persian Gulf Region--Strategic aspects. Middle East--Politics and government--1979-

CONTENTS:Thoughts on a war: ignorant armies clash by night / Edward W. Said -- Portent of a new century / Eqbal Ahmad -- Iraq: years of turbulence / Michel Moushabeck -- From regionalism to nation-state: a short history of Kuwait / Hala Fattah -- The crisis in the Gulf: why Iraq invaded Kuwait / Bishara A. Bahbah -- the battle is joined / Steve Niva -- After the cold war: U.S. middle east policy / Noam Chomsky -- The Panama paradigm / Barbara Ehrenreich -- Countdown for a decade: the U.S. build-up for war in the Gulf / Sheila Ryan -- U.S. aid to Israel: funding occupation in the aftermath of the Gulf War / Jeanne Butterfield -- False consensus: George Bush's United Nations / Phyllis Bennis -- The warrior culture / Barbara Ehrenreich -- Peactime militarism: an epidemic disorder / Jack O'Dell -- The storm at home: the U.S. anti-war movement / Max Elbaum -- Restricting reality: media mind-games and the war / Laura Flanders -- The Arab world in the "new world order" / Clovis Maksoud -- The Kurds: an old crisis at a new moment / Clovis Maksoud. The politics of linkage: the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Gulf War / Ibrahim Abu-Lughod -- The other occupation: the Palestinian response / Hanan Mikhail Ashrawi -- The Gulf Crisis and the economy in the occupied territories / Samir Hulaileh -- From the sealed room: Israel's peace movement during the Gulf War / Stanley Cohen -- Israel and the Gulf War: a view from the Israeli peace movement / Mordechai Bar-On -- Jordan responds to the Gulf Crisis / Mustafa B. Hamarneh -- What choice did Egypt have? / Sherif Hetata -- Operation Desert Sheild/Desert Storm: the Islamist perspective / Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad -- Oil and the Gulf Crisis / Michael Tanzer -- Bushbacking: Britain goes to war / Paul Rogers -- Lost illusions: Europe's peace movement / Daniel Cirera -- South Asia in the wake of the Gulf War: the Pakistan example / Talat Rahman, Lyman Baker -- Human rights and the Gulf Crisis: the verbal strategy of George Bush / Naseer Aruri -- For generations to come: the enviromental catastrophe / Penny Kemp -- Desert sin: a post-war journey through Iraq / Louise Cainkar.

Bercovitch, Jacob.; Langley, Jeffrey. "The nature of the dispute and the effectiveness of international mediation." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1993, v37n4, p. 670-691

ABSTRACT: A theoretical framework for studying mediation behavior is developed and its central variables are evaluated against the mediation patterns of 97 international disputes in the postwar period. The results indicate that the dispute features such as fatalities, complexity, nature of the issue and duration of dispute are most predictive of mediation outcomes.

Bercovitch, Jacob. "International Mediation." Journal of Peace Research Feb 1991, v28n1, p. 3-6

ABSTRACT: An editorial offers overview of the history of mediation as a method of conflict resolution among individuals, groups, communities and states. Mediation is defined as a range of third-party activities in conflict management.

Berenson, Douglas. "Balkan combatants agree on relief, U.N. monitoring--Or do they?" Arms Control Today Sep 1992, v22n7, p. 28, 32

ABSTRACT: On Aug 27, 1992, the warring parties in former Yugoslavia agreed to allow the safe delivery of humanitarian aid to Bosnia. They also agreed to close down all detention camps and place their heavy weapons under UN supervision.

Berger, Michael. "Crossing swords in Japan." The New Leader v. 73 (Oct. 29 '90) p. 9-10

KEY WORDS: Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--Japanese intervention.

ABSTRACT: The question of whether to commit Japanese troops to a multinational force in the Persian Gulf is being hotly debated in the Japanese parliament. Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu has introduced a bill known as the UN Peace Cooperation Law that calls for the establishment of a special peacekeeping unit of 1,000-2,000 people, including Japanese Self-Defense Forces who would be lightly armed but would not be permitted to get involved in frontline combat. Critics charge that the bill violates Article 9 of the constitution, which prohibits sending troops overseas, even for collective self defense. Government officials say that the law is not unconstitutional because the peacekeeping forces are designed "to guarantee collective security." Many Japanese citizens are not convinced, however. In a Japan Economic Journal poll, only 23.1 percent of those interviewed supported the pending legislation.

Bergstrom, Sune. "Battle for peace." World Health (July '86) p. 3-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Radiation--Physiological effects.International Year of Peace, 1986.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations has proclaimed 1986 the International Year of Peace. The best way to work toward peace is to reduce conflict and increase trust among nations, an endeavor in which scientific cooperation can play an important role. Differences in living conditions are a key cause of international tensions. WHO continues to foster international cooperation in the research and development of vaccines and other means of promoting health in developing countries. WHO has also formed a group called WHOPAX, which works with other agencies to study the consequences of nuclear war.

Bering-Jensen, Henrik. "War crimes : A history of trials and errors." Insight Mar 29, 1993, v9n13, p. 14-16+

ABSTRACT: Balkan atrocities may be deterred due to the possibility of war-crimes trials being held by the UN. Yet, the UN's inaction in the conflict and willingness to negotiate with those it finds criminal, confuses matters. The Nuremberg Germany war trials are remembered.

Berkowitz, Bruce D. "Rules of Engagement for U.N. Peacekeeping Forces in Bosnia." Orbis Fall 1994, v38n4, p. 635-646

ABSTRACT: The rules of engagement for UN peacekeeping forces in Bosnia-Hercegovina, which are listed, raise the question of whether the US should commit military forces to operations governed by such rules. The rules are being used in a situation in which there is no peace.

Bertin, Marc-Yves. "Strengthening regional support for glonal security." Peacekeeping & International Relations May 1994, v23n3, p. 14-15

ABSTRACT: Criticism of UN peacekeeping has often been misplaced; it is important to remember that countries rely heavily on UN efforts because regional organizations are as yet inadequately developed. What national security implies and UN peace operations are discussed.

Bertram, Eva. "Reinventing governments : The promise and perils of United Nations peace building." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1995, v39n3, p. 387-418

ABSTRACT: The UN has assumed a prominent post-cold war role as an agent of democratic transitions in Third World countries torn by civil strife. This new brand of "postconflict peace building" is discussed.

Bertram, Christoph. "Multilateral diplomacy and conflict resolution." Survival Winter 1995, v37n4, p. 65-82

ABSTRACT: Multilateral diplomacy has become the chief framework for addressing conflicts that fall beyond the traditional boundaries of the former East-West rivalry. The successful mediation in the Baltic states and the failure to stop the fighting in the former Yugoslavia are examined.

Bertram, Christoph. "Multilateral diplomacy and conflict resolution." Survival Winter 1995, v37n4, p. 65-82

Bertram, Eva. "Reinventing governments : The promise and perils of United Nations peace building." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1995, v39n3, p. 387-418

Bertrand, Maurice. "The road to peace." UNESCO Courier Oct 1995, n10, p. 16-19

ABSTRACT: Bertrand discusses how the UN must reform itself to meet the challenges of the future. The UN should continue its mission of peacekeeping, but it should also become more involved in promoting economic stability.

Bertrand, Maurice. "The road to peace." UNESCO Courier Oct 1995, n10, p. 16-19

Bethell, Tom "The last best hope at forty." National Review v. 37 (May 31 '85) p. 33-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.

ABSTRACT: The writer describes a visit to the United Nations on the occasion of its fortieth anniversary. Although outgoing UN ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick believes that the United States should remain in the UN and seek improvements, UN support for American positions continues to decline. The United States cannot even use the UN as an arena to embarrass the Soviet Union, since the Soviets seem unembarrassable. There have been proposals to revise the UN Charter by abolishing the Security Council veto and introducing weighted voting, but such reforms seem unlikely. The UN has failed because initial expectations were too high and because an organization cannot both safeguard world peace and respect national sovereignty. Moreover, in their quest for world domination, the Soviets have used the UN to campaign against the United States. The UN will eventually collapse because of its corruption.

Betts, Richard K. "The delusion of impartial intervention." Foreign Affairs Nov 1994, v73n6, p. 20-33

ABSTRACT: The UN and the US continue to intervene in wars without forthrightly taking sides, and this behavior has hurt peacekeeping efforts in Bosnia, Somalia and Haiti. The precarious nature of adopting a policy of impartial intervention is

Betts, Richard K. "Delusions of impartiality : The United Nations and intervention." Current Feb 1995, n370, p. 27-32

ABSTRACT: The UN's tendency to intervene impartially is a possible reason why the UN has achieved only mixed success in Bosnia, Somalia, Haiti, and Rwanda. The UN should move from impartiality to favoritism if necessary.

Betz, Brian. "Response to Strategy and Communication in an Arms Race-Disarmament Dilemma." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1991, v35n4, p. 678-690

ABSTRACT: Eighty male and female subjects played against a simulated other in a six-choice prisoner's dilemma game that was described in terms of an arms race. The graduated reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction (GRIT) strategy elicited more cooperation than tit-for-tat strategy.

Beyer, Lisa. "Goodbye--and good riddance." Time v. 135 (Apr. 2 '90) p. 32

KEY WORDS: Tamils.India--Army--Forces in Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: The Indian government has completed its withdrawal of peacekeeping forces from Sri Lanka, having brought not peace but additional violence to that country. The Indian army was invited to Sri Lanka three years ago by then-president J. R. Jayewardene to help resolve the conflict between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, whose goal is a separate state for the country's minority Tamils. Under Jayewardene's plan, the Indians were to collect arms from Tamil militants, and the Tamils were to be given more autonomy over a newly created northeastern province. The Tamils refused to give up the fight, however, and the Indians found themselves involved in a guerrilla war that killed 6,000 civilians, 1,200 Indian soldiers, and 800 Tiger fighters. Sri Lankans seem relieved to see India's troops pull out, but now the majority Sinhalese and the Tamils must keep their own peace.

Beyer, Lisa. "Walking the beat in Iraq." Time v. 137 (May 13 '91) p. 31+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Iraq.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: The UN's activities in Iraq represent the world body's most ambitious effort ever to settle a war and punish an aggressor. The organization's tasks include assisting Kurdish refugees, policing the Iraq-Kuwait border, overseeing reparations, and disarming Iraq of its most potent weapons. The UN is hampered by a lack of funds, and it must operate in a country that has been bombed back to a "preindustrial age," as one UN report described it.

Bhattachariyya, Mita. "Civil conflict and the problem of armed humanitarian intervention." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jul 1994, v23n4, p. 4-5

ABSTRACT: The argument for humanitarian intervention is summarized. The state is considered to be an independent moral and political unit. If the state is found guilty of gross and persistent human rights abuses against its citizens, however, then it simultaneously forfeits its right to be free from external influence.

Bierman, John. "A search for lasting peace." Maclean's v. 104 (Mar. 18 '91) p. 24-5

KEY WORDS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Palestinian question.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: With the defeat of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein behind him, President George Bush is seeking an end to the Arab-Israeli conflict. At a recent joint meeting of Congress, Bush urged Jerusalem to recognize "legitimate Palestinian political rights." Both Israel and Saudi Arabia have signaled a willingness to participate in a regional peacemaking process, but there are no signs that Israel is prepared to recognize Palestinian rights or to trade territory for peace. Bush called for Israel to comply with two UN resolutions that demand the country's withdrawal from territories that it has occupied since 1967. Such a pullout was quickly rejected, however, by Israeli foreign minister David Levy. Meanwhile, during a tour of the region, U.S. secretary of state James Baker discussed the possible establishment of an Arab peacekeeping force in the Gulf, steps to prevent a new buildup of nonconventional weapons, and regional cooperation for the economic benefit of poorer Arab countries.

Bierman, John. "'Senseless slaughter'." Maclean's v. 103 (Sept. 24 '90) p. 30

KEY WORDS: Liberia--Civil War, 1990- .

ABSTRACT: The bloody eight-month-old civil war in the West African state of Liberia is on the verge of another violent change in the balance of power. In the wake of the reported murder of Master Sgt. Samuel Doe, who seized control of Liberia in a 1980 military coup, four rival factions are claiming power: Charles Taylor, leader of the main rebel army; Prince Johnson, leader of the faction that allegedly assassinated Doe; Brig. Gen. David Nimley, commander of Doe's bodyguards; and lawyer Amos Sawyer, who heads a group of exiled civilians in nearby Gambia. The turmoil in Liberia has been so severe that a five-nation peacekeeping force sent by the Economic Community of West African States has been able to protect only a small group of people. Moreover, the United Nations and other relief agencies have been unable to send in desperately needed humanitarian aid.

Bierman, John. "A crisis for peace." Maclean's v. 102 (Apr. 17 '89) p. 22+

KEY WORDS: United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia.SWAPO.Namibia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: Namibia's path to independence after 75 years of South African rule was threatened when armed guerrillas of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) streamed across the border from Angola in direct violation of cease-fire terms, sparking combat with South African-supported counterinsurgency police. UN peacekeeping troops were supposed to oversee the transition to independence, but few of the troops were in place, forcing Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar to call in South African troops. Although SWAPO apparently precipitated the crisis by sending its troops into Namibia, SWAPO prisoners and African eyewitnesses say that the police started the shooting. The South African government and the U.S. State Department place the blame on SWAPO president Sam Nujoma, however.

Bierman, John. "A failed bid for peace." Maclean's v. 104 (Mar. 4 '91) p. 38-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Persian Gulf War, 1991--Peace and mediation.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Soviet participation.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the start of the ground war in the Persian Gulf. Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev has won widespread praise for his recent attempts to negotiate a peace settlement between Iraq and the U.S.-led coalition forces. His peacemaking initiatives were prompted by concern about the intensity of military action against Iraq, which had long been a Middle Eastern ally of the Soviet Union. The two plans that Gorbachev proposed, however, were rejected by the coalition countries, which felt that they were much too lenient toward Iraq. The second plan, for example, set no precise date for an Iraqi pullout and proposed a timetable that would have given Iraq three weeks to evacuate Kuwait, a time period that many Western analysts say would have enabled the Iraqis to salvage most of their heavy armor and artillery. Despite the rejection of the Soviet plans, President George Bush was careful to publicly praise Gorbachev for his actions.

Bierman, John. "A search for lasting peace." Maclean's v. 104 (Mar. 18 '91) p. 24-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Palestinian question.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Peace and mediation.

Bierman, John. "Keeping the peace." Maclean's v. 101 (Oct. 10 '88) p. 28+

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces.Nobel prizes.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations peacekeeping forces, known as the Blue Berets, have been awarded the 1988 Nobel Peace Prize. After a long period of decline, the UN has reasserted itself with a series of accomplishments, including negotiating a Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and a cease-fire in the Iran-Iraq war. Peacekeeping operations lack glamour and excitement except when something goes amiss, so the Nobel Peace Prize serves as a dramatic reminder of how important a function the Blue Berets play in trouble spots around the world. With some 1,300 of the approximately 10,000 Blue Berets coming from Canada, the country is a leader of the world's peacekeepers, and many Canadians have taken special pride in the Nobel Peace Prize Committee's decision.

Bierman, John. "Renaissance at the UN." Maclean's v. 101 (Oct. 3 '88) p. 16-18

KEY WORDS: United Nations.United Nations--Canada.

ABSTRACT: A resurgence of the UN's peacekeeping efforts has brought the organization an enhanced sense of purpose. UN agreements concerning Afghanistan, the Iran-Iraq War, Cyprus, and the Western Sahara are either complete or at hand. Canada is important to the UN's success because it provides more troop assistance to UN peacekeeping operations than any other member nation. Canada has provided troops in Cyprus, signals specialists and truce observers at the cease-fire line between Iran and Iraq, and truce observers in Afghanistan, the Golan Heights, and the Sinai desert. Canadian servicemen are also ready to participate in the UN's potential peacekeeping role in Namibia should South Africa agree to vacate that country. In the Western Sahara, a substantial Canadian contingent could be sent to help end the conflict between Morocco and the Polisario Front guerrillas.

Bierman, John. "Party of God on the march." Maclean's v. 99 (Oct. 6 '86) p. 29

KEY WORDS: Muslims--Lebanon.Lebanon--Israeli invasions, 1982- .

ABSTRACT: Attacks by the Shi'ite Muslim group Hizbollah (Party of God) have drawn the Israeli army back into southern Lebanon. In recent weeks, Hizbollah has attacked the Israeli-backed Christian militia and the French UN peacekeeping force. A Security Council resolution indirectly blamed Israel's presence in Lebanon for the hostilities and called for the immediate removal of Israeli troops. Experts consider the Iranian-backed Hizbollah to be Israel's most serious enemy and the greatest threat to peace along its northern frontier. Hizbollah reflects the radicalism that emerged among South Lebanon's formerly peaceable Shi'ites following the 1982 Israeli invasion.

Bierman, John. "Anatomy of a stalemate." Maclean's v. 98 (Jan. 28 '85) p. 27

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Cyprus.Cyprus.

ABSTRACT: The meeting between Turkish-Cypriot leader Rauf Denktacs and Greek-Cypriot leader Spyros Kyprianou ended without ratification of a fourteen-point treaty that would bring peace to Cyprus. The talks were arranged by United Nations secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar, who hoped to settle the age-old conflict between the two factions. The treaty stipulated that Cyprus should be divided into Greek and Turkish states that would be governed by a Greek-Cypriot president and a Turkish-Cypriot vice president. Kyprianou opposed almost the entire treaty, but especially the concept of gradual withdrawal of Turkish troops. The Greeks also want Cyprus to be an independent state, a move that would invite Soviet interest in the island. If the dispute were settled, Canadian peacekeeping troops could be withdrawn, but an agreement does not seem imminent.

r the burden there when 95 percent of Gulf oil goes to other countries.

Bierman, John. "Anatomy of a stalemate." Maclean's v. 98 (Jan. 28 '85) p. 27

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Cyprus.Cyprus.

Bierman, John. "Keeping the peace." Maclean's v. 101 (Oct. 10 '88) p. 28+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces.Nobel prizes.

Bierman, John. "The long, hard road to peace." Maclean's v. 101 (Sept. 5 '88) p. 20-1

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in the Persian Gulf region.Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988--Peace and mediation.Canada--Armed Forces--Forces in the Persian Gulf region.

ABSTRACT: Iran and Iraq have begun their peace talks under the auspices of the United Nations, but it could be years before their eight-year-old conflict is completely resolved. At the outset of their talks in Geneva, the two sides disagreed bitterly on the assignment of blame for the war, the demarcation of the frontier line along the Shatt-al-Arab waterway, and the return of prisoners of war. Meanwhile, cease-fire observers and support troops operating from the United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group faced a variety of difficulties. Frontline observers suffered in the intense heat, signalers encountered technical problems in their attempts to set up a radio network for the observers, and support group officers had trouble establishing a line of credit in order to pay troops.

Bierman, John. "A crisis for peace." Maclean's v. 102 (Apr. 17 '89) p. 22+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia.SWAPO.Namibia--Politics and government.

Bierman, John.; Clark, John. "Keeping the Peace." Maclean's Oct 10, 1988, v101n42, p. 28-34

ABSTRACT: The 1988 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the 10,000 UN troops serving in 35 nations.

Bierman, John.; Clark, Marc.; Bollag, Burton. "The Long, Hard Road to Peace." Maclean's Sep 5, 1988, v101n37, p. 20-21

ABSTRACT: The cease-fire between Iran and Iraq is holding and negotiations between the two nations are continuing.

Bierman, John. "Renaissance at the UN." Maclean's Oct 3, 1988, v101n41, p. 16-18

ABSTRACT: The United Nations has had several recent successes under Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar, including settlements of conflicts such as the Iran-Iraq war and the Angolan civil war. These successes and Canada's role in the UN are discussed.

Billingham, Robert E.; Notebaert, Nicole L. "Divorce and dating violence revisited : Multivariate analyses using Straus's conflict tactics subscores." Psychological Reports Oct 1993, v73n2, p. 679-684

ABSTRACT: A study assessed whether experiencing the divorce of one's parents was related to the overall use of strategies in conflict resolution in current dating relationships as measured by Straus's conflict tactics subscores.

Bilski, Andrew. "Peace offerings." Maclean's v. 100 (Jan. 26 '87) p. 23

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: One day after Afghan leader Najibullah appealed to Muslim rebels to end their fight against his Communist government came the surprise announcement that Soviet troops would withdraw from Afghanistan, ending a deployment that began in 1979. U.S. and Pakistani officials weren't sure whether a real end to the fighting was in sight; they feared that the overture might be a ploy to weaken support for the rebels. Rebel groups rejected the initiative as fraudulent, and cease-fire violations were reported. Peace talks sponsored by the United Nations are set to resume in Geneva on February 11 to help arrange a timetable for Soviet withdrawal.

Bilski, Andrew. "A bitter Soviet legacy." Maclean's v. 101 (June 6 '88) p. 37

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: The phased pullout of about 100,000 Soviet soldiers from Afghanistan is proceeding on schedule, according to members of the United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The respected International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), however, has issued a discouraging report on the prospects for peace after completion of the Soviet withdrawal next February. The report states that Afghanistan's Communist regime will not be able to keep power without the support of Soviet military troops and that once the Soviets are gone, rival mujahedin groups will begin a "race to Kabul." Since the Soviet departures officially began on May 15, the Afghan army has abandoned several towns and garrisons.

Bilski, Andrew. 'The Canadian connection." Maclean's v. 101 (May 30 '88) p. 31

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Afghanistan.Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.Canada--Armed Forces--Forces in Afghanistan.

ABSTRACT: Five Canadians are part of the unarmed United Nations team that is overseeing the pullout of Soviet troops from the war in Afghanistan. Maj. Geordie Elms of Toronto, Ontario; Capt. Doug Mair of Aurora, Ontario; Capt. Murray Allan of Creelman, Saskatchewan; and Lt. Col. David Leslie and Capt. Pat Chartres of Ottawa, Ontario, are the participating members of the Canadian Forces.

Bilski, Andrew. "Peace in the balance." Maclean's v. 106 (May 10 '93) p. 18-20

KEY WORDS: Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .Serbia--Nationalism.Bosnia and Hercegovina.

ABSTRACT: President Bill Clinton's consideration of tougher measures to end Bosnia's civil war has sparked wide-ranging debate about the merits of Western military intervention in the region and the possibility of war expanding throughout the Balkans and beyond. U.S. intelligence agencies have reportedly told Clinton that if left unchecked in Bosnia, the Serbs' expansionist drive could create even greater problems in the Balkans, but most American military leaders are against military intervention. One exception is Air Force chief of staff Gen. Merrill McPeak, who contends that surgical air strikes against Serbian positions in Bosnia could be carried out with virtually no risk to Americans. The article discusses new UN sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro, Canadian peacekeeping troops in Bosnia, the peace plan proposed by Lord Owen and Cyrus Vance, and European allies' reluctance to endorse stronger military action.

Bilski, Andrew. "A troubling tour of duty." Maclean's v. 106 (May 31 '93) p. 21

KEY WORDS: Murder.Canada--Armed Forces--Crimes and misdemeanors.Canada--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.

ABSTRACT: Four members of an elite airborne regiment assigned to bring relief have become the first Canadians on peacekeeping duty to face murder charges. Two were charged with second-degree murder and torture in the March 16 beating death of a Somali male prisoner, and 2 others were charged with torture and negligent performance of duties. A total of 4 Somalis have been killed by Canadian soldiers during the peacekeeping operation. Some critics question the wisdom of having sent the Canadian Airborne Regiment to Somalia, arguing that the paratroopers are trained for hair-trigger responses to battlefield situations--training that seems incompatible with the task of peacekeeping, which demands patience and restraint. The Airborne has also been accused of harboring soldiers with ties to white supremacist groups. Defence Minister Kim Campbell has set up a board of inquiry that will review the preparation, training, and "ethos" of the Canadian Airborne Regiment.

Bilski, Andrew. "Wings of hope." Maclean's v. 105 (Sept. 28 '92) p. 34-5

KEY WORDS: Economic assistance, Canadian--Somalia.Famines--Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Relief work.

ABSTRACT: Canada has joined the United States, Germany, France, and Belgium in a massive relief effort to rescue drought-stricken and war-torn Somalia. Since January 1991, when rebels ousted dictator Muhammad Siad Barre, anarchy has prevailed in the African country, and hundreds of thousands of people have died from drought and civil war. UN officials predict that 2 million Somalis out of a population of 7 million could starve to death unless more aid reaches the country. Western aid teams, however, face a difficult and dangerous task. Armed militiamen loyal to rival warlords continue to fight in spite of a truce. Canada, as part of a new UN peacekeeping force, is dispatching 750 troops to northeastern Somalia to protect the distribution of relief supplies there. At the same time, the mass migration of starving rural dwellers to cities and towns has left feeding centers barely able to cope with the demand.

Bilski, Andrew.; Silver, Eric.; Rodenbeck, Max. "Divided Together." Maclean's Mar 6, 1989, v102n10, p. 26

ABSTRACT: During recent talks in Cairo, Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze hoped to persuade Israel to accept his plan for a United Nations-sponsored international peace conference which would include representatives of the PLO.

Bilski, Andrew. "A Fragile Agreement." Maclean's Jan 13, 1992, v105n2, p. 20

ABSTRACT: After 14 failed ceasefires, Serbia and Croatia finally seem ready to try peace. UN special envoy Cyrus Vance's efforts at peace in the war-torn Yugoslavian nation are discussed.

Binder, David. "Senators criticize Bosnia aid plan." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 6 '93) p. A8

KEY WORDS: United States.--Congress.--Senate.--Committee on Foreign Relations.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: On October 5, members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee expressed reservations concerning the Clinton Administration's plan to send 25,000 American troops to the Balkans. The committee's chairman, Rhode Island Democratic senator Claiborne Pell, said that he opposed an arrangement under which the United States would supply nearly half of an international peacekeeping force in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Birch, Bruce C. "Old Testament foundations for peacemaking in the nuclear era." The Christian Century v. 102 (Dec. 4 '85) p. 1115-19

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Bible. O.T.--Criticism, interpretation, etc.Religion and peace.Nuclear weapons--Moral and religious aspects.Church and disarmament.

ABSTRACT: The Old Testament offers a clear prophetic vision for those who seek an answer to the dilemmas of the nuclear age. The key to understanding lies in the word shalom, used often to mean peace, but in a larger sense meaning wholeness and harmony between God and his creation. When God created the world he did so to form order out of chaos. The concept of shalom is the ideal toward which the people of Israel worked, and it should also inform the path walked by the peacemakers of today. God's justice and compassion make it possible for him to deal with chaos as man cannot. When God says, "Vengeance is mine," he means to warn man to avoid retaliatory actions. In contemporary society, adherence to this ancient caveat is of the highest priority. Shalom must be pursued if mankind is to have a future; harmony must be courted if disaster is to be avoided.

Bird, Kai. "The very model of an ex-president." The Nation v. 251 (Nov. 12 '90) p. 545+

ABSTRACT: In the past ten years, former president Jimmy Carter has tackled some of humanity's toughest problems. With an annual budget of more than $17.5 million and a staff of 110, the Carter Center in Atlanta manages a broad array of projects on human rights, education, preventive health care, and conflict resolution in the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa. Carter is intimately involved in these projects, personally mediating civil wars, building homes for the poor, and supervising elections in such places as Haiti, Panama, and Nicaragua. His most ambitious goal is literally to serve as the world's peacemaker. In a strange way, some of the very qualities that many Americans disliked about him in the late 1970s--his scrupulous neutrality and conscientiousness--explain his current effectiveness.

Bird, Kai.; Holland, Max. "Afghanistan: lost opportunities." The Nation v. 241 (Oct. 26 '85) p. 400

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: Ronald Reagan will certainly use the Afghan war as a stick when he meets with Mikhail Gorbachev next month, yet Soviet overtures toward a negotiated settlement in Afghanistan have been met with resistance from Washington. In 1983, the Kremlin said that if Pakistan assured a halt to the Afghan insurgency, a staged withdrawal of Soviet troops would be possible. The United States disapproved of such an arrangement, despite Pakistan's initial positive response. According to United Nations observers, subsequent signals from Gorbachev have been rebuffed by Washington. A senior Soviet official has indicated that the USSR prefers a Finlandization of Afghanistan. Gorbachev is reported to have said that the Soviets might counter opposition to negotiations by sending an additional 400,000 troops into Afghanistan.

Bishop, Patrick. "Built up and knocked down." Spectator Nov 19, 1994, v273n8680, p. 27-30

ABSTRACT: The rollercoaster ride of Gen Michael Rose's reputation as commander of UN peacekeeping forces in Bosnia, is discussed. Although legitimate criticism of Rose are valid, he has done much to try to improve the situation in Bosnia.

Biswas, Asit K. International waters of the Middle East : from Euphrates-Tigris to Nile. Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1994.

SUBJECTS:Water resources development--Middle East. Water-supply--Political aspects--Middle East. Rivers--Middle East--Water rights.

CONTENTS:Middle east water issues: action and political will / Mostafa Kamal Tolba -- A hydropolitical history of the Nile, Jordan and Euphrates River basins / Aaron T. Wolf -- Problems of international river management: the case of the Euphrates / John Kolars -- Prospects of technical cooperation in the Euphrates-Tigris basin / Ozden Bilen -- The Jordan river and the Litani / Masahiro Murakami and Katsumi Musiake -- The Nile basin: lessons from the past / Yahia Abdel Mageed -- Management of international water resources: some recent developments / Asit K. Biswas.

Bizman, Aharon.; Hoffman, Michael. "Expectations, emotions, and preferred responses regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1993, v37n1, p. 139-159

ABSTRACT: Israeli Jews' causal attribution for the Arab-Israeli conflict, their expectations and feelings regarding its course and their preferred strategies of response are examined.

Black, J. Stewart.; Mendenhall, Mark. "Resolving conflicts with the Japanese: mission impossible?." Sloan Management Review v. 34 (Spring '93) p. 49-59

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Americans in Japan.Conflict management.Japan--Social life and customs.

ABSTRACT: When conflicts occur between American and Japanese businesspeople, the Japanese normally try to resolve them using techniques that are successful in their own country, while Americans use methods that are typical in the United States. For Westerners, the first step in creating group harmony is conflict resolution. This Western approach can prove fruitless in a dispute with Japanese businesspeople, as Japanese negotiators often refuse to directly confront conflict and even pretend that it does not exist. For the Japanese, harmony, conflict resolution, and conflict avoidance are a means to another end, not the desired end itself. The end state most sought by the Japanese is a condition in which the incurrence of obligations is minimized and the flexibility in fulfilling obligations is maximized. The behavioral obligations of Japanese managers are discussed, and advice on resolving conflicts with the Japanese is provided.

Black, Kathryn Stechert. "Employee conflicts? Try trading places." Working Woman v. 16 (Apr. '91) p. 28+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict resolution.Communication in management.

ABSTRACT: If left unresolved, interoffice conflicts--whether between departments or individuals--can lead to lower productivity throughout a company. Suggestions on how management can cope with such conflicts are provided.

Black, Mary E. "UN and crisis intervention." Lancet Dec 11, 1993, v342n8885, p. 1480

ABSTRACT: A Medecins san Frontieres report contends that the UN is making an ill-defined and patchy effort to provide aid and restore peace in the ten most urgent humanitarian crises of the 1990s.

Blake, Richard A., reviewer. "<Mass appeal (motion picture review)>." America v. 152 (Feb. 2 '85) p. 90

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Motion picture reviews--Single works.

ABSTRACT: The film Mass Appeal evokes ambivalent reactions, some having to do with the line between fact and fiction. Jack Lemmon gives a fine performance as a priest sinking into materialism but still capable of compassion and dedication. Bill C. Davis must have hoped, with this adaptation of his stage play, to show Father Farley's ambiguous triumph over his materialism, but it does not translate well to the screen. Conflict and resolution both lack credibility. Zeljko Ivanek is too abrasive as Mark Dolson, the seminarian Farley tries to save, and the dismissal of two seminarians suspected of a gay relationship is anachronistically rigid and swift. Dolson then admits that he, too, experimented sexually in the past. In real life, Dolson should have been kicked out because he was a fool, not because of his past relations.

Blechman, Barry M. "The intervention dilemma." Washington Quarterly Summer 1995, v18n3, p. 63-73

ABSTRACT: An American distaste for military interventions has diminished support for many individual expeditions that implied a serious risk of US casualties or even significant expenditures. Policy dilemmas for both the US and the UN concerning "peace operations" are examined.

Blechman, Barry M.; Reed, Pamela L. "Reform and retrenchment." World & I Jun 1995, v10n6, p. 92-97

ABSTRACT: Sloppy management and charges of corruption are regular complaints leveled against the UN. The harsh criticism has confronted the UN for the past two years.

Blechman, Barry M. "The intervention dilemma." Washington Quarterly Summer 1995, v18n3, p. 63-73

Bleiberg, Robert M. "Fresh crisis brews: in Central America, things are going from bad to worse." Barron's v. 71 (Jan. 14 '91) p. 12

KEY WORDS: Central America--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: Events in the Persian Gulf have shifted attention away from the deteriorating situation in Central America. Despite peacekeeping efforts by the United Nations, the Marxist-Leninist Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, sporting new surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), launched a heavy attack against the duly elected government of El Salvador in November. Three American servicemen were among the hundreds of casualties. The SAMs were provided by the armed forces of Nicaragua, where President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro has allowed her predecessor's brother to keep his position as army commander and has vetoed a 25 percent cut in the military budget. Perestroika, glasnost, and the highly touted end of the Cold War in Europe do not seem to have affected Cuba and Central America, where violence continues unabated.

Bliss, Harry. "Realism, Empathy, and Reconciliation." Christianity & Crisis Jun 22, 1992, v52n10, p. 227-229

ABSTRACT: The US' use of force in international disputes has led many people to ask if more humane, more effective approaches to conflict resolution are available. Education and mobilization of large numbers of ordinary citizens are necessary to decrease military spending in the US. The role of churches in these efforts are discussed.

Bloom, Evan T. "Protecting peacekeepers : The Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel."

American Journal of International Law Jul 1995, v89n3, p. 621-631

ABSTRACT: The safety of UN peacekeepers and others serving UN mandates is of major importance to the UN. The efforts of the Convention on the Safety of UN and Associated Personnel are examined.

Bloomfield, David. "Towards complementarity in conflict management : Resolution and settlement in Northern Ireland." Journal of Peace Research May 1995, v32n2, p. 151-164

ABSTRACT: Bloomfield argues the case for a model of conflict management based on a conplementary view of two approaches to conflict, resolution and settlement, which have traditionally been presented in the literature as opposed. Evidence for complementarity in practical conflict management strategies in Northern Ireland is then reviewed.

Bloomfield, Lincoln P. "Policing world disorder." World Monitor Feb 1993, v6n2, p. 34-37

ABSTRACT: George Bush left Bill Clinton a surprise package: the makings of a new, less expensive way to protect world peace. Collective preemptive peacekeeping--a policing technique situated somewhere between unarmed peacekeeping and outright community warfare against aggressors--is discussed.

Bloomfield, Lincoln P. "Policing world disorder." World Monitor Feb 1993, v6n2, p. 34-37

Bobrow, Davis B. "Japan in the world : Opinion from defeat to success." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1989, v33n4, p. 571-604

ABSTRACT: Japanese public opinion for the post-Occupation period through 1984 are examined for the effects of age, situation and generation. Generational effects are very modest after the early 1970s; age-group differences have more continuing importance.

Bobrow, Davis B. "Stories remembered and forgotten." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1989, v33n2, p. 187-209

ABSTRACT: Previous and recent writings on the Cuban missle crisis call into question the sorts of history that can and should be available for international security policy and analysis. Ways of treating history to gain more from it are suggested.

Boettcher, William A III. "Context, methods, numbers, and words : Prospect theory in international relations." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1995, v39n3, p. 561-583

ABSTRACT: Recent attempts to apply propsect theory to the study of international relations are evaluated. Differences in the results obtained for different verbal probability sets indicate that decision theorists need to be more concerned with the manner in which probabilistic information is conveyed to decision makers.

Bohan, George P.; VanGrundy, Arthur B. "Training 101 : Solutions to All Your Problems." Training & Development Journal Feb 1990, v44n2, p. 15-20

ABSTRACT: Several approaches to conflict resolution are offered with methods for remedying the situation provided. Company or division retreats also enable organizations to resolve problems.

Bohlander, George W.; Behringer, Ken. "Public sector nonunion complaint procedures: current research." Labor Law Journal v. 41 (Aug. '90) p. 563-8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Government officials and employees.Grievance procedures.Nonunion workers.

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to examine conflict resolution tools in the public sector. Twenty-two organizations in the southwest United States completed a questionnaire and submitted a copy of their nonunion complaint procedures. It was found that a major determinant of the design and operation of a given complaint system is managerial philosophy. A system's effectiveness is related to management's promotion of it, the training of managers and employees to use it, managerial assistance to employees, and managerial attention to the system's fairness.

Bolton, John R. "UN Peace-Keeping Efforts to Promote Security and Stability." US Department of State Dispatch Mar 30,1992, v3n13, p. 244-246

ABSTRACT: Three topics, the rapid expansion of UN peace-keeping, the US attempts to control the costs of UN peace-keeping and the outlook for the future, were presented.

Bolton, John R.; Barber, Ben. "Politics and priorities." World & I Jun 1995, v10n6, p. 86-91

ABSTRACT: UN successes in peacekeeping cannot be translated automatically into UN successes in peace enforcement. The recent UN failures are the result of member governments assigning the UN more complex tasks that there is political will to carry out.

Bolton, John R. "Wrong turn in Somalia." Foreign Affairs v. 73 (Jan./Feb. '94) p. 56-66

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: Somalia best illustrates the mounting pressure for the United Nations to be involved with a growing number of countries experiencing internal civil strife. Somalia also reveals the fundamentally different approaches of the Bush and Clinton administrations to the crisis. The Bush administration sent troops into Somalia only to clear the relief channels to prevent mass starvation, and it resisted attempts by the UN to expand that mission. The Clinton administration, on the other hand, pioneered "assertive multilateralism" and efforts at nation-building that led to violence and embarrassment. These failures present larger questions about the UN's competence in more ambitious areas of peace enforcement and nation-building, particularly without prolonged commitments from the United States. The key judgments that emerge from American intervention in Somalia are discussed.

Bolton, John R. "FY 1992 budget requests for international organizations." US Department of State Dispatch v. 2 (Mar. 11 '91) p. 172-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Finance.United Nations--United States.

ABSTRACT: In a statement delivered on March 5 to two subcommittees of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, a State Department official presents the case in favor of U.S. contributions to 51 international groups: The UN has made significant progress in antiapartheid and proenvironment efforts, among others. During the Persian Gulf War, it showed that it can renounce ideological, sterile, and outdated prescriptions for facing challenges to international security. In the future, the UN will clearly be a focus of the international community's efforts to bring peace and stability to the Persian Gulf region, as well as to Central America. The Human Rights Commission, the World Health Organization, the International Maritime Organization, and the International Civil Aviation Organization stood with the United States in active condemnation of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The Bush administration therefore requests full budget authority to meet its debts to these and similar groups in fiscal 1992.

Bolton, John R. "Iraqi non-compliance with UN Security Council resolutions." US Department of State Dispatch v. 2 (July 29 '91) p. 545-7

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Iraq.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Peace and mediation.United States--Foreign relations--Iraq.Iraq--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: In a statement before the subcommittees on human rights and international organizations and on Europe and the Middle East of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, the assistant secretary of state for international organization affairs discusses Saddam Hussein's violations of UN resolutions 687 and 688, which concern Iraq's declaration of its nuclear activities and the ceasing of harassment and threats to its civilian population, respectively. He states that Iraq has refused to cooperate with the humanitarian relief effort and has attempted to manipulate relief distribution to its own political advantage. The assistant secretary concludes that the United States should provide humanitarian assistance to the Iraqi people, but only under a program of tight controls and strict monitoring.

Bolton, John R. "Review of the Western Sahara and Somalia." US Department of State Dispatch v. 3 (Oct. 5 '92) p. 752-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Western Sahara.United Nations--Somalia.Western Sahara conflict, 1975-1991--Peace and mediation.Referendum--Western Sahara.Relief work--Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Relief work.

ABSTRACT: In a statement before the subcommittee on Africa of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, the assistant secretary of state for international organization affairs reports on developments in the Western Sahara and Somalia. He says that the Moroccan government and the Polisario Front have not been able to agree on who will be eligible to vote in an upcoming UN-sponsored referendum that is designed to resolve the status of the Western Sahara. With regard to Somalia, he reports that the UN is now fully engaged in that country. He says that the United States, Belgium, Canada, Germany, and Italy have committed aircraft to lift relief supplies to Somalia and to refugee camps in northern Kenya and that the United States has contributed more than $160 million in assistance to Somalia over the past 18 months. He notes that humanitarian agencies estimate the number of deaths in Somalia due to starvation to be between 1,000 and 2,000 per day.

Bolton, John R.; Barber, Ben. "Politics and priorities." World & I Jun 1995, v10n6, p. 86-91

Bone, James. "The Price of Peacekeeping." World Press Review Dec 1989, v36n12, p. 57

ABSTRACT: The UN's peacekeeping missions have helped the organization regain its self respect. The increased pressures for peace also challenge the strength of the organization. Budget restrictions are a major concern.

Bone, James. "The price of peacekeeping." World Press Review v. 36 (Dec. '89) p. 57

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces.United Nations--Finance.

ABSTRACT: An article excerpted from the Times of London. The development of several new UN peacekeeping missions has helped boost the UN's morale. In his annual report, however, UN secretary-general Javier Perez de Cuellar warned that the increase in peacekeeping operations had created new pressures. In his opinion, the organization needs to carefully analyze what it can and cannot do. The UN spent about $320 million on peacekeeping operations last year, and expenditures could soon rise to $2.1 billion a year.

Bonner, Ray. "Why we went." Mother Jones Mar 1993, v18n2, p. 54-60

ABSTRACT: The story of how the UN turned its back on Somalia and subverted the best chance for peace is related. The UN neglected the situation in Somalia for more than a year, then began to address its shortcomings by appointing Mohammed Sahnoun as special envoy to the country; however, Sahnoun was fired in Oct 1992.

Borden, Anthony.m "Bosnian rescue?." The Nation v. 255 (Aug. 31-Sept. 7 '92) p. 196-7

KEY WORDS: Bosnia and Hercegovina.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: There are no easy solutions to the war in Bosnia and Hercegovina, but all parties trying to end it must acknowledge their failures over the past year and take action immediately. After all, the European Community's formal recognition of Slovenia and Croatia, as well as EC and U.S. recognition of Bosnia and Hercegovina, helped spark the fighting in the first place. The UN's position in Sarajevo has been untenable, and its peacekeeping procedures and other reactive humanitarian efforts risk tragic delays in aiding citizens. Without intervention, the campaigns for a Greater Serbia and a Greater Croatia are likely to prevail. Intervention must be directed at securing the territorial integrity and political reconstruction of Bosnia and Hercegovina, and a large outside military and administrative force must help rebuild Sarajevo's civil and political institutions and compel disarmament.

Borisov, Yury. "Landing : U.S. Marines land near Odessa--Just for training purposes for now." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Aug 23, 1995, v47n30, p. 24

ABSTRACT: The US Navy has regularly been docking at the port of Odessa Ukraine and has been greeted by residents with shouts for the US fleet to stop the military occupation of the Ukraine. The war ship Pensacola is only stopping temporarily and is practicing peacekeeping maneuvers.

Bornstein, Gary.; Erev, Ido.; Goren, Harel. "The effect of repeated play in the IPG and IPD team games." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1994, v38n4, p. 690-707

ABSTRACT: A study examined repeated interaction in intergroup conflict in two team games: the intergroup public goods game and the intergroup prisoner's dilemma game. The results support the hypothesis that subjects learn the structure of the game and adapt their behavior accordingly.

Bornstein, Gary. "The Free-Rider Problem in Intergroup Conflicts over Step-Level and Continuous Public Goods." Journal of Personality & Social Psychology Apr 1992, v62n4, p. 597-606

ABSTRACT: Free riding is a paramount consideration in intergroup conflicts because the benefits associated with such conflicts are public goods with respect to the members of a competing group. The free-rider problem and its effects on conflict resolution are examined.

Bornschier, Volker, 1944-Conflicts and new departures in world society. New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction PUBLISHERs, c1994.

SUBJECTS:Economic history--1945-World politics--1945-

CONTENTS:Emergences and conflict dynamics in world society / Volker Bornschier, Peter Lengyel -- The democratic peace / Bruce Russett -- War, politics and the market : reflections after the great potlatch / Georg Kohler -- Armaments and disarmament in the post-Cold War period : the quest for a demilitarized and nuclear-free world / Marek Thee -- The role of the United Nations in the post-Cold War era / Johan Kaufmann, Dick Leurdijk, Nico Schrijver -- The emerging human rights environment in the Arab world / Jill Crystal -- The World Bank and expropriation disputes in Africa / Adeoye Akinsanya -- World economic integration and political conflict in Latin America / Michael Nollert

(cont.) -- Genesis and dynamics of populist regimes at the periphery / Christian Suter -- The causes of Latin American social revolutions : searching for patterns in Mexico, Cuba and Nicaragua / John Foran -- Mexico's unsolved crisis / Hanspeter Stamm -- Social perception of environmental problems : destruction of tropical forests and ethnic protest movements in Bolivia / H.C.F. Mansilla -- Between reform and disaster : options for sub-Saharan Africa in the emerging global order / Julius O. Ihonvbere -- The globalization of social conflict / James Mittelman -- Cycles of hegemony and labor unrest in the contemporary world system / Beverly J. Silver -- Governmental budgeting : a computer model of conflict and bargaining / Georg P. Muller -- Political conflict and labor disputes at the core : an encompassing review for the post-war era / Volker Bornschier, Michael Nollert.

Borosage, Robert. "How Bush kept the guns from turning into butter." Rolling Stone (Feb. 21 '91) p. 20-1

KEY WORDS: United States.--Dept. of Defense--Appropriations and expenditures.Persian Gulf War, 1991--American participation.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Economic aspects.

ABSTRACT: The Bush administration is using the Persian Gulf crisis to justify maintaining high levels of military spending at a time when, with the cold war now over, the United States could be using the money for better purposes. The U.S. military spends almost $300 billion a year, half of which could be freed without harming the military and used to make the U.S. economy competitive, clean up the environment, revive the educational system, and develop sustainable energy technologies. Instead of acknowledging widespread calls for military cuts, Bush has said that the military must be able to continue to respond to instability around the globe. The Gulf crisis has virtually ended all discussion of a post-cold war reconstruction and has raised the possibility that the U.S. military's global peacekeeping role may cause further decline at home.

Boucher, Richard. "Liberia: assistance to regional peace-keeping efforts." US Department of State Dispatch v. 2 (Sept. 30 '91) p. 731

KEY WORDS: Military assistance, American--West Africa.Liberia--Civil War, 1990- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: The September 16-17 West African summit in Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire, represented a step forward in efforts by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to bring peace to Liberia. Agreement was reached on expanding ECOWAS's peacekeeping force in Liberia. The United States supports efforts to bring about disarmament and free and fair elections in Liberia. It is providing $3.75 million to support the peace process and to assist those peacekeeping force participants that are in the most dire financial circumstances.

Boulter, Alex.; Von Bergen, C W.; Miller, Mark J.; Wells, Don. "Conflict resolution : An abbreviated review of current literature with suggestions for counselors." Education Fall 1995, v116n1, p. 93-97

ABSTRACT: Literature on conflict resolution is examined, and the implications for counselors are noted. Students need to be aware of their existing techniques and motivations if they are to develop conflict resolution skills.

Bourantonis, Dimitris and Jarrod Wiener. The United Nations in the new world order : the world organization at fifty. New York, NY : St. Martin's Press, 1995.

SUBJECTS:United Nations. International relations.

CONTENTS: International peace and security: new challenges to the UN / Lev Voronkov -- The United Nations and the international political system / R.J. Barry Jones -- Leadership, the United Nations, and the new world order / Jarrod Weiner -- UN reform: the post-cold war world organization / Georgios Kostakos -- The UN secretary-generalship at fifty / Benjamin Rivlin -- UN peace-keeping: recent developments and current problems / Alan James -- UN sanctions against Yugoslavia: two years later / Vojin Dimitrijevic and Jelena Pejic -- New directions in disarmament / Dimitris Bourantonis and Marios Evriviades -- Human rights organizations and the UN: a tale of two worlds / Peter R. Baehr -- Realpolitik and the CNN factor of humanitarian intervention / Edward Newman.

Bourdet, Claude. "The soul of the 'machin'." The Nation v. 241 (Sept. 21 '85) p. 253-5

ABSTRACT: PART OF A SPECIAL SECTION ON THE UNITED NATIONS. The Europeans, especially the French, are not as disenchanted with the United Nations as many Americans are, since they never expected the organization to reshape the world. The UN today is most important for its vital political, economic, and cultural role in the Third World. Drained by lifesaving projects, the UN has not done all it should, but it has provided priceless aid. Progressives should insist that their governments funnel as much aid as possible through the UN in order to reduce influence peddling. There is a direct relationship between the growth of a UN majority of developing nations and the nonalignment issue. The group of nonaligned countries could be rejuvenated in the future and could thus put more pressure on the superpowers to negotiate through the United Nations. The organization should increase its efforts to collect and disseminate information to promote peace.

Bourguiba, Habib "Visit of Tunisian president." Department of State Bulletin v. 85 (Aug. '85) p. 68

ABSTRACT: Remarks by President Reagan and Tunisian president Habib Bourguiba on the occasion of the latter's working visit to the United States in June 1985. President Reagan praises Tunisia's president as a liberator and reflects on the close ties between the two countries. He stresses the need to find a lasting peace for the Middle East that will address the legitimate rights of Palestinians. President Bourguiba echoes his host's call for a just solution to the problems of the Middle East but urges Israel to follow a more realistic path. He believes that all parties concerned should abide by the legal framework set up by the United Nations twenty years ago.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. "Grounds for hope." UNESCO Courier Oct 1995, n10, p. 5

ABSTRACT: UN Secy Boutros-Ghali discusses the ongoing mission of the UN. If the UN is to play its role as a servant of world peace, its members must define and implement effective and consistent policies.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. "The 38th floor." UN Chronicle Jun 1995, v32n2, p. 2-3

ABSTRACT: Excerpts from statements made by UN Secy General Boutros Boutros-Ghali between Jan 1, 1995 and Mar 31, 1995 are presented. The statements concern the peacekeeping challenge, the evil of discrimination and other issues.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. "50th anniversary of the United Nations - Boutros Boutros-Ghali." Vital Speeches of the Day Nov 15, 1995, v62n3, p. 66-67

ABSTRACT: The forum of the UN is one of peace, understanding and development. The 50th anniversary of the UN is commemorated, and the next 50 years are considered.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. "Peacemaking and peace-keeping for the next century : The United Nations mission." Vital Speeches of the Day Mar 15, 1995, v61n11, p. 322-324

ABSTRACT: During a speech, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the secretary general of the UN, discusses the UN's mission for peacemaking and peacekeeping during the next century.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. "The United Nations today : Support by its member states." Vital Speeches of the Day Jul 15, 1995, v61n19, p. 581-583

ABSTRACT: Issues related to UN peacekeeping operations around the world are addressed. If the UN is to be a credible organization, it is essential that the US work with it to bolster peacekeeping operations around the globe.

Boutros Boutros-Ghali. "The Dues of Peace." New Perspectives Quarterly Fall 1992, v9n4, p. 58-60

ABSTRACT: The financial crisis of the UN is discussed. If the UN is to play a vital role in shaping and managing a new age of peaceful international relations, member states must assume their full responsibility by providing the UN with the requisite funds.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. "50th anniversary of the United Nations - Boutros Boutros-Ghali." Vital Speeches of the Day Nov 15, 1995, v62n3, p. 66-67

ABSTRACT: The forum of the UN is one of peace, understanding and development. The 50th anniversary of the UN is commemorated, and the next 50 years are considered.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. "'A dream becomes a reality' : Sea Law Convention enters into force." UN Chronicle Mar 1995, v32n1, p. 8-9

ABSTRACT: The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea went into force on Nov 16, 1994. Its mechanisms for dispute resolution will help prevent conflict and promote international peace.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. "An age-old dream ..." UN Chronicle Sep 1995, v32n3, p. 2 (1 pages)

ABSTRACT: UN Secy-Gen Boutros Boutros-Ghali says the UN expresses the age-old dream of universal cooperation. The UN charter is the foundation stone of international relations. People have embraced ideals of peace and security through the UN.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. "The 38th floor." UN Chronicle Dec 1994, v31n4, p. 2-3

ABSTRACT: Excerpts from speeches by UN Secy-Gen Boutros Boutros-Ghali are presented on topics such as public opinion to promote peace and the worldwide thirst for democracy.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. "An agenda for peace : One year later." Orbis Summer 1993, v37n3, p. 323-332

ABSTRACT: A report by the UN Secretary-General entitled "An Agenda for Peace," which was released in Jun 1992, offered recommendations for improving international peace and security. A look at how those recommendations have been implemented is presented.

Boutros Ghali, Boutros. "UN peace-keeping in a new era : A new chance for peace."

ABSTRACT: A new spirit of cooperation among states that are working within the framework of the UN is a result of the end of the Cold War and a beginning in the work of the UN for peace. The challenges the UN faces and suggestions that could enable the UN to live up to the original promise of the Charter are discussed.

Bova, Ben. "Future war ... future peace." Omni Nov 1993, v16n2, p. 51-65

ABSTRACT: Armed confrontation will have a profound impact on how war will be waged or peace kept in the future. Wars fought throughout the world in the 1990s and the work of the UN's International Peacekeeping Force are discussed.

Bova, Ben. "Future war ... future peace." Omni Nov 1993, v16n2, p. 51-65

Bovt, Georgy. "The Russian-American summit : The presidents' jokes." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Nov 22, 1995, v47n43, p. 7

ABSTRACT: At the summit between Boris Yeltsin and Bill Clinton, neither man chose to discuss NATO's expansion eastward or who will have command over Russian peacekeepers in Bosnia-Hercegovina.

Bowermaster, David.; Duffy, Brian.; Auster, Bruce B.; Robinson, Linda. "Dealing with a bad hand?" US News & World Report Oct 3, 1994, v117n13, p. 26-31

ABSTRACT: With US troops on the ground in Haiti, occupying the country will prove to be a very tricky business. The US role as peacekeeper in restoring democracy to Haiti is discussed.

Bowers, Joyce. "Is the War in El Salvador Really Over?" Utne Reader May 1992, n51, p. 32-35

ABSTRACT: If the UN-sponsored peace accords recently made between the Salvadoran government and the FMLN guerrillas work, El Salvador could be a model for social reform in the post-Cold War world. The middle-ground peace agreements could represent a historic landmark for the world.

Boyer, Mark A. "Trading public goods in the Western alliance system." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1989, v33n4, p. 700-727

ABSTRACT: An illustrative model that posits the existence of burden sharing across such issue areas as trade among the Western allies is presented. The model yields different conclusions regarding the nature of alliance burden sharing.

Boyle, Elizabeth Heger.; Lawler, Edward J. "Resolving Conflict Through Explicit Bargaining." Social Forces Jun 1991, v69n4, p. 1183-1204

ABSTRACT: The impact of conciliatory initiatives on conflict resolution in two party bargaining is analyzed. Some general, ABSTRACT conditions under which two parties in conflict can produce conciliation and reach agreements without the intervention of third parties are suggested.

Boyte, Harry Chatten "Community service and civic education." Phi Delta Kappan v. 72 (June '91) p. 765-7

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Citizenship education.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on volunteer youth service. Community service has been widely touted as a cure for young people's political apathy, but it actually teaches little about the art of participation in public life. Community service can introduce students to other cultures, provide them with experiential learning, and aid their personal growth. Such projects do little to introduce students to the political process or the broader political issues implied by their activities, however. Moreover, they usually do not teach the political skills that are needed to solve society's problems, such as public judgment, the collaborative exercise of power, conflict resolution, negotiation, bargaining, and holding oneself and others accountable.

Bozzone, Meg A. "Spend less time refereeing and more time teaching." Instructor Jul 1994, v104n1, p. 88-93

ABSTRACT: Teachers can improve their teaching time by helping students learn how to resolve conflicts on their own. Advice on how to teach students conflict resolution skills is offered.

Brabyn, Howard. "Birth of an ideal." The Courier (Unesco) v. 38 (Oct. '85) p. 5+

ABSTRACT: UNESCO--the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization--grew out of the intellectual climate in London during World War II. Because of the Axis occupations, London was the site of seven allied governments-in-exile as well as many refugee intellectuals. The Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) was formed to plan the future of education in post-war Europe, and its goals were mirrored in many UNESCO programs. An American delegation arrived at a CAME conference with proposals for an international agency for educational and cultural reconstruction. After the establishment of the United Nations at the San Francisco conference in April 1945, scientists persuaded nations attending a London conference to add science to the mission of the new United Nations specialized agency. As American delegate Archibald MacLeish stated, however, the agency's ultimate objective was "the common understanding of men for peace.".

Brams, Steven J.; Doherty, Ann E. "Intransigence in negotiations : The dynamics of disagreement." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1993, v37n4, p. 692-708

ABSTRACT: Three-party negotiations are analyzed in which the players are able not only to rank alternatives but also have a preference for impasse. In a dynamic model, players progessively invoke fallback positions to try to prevent inferior outcomes from being implemented in a game of incomplete information.

Brey, Hansjoerg. "A solution to the Cyprus question : Options and obstacles." RFE/RL Research Report Jul 15, 1994, v3n28, p. 18-25

ABSTRACT: The UN has made the Cyprus question a priority on its peacekeeping and peacemaking agenda for 30 years. In 1992, UN Secy Gen Boutros Boutros Ghali launched an initiative to find a settlement, but UN and US negotiators have failed to achieve a breakthrough.

Brement, Marshall. "U.S.-U.S.S.R.: possibilities in partnership." Foreign Policy v. 84 (Fall '91) p. 107-24

KEY WORDS: United States--Foreign relations--Soviet Union.

ABSTRACT: In the wake of the cold war, the United States and the Soviet Union should collaborate on joint projects and exchanges that will help strengthen bilateral ties, preserve world peace, and help establish a new world order. The United States should join the Soviet Union in supporting the UN and strengthening the force of international law, enlist Soviet help in settling such disputes as the Arab-Israeli conflict and in stopping the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and advanced military technology in the Third World, and conduct joint aid programs with the Soviet Union in the Third World. It should cooperate with the Soviet Union in a range of military matters, including joint exercises, intelligence gathering, UN peacekeeping efforts, handling nuclear and natural disasters, and operating search and rescue teams. Finally, it should cooperate with the Soviet Union in large scale scientific, technical, and cultural exchange programs.

Bremer, Stuart A. "Dangerous Dyads : Conditions Affecting the Likelihood of Interstate War, 1816-1965." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1992, v36n2, p. 309-341

ABSTRACT: Seven factors that affected the likelihood of interstate war in the years between 1816-1965 are discussed. The analysis of data suggests that the idealist prescription for peace may be better than the realist one.

Broladze, Nodar.; Minasyan, Liana. "Georgia." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Oct 12, 1994, v46n37, p. 24-25

ABSTRACT: Two officers from Russian peacekeeping forces were killed in Abkhazia Georgia. The murder of the officers occurred in the zone of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict just before the return of Georgian refugees to Abkhazia.

Brown, Frank Dexter. "Under specter of Pretoria, Namibia moves to freedom." Black Enterprise v. 19 (June '89) p. 52

KEY WORDS: Namibia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: The southwest African territory of Namibia is scheduled to become an independent state, but many Namibians and international observers fear that South Africa, which has ruled the former German colony since 1916, will continue to assert its authority. On April 1, United Nations peacekeeping forces arrived to safeguard the country's transition to independence and to oversee Namibia's first free elections on November 1. Sam Nujoma, the head of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) and the likely winner of the election, predicts that South Africa will resort to violence if SWAPO wins in a landslide. His fears have been exacerbated by the UN's decision to cut the peacekeeping force in half. Even a free Namibia will be tied to South Africa economically. Moreover, because of colonialism, few natives have the necessary skills to rule.

Brown, Harrison. "Toward a strategy for peace (IV)." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 42 (May '86) p. 3

KEY WORDS: Nuclear warfare--Prevention.

ABSTRACT: Part of a series on reducing the dangers of the nuclear arms race. Eliminating nuclear weapons from Europe requires more than bilateral agreements between the United States and the Soviet Union; it is important that the United States, Britain, and France discuss their respective roles in future reductions of nuclear arms. Even if these three nations cannot reach an agreement, however, the United States should proceed with bilateral negotiations with the USSR. If necessary, NATO should increase expenditures for conventional weapons until effective peacekeeping machinery and limitations on force levels are in place, but negotiations should be accelerated to forestall any perceived need for a conventional weapons buildup.

Brown, Harrison. "The Gorbachev proposals." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 42 (Mar. '86) p. 3

KEY WORDS: Nuclear weapons--Testing--Suspension.Disarmament.

ABSTRACT: General Secretary Gorbachev's sweeping proposal for U.S.-Soviet negotiations is the most encouraging event on the disarmament/arms control front in years. President Reagan has taken a moderate stance toward Gorbachev's ideas, rejecting out of hand only the moratorium on nuclear testing. Before Gorbachev's proposal that nuclear weapons be eliminated by the end of the century could be adopted, many issues would have to be resolved. A minimal level of nuclear deterrence will be required until effective peacekeeping machinery is developed. Nonetheless, Gorbachev's suggestions merit serious consideration. The United States should agree to negotiate, using the Gorbachev list as an initial agenda, and Washington should join the USSR in a nuclear test moratorium. But cancellation of the Strategic Defense Initiative, a precondition to any Soviet disarmament or arms control agreement, would be extremely difficult at this point.

Brown, Robert McAfee "Elie Wiesel: writer as peacemaker." The Christian Century v. 103 (Nov. 5 '86) p. 964-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Nobel prizes.Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), in literature.

ABSTRACT: The Nobel Prize Committee's decision to award this year's peace prize to Elie Wiesel was an appropriate commentary on his own dictum that "words can sometimes, in moments of grace, attain the quality of deeds." Throughout his 30-year writing career, Wiesel's words have been peacemaking deeds. In everything Wiesel does, he insists that all persons are worthy of infinite respect. His moral passion includes anger but never hatred. Not only does Wiesel quarrel with human iniquity, but also with God. By taking God seriously, Wiesel urges, we find that we have to take God's creatures seriously as well.

Brueggemann, Walter. "Truth-telling and peacemaking: a reflection on Ezekiel." The Christian Century v. 105 (Nov. 30 '88) p. 1096-8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Bible. O.T. Ezekiel.Religion and peace.Truthfulness.

ABSTRACT: The Old Testament prophet Ezekiel's message was that peace is impossible without truth. In today's world, we impede the progress of peace by masking painful truths about poverty, homelessness, and oppression. We have become afraid to hope for a better world, fearfully embracing what we have and proclaiming it the best there is. Our world has serious problems, but they can be overcome if we have the courage to acknowledge them.

Bryant, Lee. "The Balkans : UN-Helpful Presence." New Statesman & Society Oct 16, 1992, v5n224, p. 24-25

ABSTRACT: The UN's mission in the Yugoslavia region should be changed from a peace-keeping effort to a program designed to deliver humanitarian aid. With the cold weather closing in, Bosnian Muslims are facing terrible suffering.

Bryden, Matt. "Status quo ante?" Africa Report May 1994, v39n3, p. 18-23

ABSTRACT: The departure of US troops from Somalia in Mar 1994 meant the end of uncertainty and violence for Mogadishu residents. The UN needs to seize the present opportunity to negotiate peace agreements among the country's warring factions.

Buchsbaum, Herbert. "Crimes without punishment?." Scholastic Update (Teachers' edition) v. 126 (Mar. 25 '94) p. 13

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: War crime trials.Serbia--Nationalism.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Atrocities.

ABSTRACT: Part of an issue on the civil war in Bosnia. An international United Nations tribunal has been created to try Bosnian Serbs for war crimes, but it may not be possible to bring these people to justice. Serbs have been accused of systematically raping women, indiscriminately bombing civilians, torturing and starving prisoners, and driving some 2 million people from their homes--acts that are defined by international law as war crimes. Such law was used successfully to try Nazi war criminals at a special tribunal at Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, but the new UN tribunal would face obstacles unknown at Nuremberg that would make it difficult to arrest Serbian war criminals. Furthermore, some diplomats oppose opening a trial at the same time that they are trying to negotiate a peace treaty with those likely to be accused of war crimes.

Buck, Susan J.; Gleason, Gregory W.; Jofuku, Mitchel S. '"The institutional imperative" : Resolving transboundary water conflict in arid agricultural regions of the United States and the Commonwealth of Independent States.' Natural Resources Journal Summer 1993, v33n3, p. 595-628

ABSTRACT: Water management systems in arid agricultural regions of the US and the Commonwealth of Independent States are discussed. In transboundary disputes, appropriators turn to the state for conflict resolution, which strengthens the state internally but diminishes the ability of lower level institutions to resolve disputes.

Buckley, William F. (William Frank) "On the Stark front." National Review v. 39 (July 3 '87) p. 58-9

KEY WORDS: Stark (Warship)--Iraqi missile attack, 1987.

ABSTRACT: In the wake of the attack on the Stark in the Persian Gulf, Americans are becoming increasingly convinced that the Europeans are not pulling their weight in the peacekeeping operation. The death of 37 Americans does not automatically invalidate the policy that placed them in the Gulf, but one must ask why the United States should continue to shoulde

Buckley, William F Jr. "Let war settle Yugoslavia." National Review Jun 26, 1995, v47n12, p. 70

ABSTRACT: The international peacekeeping forces should be pulled out of Bosnia, and the arms embargo in the conflict should be lifted. The war should define itself and what will be left of Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Budhos, Marina. "The new peacekeepers." Ms. May 1995, v5n6, p. 16

ABSTRACT: On the eve of the evacuation of UN troops from Mogadishu Somalia, hundreds of women protested in the middle of the city, campaigning for peace in the absence of peacekeeping troops. Efforts of women in Somalia are discussed.

Budiansky, Stephen. "A new test of wills." U.S. News & World Report v. 111 (Sept. 30 '91) p. 44-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Iraq.Disarmament--Inspection.United States--Foreign relations--Iraq.

ABSTRACT: The Bush administration is stepping up pressure on Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein, who refuses to cooperate with the UN-ordered elimination of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. Since his defeat in Operation Desert Storm, Hussein has reneged on pledges of democratization, blocked UN relief activities in southern Iraq, stonewalled in autonomy talks with the Kurds, and tried to stymie UN inspectors' plans to search suspected weapons sites in Iraq. Reflecting Washington's growing impatience with Hussein, George Bush has threatened to send armed aircraft to escort the UN inspection teams. This endless test of wills could prove to be a difficult challenge. America's military options are less clearcut than they were last January, and the political consequences are formidable in light of an upcoming election and the Arab-Israeli peace talks that the administration hopes to get under way next month.

Bulavinov, Ilya. "It's easier to reach agreement in the field." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Nov 29, 1995, v47n44, p. 27-28

ABSTRACT: Pavel Grachev's visit to the US in an attempt to reach an agreement to govern Russia's participation in the peacekeeping operation in Bosnia proved to be very successful for Moscow. Details of Grachev's trip are discussed.

Burns, John F. "Bosnia legislators reject peace plan in a lopsided vote." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Sept. 30 '93) p. A1+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Muslims--Bosnia and HercegovinaPolitics and government.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.Serbia--Nationalism.Croatia--Nationalism.

ABSTRACT: The Muslim-dominated parliament in Bosnia and Herzegovina has rejected an international peace plan to partition the devastated republic into 3 ethnic states for Croats, Muslims, and Serbs. The plan has been sent back to European Community and United Nations negotiators with a demand that "territories seized by force" be returned to Bosnia's Muslims.

Burns, John F. "Serbian forces fail to meet U.N. withdrawal deadline." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 13 '93) p. A8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.Serbia--Nationalism.Sarajevo (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1991- .Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: Serbian forces besieging Sarajevo let a United Nations deadline pass without complying with demands that Serbian troops be withdrawn from 2 strategic mountains overlooking the Bosnian capital. According to negotiators in Geneva, the Serbs had agreed to binding arbitration on the issue, and the threat of NATO air strikes against the Serbs was not carried out.

Burns, John F. "A siege by any other name would be as painful." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 17 '93) p. A6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.Sarajevo (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1991- .Serbia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: United Nations officials object to the use of the word siege to describe what the Serbian forces have imposed on Sarajevo. Because UN officials are operating under a mandate that gives priority to delivering relief supplies across Serbian lines, they have usually sought to avoid giving offense to the heavily armed Serbian nationalists.

Burns, John F. "U.N. fails to stem Muslim rebellion in Bosnia." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 7 '93) p. A15

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Muslims--Bosnia and Hercegovina.Bihac (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Politics and government.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: United Nations-sponsored efforts to stem a rebellion in Bihac, a breakaway Muslim enclave in the northwestern corner of Bosnia, have faltered. The rebellion is led by Fikret Abdic, a Muslim businessman and longtime rival of Bosnian president Alija Izetbegovic.

Burns, John F. "U.N. reports Serbs are pulling back on Sarajevo front." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 14 '93) p. 1+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Sarajevo (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1991- .Serbia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: On August 13, Lieut. Gen. Francis Briquemont, the top UN commander in Sarajevo, said that the Serbs had withdrawn most of their troops from 2 strategic mountains southwest of the Bosnian capital, clearing the way for the resumption of peace talks in Geneva on August 16. Briquemont stated that the Serbs have promised to finish their pullout on August 14.

Busch, Marc L.; Reinhardt, Eric R. "Nice strategies in a world of relative gains." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1993, v37n3, p. 427-445

ABSTRACT: The robustness of Robert Axelrod's findings about the debate between neoliberals and realists in the field of international relations is assessed. It is found that cooperation can emerge even under strong relative gains concerns.

Bush, George. "The U.S. and Africa : The Republican Record." Africa Report Sep 1992, v37n5, p. 13-17

ABSTRACT: Policy achievements of the Bush Administration in Africa since the president took office in 1988 are highlighted. Efforts have been made at conflict resolution in Angola, Ethiopia, Mozambique and Liberia.

Bush, George. "Address to the United Nations General Assembly in New York City." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Sep 28, 1992, v28n39, p. 1697-1701

ABSTRACT: The UN General Assembly's peacekeeping efforts, nuclear nonproliferation efforts and economic development activities are praised.

ort to Congress on the progress of negotiations toward a settlement in Cyprus, President Bush notes that the Greek and Turkish Cypriot factions have agreed to continue their search for an acceptable peace settlement under the auspices of the UN secretary-general.

Bush, George "American hostages in the Middle East." Department of State Bulletin v. 89 (Oct. '89) p. 66-9

KEY WORDS: Lebanon hostage cases, 1984-1991.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Higgins, William R. Kidnapping.

ABSTRACT: In a series of remarks and statements, President Bush expresses his outrage at the alleged hanging by pro-Iranian terrorists of Lt. Col. William R. Higgins, the kidnapped chief of the UN peacekeeping force in southern Lebanon. He calls on all parties who hold hostages in the Middle East to release them as a humanitarian gesture and notes that his administration has exercised every conceivable diplomatic channel in this matter.

Bush, George ": The United Nations: power to act for peace and freedom." US Department of State Dispatch v. 3 (Feb. 3 '92) p. 76-7

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--Security Council (Meetings: 1992)United Nations--United States.

ABSTRACT: In an excerpt from his address to the UN Security Council, President George Bush discusses the role of the UN: With the collapse of imperial communism and the end of the cold war, the time has come for the UN to make internal reforms, accelerate revitalization, and take on responsibilities that will make it vigorous and effective. Immediate attention must be given to regional conflicts, renegade regimes, terrorism, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. In addition, democracy, human rights, and the rule of law must be emphasized as the building blocks of freedom.

Bush, George "The challenge of building peace." Vital Speeches of the Day v. 58 (Oct. 1 <O 15> '91) p. 2-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--United States.United Nations.--General Assembly (46th session)

ABSTRACT: U.S. president George Bush addresses the 46th session of the UN General Assembly in New York City: The revival of history brought about by the end of the superpower competition that defined world politics for half a century holds opportunities as well as perils. Today, people have a chance to pursue their innate instincts for enterprise, and there are new opportunities for economic growth, democracy, and international cooperation. It is essential, however, to remain vigilant against nuclear proliferation, terrorism, and the spread of chemical and biological weapons and the missiles that deliver them. The United States actively seeks not a Pax Americana but a Pax Universalis, founded upon shared responsibilities and aspirations. The UN, meanwhile, can bring new life to the institutions of freedom that have long lain dormant.

Bush, George "The United Nations in a new era." US Department of State Dispatch v. 2 (Sept. 30 '91) p. 718-21

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--United States.United Nations.--General Assembly (46th session)

ABSTRACT: In an address before the UN General Assembly, President George Bush discusses the UN's role in building peace and prosperity in the post-cold war era. He states that economic progress will play a vital role in nurturing democracy, and he urges all parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to reach a successful conclusion in the Uruguay Round of talks. He asks the General Assembly to repeal Resolution 3379, which equates Zionism with racism, and he urges all countries to band together to support his plan to stop and reverse the accumulation of arms in the Middle East. He endorses keeping UN sanctions against Iraq in place as long as Saddam Hussein is in power.

Bush, George "US efforts to achieve compliance with UN resolutions." US Department of State Dispatch v. 2 (Sept. 23 '91) p. 695

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Iraq.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Peace and mediation.Iraq--Politics and government.United States--Foreign relations--Iraq.

ABSTRACT: In a letter to the speaker of the House of Representatives and the president pro tempore of the Senate, President George Bush discusses efforts to achieve compliance with UN resolutions concerning the Persian Gulf War. He says that although inspections and other activities related to Iraqi weapons called for by Resolution 687 are progressing, Iraq continues to misrepresent its weapons activities. Iraq, he reports, is preventing inspection teams from locating equipment subject to elimination under the resolution. These activities, he maintains, will not be tolerated by the United States, and steps will be taken to ensure compliance with Resolution 687 if the situation continues.

Bush, George "Aggression in the Gulf." Vital Speeches of the Day v. 57 (Oct. 15 '90) p. 2-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--General Assembly (45th session)United Nations--Persian Gulf region.Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--American intervention.

ABSTRACT: In an address before the UN General Assembly in New York City, President George Bush calls for the General Assembly to join together to bring the world peacefully into the 21st century. He hopes that the machinery of the United Nations will no longer be frozen by the divisions that plagued nations during the cold war, but he reminds the assembled nations that the cold war's battle of ideas is not the last epic battle of the century. He says that the Persian Gulf crisis proves the need for the United Nations to act to ban weapons and increase democracy, prosperity, and peace for the entire world.

Bush, George "President holds session with news reporters." Department of State Bulletin v. 89 (Apr. '89) p. 5-6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.United States--Foreign relations.

ABSTRACT: In a news conference, President George Bush emphasizes the United States' support of Afghanistan's efforts to create a new, independent government with the end of the Soviet Union's occupation of that country. In particular, President Bush states that the United States will give Afghanistan bilateral humanitarian aid and will support the efforts of the United Nations to aid the country.

Bush, George "Second report on Cyprus." Department of State Bulletin v. 89 (Sept. '89) p. 89

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Cyprus.Cyprus.

ABSTRACT: In a bimonthly rep

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. "Peacemaking and peace-keeping for the next century : The United Nations mission." Vital Speeches of the Day Mar 15, 1995, v61n11, p. 322-324

ABSTRACT: During a speech, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the secretary general of the UN, discusses the UN's mission for peacemaking and peacekeeping during the next century.

Bush, George. "The United Nations : Power to Act for Peace and Freedom." US Department of State Dispatch Feb 3, 1992, v3n5, p. 76-77

ABSTRACT: US support for a vigorous and effective UN Security Council is discussed. The elimination of chemical weapons, arms reduction and terrorism are issues facing the UN.

Bush, George. "The War Is Over : A Framework for Peace." Vital Speeches of the Day Apr 1, 1991, v57n12, p. 354-356

ABSTRACT: A discussion of the end of war in the Persian Gulf is offered. The victory of the coalition in the Gulf is also a victory for the UN and allied military leaders. Opportunities for a new world peace are explored.

Bush, George. "World Must Work for Peace, Prosperity, Bush Tells U.N." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Sep 28, 1991, v49n39, p. 2815-2816

ABSTRACT: Challenges for building peace and prosperity in a post-Cold War era are discussed. Pursuing peaceful resolutions of border disputes, changing the UN General Assembly "Zionism is racism" resolution and reducing arms in the Middle East are presented as ways of securing peace.

Bolton, John R. "Iraqi Non-Compliance with UN Security Council Resolutions." US Department of State Dispatch Jul 29, 1991, v2n30, p. 545-547

ABSTRACT: Pending policy issues and their implications for the UN's future role in bringing lasting peace and security to the Persian Gulf are discussed. Iraq's refusal to abide by UN resolutions are examined.

Bush, George. "Statement on Resolution 687 by President Bush." US Department of State Dispatch Apr 8, 1991, v2n14, p. 235

ABSTRACT: Resolution 687 creates the basis for a formal cease-fire in the Persian Gulf and a force to monitor the legal border between Iraq and Kuwait. The resolution is discussed.

Bush, George. "Opening Session of Middle East Peace Conference." US Department of State Dispatch Feb 1992, v3 (Suppl. 2), p. 8-9

ABSTRACT: Establishing peace in the Middle East is discussed. Negotiations to establish peace between Middle East countries are being conducted according to UN Security Resolutions 242 and 338.

Bush, George. "The United Nations : Forging a Genuine Global Community." US Department of State Dispatch Sep 28, 1992, v3n39, p. 721-724

ABSTRACT: The challenges facing the UN in the 21st century and in light of a changing world order are discussed, focusing on the organization's power to promote peace and prevent wars, to stop nuclear weapons proliferation and to strengthen international economic growth.

Bush, George. "Letter To Congressional Leaders Reporting on the Cyprus Conflict." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Mar 2, 1992, v28n9, p. 333-334

ABSTRACT: The status of UN-led negotiations to resolve the conflict in Cyprus is discussed, covering mid-Oct 1991 through Dec 1991. During this time, there was a long pause in the negotiation process, in large part associated with national elections in Turkey.

Bush, George. "Letter to Congressional leaders reporting on Iraq's compliance with United Nations Security Council resolutions." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Jul 20, 1992, v28n29, p. 1261-1263

ABSTRACT: The status of efforts to obtain compliance by Iraq with resolutions by the UN Security Council is reported upon. The treatment of Iraq's citizens will continue to be carefully monitored.

Buunk, Bram P.; Schaap, Cas.; Prevoo, Nicolle. "Conflict Resolution Styles Attributed to Self and Partner in Premarital Relationships." Journal of Social Psychology Dec 1990, v130n6, p. 821-823

ABSTRACT: To understand conflicts in personal relationships, it is important to obtain insight on how people perceive their own and others' conflict styles. A study examined the perceptions that young Dutch men and women had of their own as well as their partner's way of dealing with conflicts in their intimate relationships.

Butterfield, Tom. "Building a team." Progressive Grocer v. 72 pt2 (Sept. '93) p. 16-17

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Hannaford Bros. Co.--Management.Category management.Grocery trade--Management.Team work in industry.

ABSTRACT: Part of a supplement on category management. Hannaford Bros. of Scarborough, Maine, shifted to category management because the company's buyer/merchandiser structure could no longer keep pace with its growth. The shift began with a meeting of all the people to be involved in the restructuring. Category manager candidates were selected based on their initiative, creativity, technical knowledge, and skills in analysis, negotiation, strategy, and management. A new category management team was built about every 2 months. As the new structure developed and the teams were put into place, the company began to change the thought process from the very narrow focus of the buyer/merchandiser to a more global cross-functional view. Training programs on team building, conflict resolution, management effectiveness assessment, and creativity were developed to give the category managers a greater understanding of their global importance.

Byrnes, Joseph F. "Negotiating : Master the Ethics." Personnel Journal Jun 1987, v66n6, p. 96-101

ABSTRACT: The average manager spends as much as 20% of his or her time dealing with conflict and its resolution, through the process of negotiations. The issue is whether the negotiation process can be effective, as well as ethical.

Byron, William J. "Peace Studies Should be Taught as 'the History and Management of Conflict Resolution'." Chronicle of Higher Education Nov 23, 1988, v35n13, p. B2-B3

ABSTRACT: A program should be instituted to prepare professionals to work for unity at all levels of national life, including the levels at which this country reaches out to other nations.

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Cafasso, Rosemary. "Consolidated : Miles to go before it rests." Computerworld May 3, 1993, v27n18, p. 117

ABSTRACT: Consolidated Edison of New York is working on a client/server-based customer information system that will handle account management, inquiries and conflict resolution.

Cahill, Kevin M. (Kevin Michael) "A necessary balance." America v. 169 (Aug. 28-Sept. 4 '93) p. 6-10

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces.Relief work--International aspects.

ABSTRACT: Former UN Secretary General Brian Urquhart's recent proposal to create a standing army for the UN's disposal is a perverse idea that illustrates how ready world leaders are to believe that armed force can break the cycle of revolution and violence. Military power has its uses, but it is the most costly and most transient way to address the ethnic, religious, racial, and economic differences at the heart of so many conflicts. Any new military capability for the UN must be balanced by an expanded humanitarian component that might pave the way for peace by creating corridors of understanding. The financial base of UN humanitarian operations should be put on the same footing as peacekeeping operations so that funds for food supplies and other assistance measures can be guaranteed.

Cahill, Kevin M. (Kevin Michael) "A necessary balance." America v. 169 (Aug. 28-Sept. 4 '93) p. 6-10

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces.Relief work--International aspects.

Cahoon, Peggy. "Contemporary Issues--Children and Violence : Mediator Magic." Educational Leadership Dec 1987, v45n4, p. 92-94

ABSTRACT: A student mediator program at William E. Ferron Elementary School in Las Vegas NV is profiled. Since implementing the program, playground disputes and other discipline problems have decreased dramatically while students have learned conflict resolution techniques.

Cairns, Robert D. "Natural Resources and Canadian Federalism : Decentralization, Recurring Conflict, and Resolution." Publius Winter 1992, v22n1, p. 55-70

ABSTRACT: A recurring challenge of Canadian natural resource policy has been to balance interrelated powers of provincial governments and the federal government. Frictions that may result with new types of interests in the resource sector are discussed.

Calano, James.; Salzman, Jeff. "How to turn heat into light." Working Woman v. 13 (Mar. '88) p. 122-3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict resolution.Communication in management.

ABSTRACT: An excerpt from CareerTracking presents 12 strategies for resolving office conflicts and turning them into gains.

Callister, Jerry P.; Mitchell, Linda.; Tolley, Grant. "Profiling family preservation efforts in Utah." Children Today v. 15 (Nov./Dec. '86) p. 23-5+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Child welfare--Utah.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special issue on family-based services designed to prevent out-of-home placement of children. Utah's Family Preservation Project seeks to prevent the unnecessary removal of children and youths by providing families with effective coping skills and awareness of community family-support resources. The program's counselors work with client families to negotiate goals, which are then divided into small, achievable steps. Parents are taught parenting skills, time and financial management, conflict resolution, communication, negotiation, and impulse control. Most clients are multiproblem families who make frequent use of public social and mental health services and are repeatedly involved with child protective service agencies and juvenile courts. Thus far, the program has prevented out-of-home placements for 85 percent of the children served, and clients rate project services as more helpful than other counseling experiences.

Camara, Kathleen A.; Resnick, Gary. "Styles of Conflict Resolution and Cooperation Between Divorced Parents : Effects on Child Behavior and Adjustment." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Oct 1989, v59n4, p. 560-575

ABSTRACT: Results of a study of family functioning following divorce suggest ways in which the parents' ongoing relationship may moderate the effects of divorce on their children. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Came, Barry. "A nation in the making." Maclean's v. 102 (Mar. 27 '89) p. 25+

KEY WORDS: United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia.Namibia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: After 23 years of sporadic warfare and nearly 75 years of South African control, the southwest African colony of Namibia hopes to achieve independence by April 1990 with the help of a UN peacekeeping army. The United Nations Transition Assistance Group will oversee elections, scheduled for November, to choose a constituent assembly. Most Namibians, including the country's approximately 100,000 whites, expect the black nationalist guerrillas of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) to win a free election. As a result, as many as 10,000 whites are preparing to leave the country once nationhood is achieved. SWAPO's president has already promised whites full citizenship and protection of their investments in an effort to forestall a mass exodus.

Came, Barry.; Wilson-Smith, Anthony. "The outrage of Bosnia." Maclean's Jul 24, 1995, v108n30, p. 22-24

ABSTRACT: The latest moves by the Serbs in Bosnia are challenging the credibility of the UN. The fates of Canadian peacekeepers stranded at two observation points in Bosnia are discussed. So far, Canada has taken no clear position on the situation in Bosnia.

Came, Barry. "Maclean's honor roll 1994 : Romeo Dallaire." Maclean's Dec 26, 1994, v107n52, p. 60-61

ABSTRACT: Maj-Gen Romeo Dallaire, the commander of the UN Rwanda mission, is profiled. Dallaire has won many military honors in his career, but he still has misgivings about what happened in Rwanda.

Came, Barry. "The West draws a line." Maclean's Jul 31, 1995, v108n31, p. 28-29

ABSTRACT: The continuing tragedy in Bosnia is examined. Western officials have condemned actions by Bosnian Serbs, but few feel they are listening to the criticism.

Campbell, John C. "Recent Books on International Relations." Foreign Affairs Winter 1988, v67n2, p. 174

ABSTRACT: John C. Campbell reviews "United Nations, Divided World" edited by Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury.

Campbell, John C. "Recent Books on International Relations : The Middle East--Reaching for the Olive Branch." Foreign Affairs Summer 1990, v69n3, p. 187

ABSTRACT: John C. Campbell reviews "Reaching for the Olive Branch: UNRWA and Peace in the Middle East," by Milton Viorst.

Campbell, John C. "Recent Books on International Relations : Political and Legal." Foreign Affairs Summer 1989, v68n3, p. 163

ABSTRACT: John C. Campbell reviews "Fires All Around the Horizon: The U.N.'s Uphill Battle to Preserve the Peace," by Max Harrelson.

Cano, Antonio. "Blue Helmets in the Red." World Press Review Jul 1992, v39n7, p. 33

ABSTRACT: In a world in transition, more and more countries are turning to the UN to contain conflict, but at this crucial time, the UN finds itself short of money. In 1992, the UN will have to spend $2.5 billion for peacekeeping, compared to $500 million in 1991.

Caplan, Marlene.; Vespo, JoEllen. "Conflict and Its Resolution in Small Groups of One- and Two-Year-Olds." Child Development Dec 1991, v62n6, p. 1513-1524

ABSTRACT: Results of a study showed that older children and groups dominated by boys, relative to younger children and groups dominated by girls, were less likely to use force and more likely to resolve disputes in prosocial ways.

Caplan, Neil. "A Tale of Two Cities : The Rhodes and Lausanne Conferences, 1949." Journal of Palestine Studies Spring 1992, v21n3, p. 5-34

ABSTRACT: The 1949 peace conferences on the island of Rhodes and at Lausanne Switzerland offer lessons for successful mediation and conflict resolution. A summary of these two conferences based on new archival materials is presented.

Caragata, Warren. "A change of heart." Maclean's v. 107 (Mar. 21 '94) p. 16-17

KEY WORDS: Liberal Party (Canada)Canada--Foreign relations.

PERSONAL NAMES AS SUBJECT: Ouellet, Andre.

ABSTRACT: Andre Ouellet, Canada's new minister of foreign affairs, is giving the country's foreign policy a make-over. The emphasis of the Canadian government, according to Ouellet, will be on domestic economics, specifically the creation of jobs. Canada under Ouellet and other Liberal policymakers will be less outspoken about human rights, less lavish with foreign aid, less willing to sign up for peacekeeping duties, and more aggressive in promoting its exports. Discussed are the foreign policy role of International Trade Minister Roy MacLaren, Canada's relations with China, and the money to be saved with reductions in peacekeeping and foreign aid.

Caragata, Warren. "Caught in the middle." Maclean's Dec 5, 1994, v107n49, p. 30

ABSTRACT: Fifty-five Canadian peacekeepers in Bosnia are being held behind Serb lines. The Serbs are also holding UN soldiers from Holland, France, Russia and Ukraine. Talks continue to try to liberate the peacekeepers.

Caragata, Warren. "Making a difference." Maclean's Sep 19, 1994, v107n38, p. 32

ABSTRACT: In an interview, Maj-Gen Romeo Dallaire, head of the UN peacekeeping forces in Rwanda, discusses his work in Rwanda, the possibility of a unified military command at the UN and improvements that can be made to the UN forces.

Carnevale, David G. "Root dynamics of alternative dispute resolution: an illustrative case in the U.S. Postal Service." Public Administration Review (Washington, D.C.) v. 53 (Sept./Oct. '93) p. 455-61

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United States Postal Service--Human resource management.Grievance procedures.Alternative dispute resolution.

ABSTRACT: A case study of the U.S. Postal Service's experimental use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) shows that this approach to handling employee grievances settles confrontations quickly at the local level, provides satisfactory outcomes and promotes better communication and problem-solving ability. The study examines the Union Management Pairs (UMP) experiment in the greater Oklahoma City area, using information obtained from union and management members. UMP teams usually consist of one union representative and one designated management agent who work with frontline supervisors and union stewards to settle contract differences or violations at the lowest possible organizational level. By fostering participation, improving communication, providing timely decisions, and building trust, the UMP approach greatly limits the opportunity for conflicts to intensify and reduces the time and money costs of conflict resolution.

Carlson, Lisa J. "A theory of escalation and international conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1995, v39n3, p. 511-534

ABSTRACT: A two-sided incomplete information model to identify the kinds of escalation strategies that countries are likely to adopt in conflict is presented.

Carlsson-Paige, Nancy.; Levin, Diane E. "A constructivist approach to conflict resolution." Education Digest Mar 1993, v58n7, p. 10-15

ABSTRACT: An approach that teaches elements of constructive conflict resolution is discussed. It is important to define the problem and follow with brainstorming, negotiating and finally choosing a solution that will satisfy both teachers and students.

Carment, David.; James, Patrick. "Internal constraints and interstate ethnic conflict : Toward a crisis-based assessment of irredentism." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1995, v39n1, p. 82-109

ABSTRACT: Two theoretical orientations, the instrumental and affective, have purported to explain interstate ethnic conflict. An investigation provides an initial assessment of the ability of affective motivations to account for properties of international crises.

Cornish, Edward S. "World peace: a dream that could come true." The Futurist v. 20 (Mar./Apr. '86) p. 2+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Peace.

ABSTRACT: There are reasons to believe that global peace may one day be a reality. Many people are now working toward this dream. The establishment of the U.S. Institute of Peace is an indication of the United States' commitment to the concept of peacemaking. Modern communications have promoted a sense of global unity, and modern weapons have discouraged nations from engaging in war. Technological improvements should ultimately provide higher standards of living worldwide. Electronic surveillance may make it possible to forestall attacks. Many universities and institutes are conducting research on topics such as conflict resolution, negotiation, and the social forces that generate conflict. Scholars have identified alternatives to resolving conflicts through warfare. All of these activities reinforce the belief that global peace is a realistic goal.

Carr, Janet.; Isaacs, Florence. "The growing years : Learning to get along." Good Housekeeping Sep 1994, v219n3, p. 177, 210

ABSTRACT: In conflict-resolution programs operated in public and private schools, children are taught to identify and communicate how they feel, listen to the other person and try to understand his or her feelings and decide how to resolve the situation. Ways in which these strategies can be used at home are examined.

Carter, Jimmy. "Introduction." Journal of Peace Research Feb 1991, v28n1, p. 1-2

ABSTRACT: Mediation is playing an increasingly important role in the resolution of international and civil conflicts. The study of conflict situations and the search for creative methods of conflict resolution must be supported.

Carter, Jimmy "Jimmy Carter on a nation weakened by a lack of trust." Life v. 10 (Oct. '87) p. 26-7

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section presenting four presidents' views on vital issues facing America. America's purpose and reputation have been damaged by the lack of trust among governmental officials and between these officials and the people. It is imperative that a cooperative and respectful relationship be revived between the White House and Congress. An extensive bipartisan review of basic policies by some of the nation's top leaders could help promote cooperation as well as secure continuity and reason in foreign and economic policy. The government should renew its commitment to defending civil rights and helping the poor. Moreover, U.S. influence would be enhanced if it once again became a great champion of human rights abroad. The United Nations would be more effective if powerful member nations supported its peace efforts; for its part, the United States could act as mediator and thereby serve as a positive force in reducing conflicts around the world.

Carter, Jimmy. "Health care for the world : An NGO in partnership with the United Nations." Social

Chanda, Nayan. "Cambodia : Strained ties." Far Eastern Economic Review Dec 17, 1992, v155n50, p. 26-28

ABSTRACT: The Cambodian peace process is deadlocked as the Khmer Rouges distance themselves from other groups. The UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia is involved in a dispute with Thailand over Thailand's activities in Cambodia.

Carter, Jimmy. "Health care for the world : An NGO in partnership with the United Nations." Social Education Nov 1994, v58n7, p. 422-423

ABSTRACT: The medical advances that people in the US take for granted have not reached many people in other nations. An excerpt from "Taking Peace" describes the important role that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play in the UN. Several task forces from the Carter Center are profiled

Carter, Rosalynn. "Leave my husband alone." New Republic Jan 30, 1995, v212n5, p. 4

ABSTRACT: Former First Lady Rosalynn Carter defends her husband, Jimmy Carter, against the attacks on his peacekeeping missions by the editors of "The New Republic."

Carter, Susan.; Melamed, Dennis.; Griffiths, Dave. "A banged-up Iran could be willing to come to terms." Business Week (May 2 '88) p. 49

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988--Peace and mediation.United States--Foreign relations--Iran.

ABSTRACT: The U.S.-Iranian naval shoot-out in the Persian Gulf overshadowed what could be a major step toward ending the eight-year-old Iran-Iraq War: Iraq's recapture of the Fao Peninsula, which Iran had controlled for two years. Iran's unwillingness to withdraw from occupied regions of Iraq has hampered UN peacemaking efforts; the Iraqi recovery of Fao will make that less of an issue. Moreover, there are signs that recent setbacks, including the damaging of Tehran by Iraqi missiles and the flare-up with the United States, have the Iranians reassessing their prospects for victory. Iraq has its own reasons to seek a negotiated settlement, namely a 3-1 edge in manpower for Iran and continued popular support of the Khomeini regime there. For the United States, any peacemaking role may have been compromised by the naval clash with Iran. Eventually, however, Iran's strategic importance will make it clear that relations with it are in the long-term U.S. interest.

Carter, Susan.; Miller, Sarah.; Javetski, Bill.; Pearson, Ruth. "The Gulf War May Finally Start Grinding to a Halt..." Business Week (Industrial/Technology Edition) Aug 1, 1988, n3063, p. 47

ABSTRACT: Iran's sudden July 18, 1988 decision to accept a United Nations resolution calling for a cease-fire in its long, bloody war with Iraq marks an important new phase of the conflict. It doesn't mean peace will suddenly occur.

Carter, Susan.; Miller, Sarah.; Javetski, Bill. "The Gulf War may finally start grinding to a halt . . ." Business Week (Aug. 1 '88) p. 47

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Iran.United Nations--Iraq.Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: Iran has agreed to accept a UN resolution calling for a cease-fire in its war with Iraq, but peace may require weeks or months of diplomatic efforts. Iran is serious about its request for an end to fighting, at least temporarily; Iraqi bombings and deployment of chemical weapons have left many Iranians dead and the country weary of fighting. Moreover, Iranians recognize that they may be able to further the Islamic revolution more effectively by improving their national image than by continuing their current tactics. UN secretary-general Javier Perez de Cuellar is dispatching a team to Baghdad and Tehran to negotiate a date for the cease-fire. His task will be complicated by a UN rule calling for an impartial determination of who started the war.

Cortright, David "The arms race--intervention link." The Center Magazine v. 20 (May/June '87) p. 58-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Disarmament.Military assistance, American--El Salvador.United States--Foreign relations--Anti-Communist measures.

ABSTRACT: Excerpted from the January-February 1987 Nuclear Times. The nuclear arms race and the war in Central America both arise from the underlying assumption of U.S. foreign policymakers that the Soviet Union is the root of all evil. Americans are so blinded by anticommunism that they cannot see that poverty and injustice, not communism, are the most critical problems in the world today. A peacemaking, as opposed to militaristic, foreign policy would include a commitment to both nuclear disarmament and nonintervention.

Cassata, Donna. "Clinton accepts defense bill in bid for Bosnia funds." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Dec 2, 1995, v53n47, p. 3672

ABSTRACT: Pres Clinton set aside his strong opposition to Congress' fiscal 1996 defense spending bill and allowed it to become law without his signature on Dec 1, 1995. Clinton allowed the bill to become law in a bid to seek funds to support his peacekeeping mission in Bosnia-Hercegovina.

Cassata, Donna. "General previews Balkan mission." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Sep 23, 1995, v53n37, p. 2928

ABSTRACT: Army Gen John M. Shalikashvili used his Sep 21, 1995 confirmation hearing to lay out strict parameters for US military participation in a Balkan peacekeeping operation. Shalikashvili was nominated for a second two-year term.

Castelli, Jim. "Catholic Colleges More Likely to Give Peace Studies a Chance." National Catholic Reporter Apr 12, 1991, v27n24, p. 10

ABSTRACT: Nearly one in six Catholic universities has a formal peace-education program in place. Peace studies and conflict resolution programs are discussed.

Cauthern, Ken. "'Return with honor' : The 31st Fighter Wing over Bosnia." VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine Nov 1995, v83n3, p. 16-18

ABSTRACT: Making headlines almost daily, the war in the Balkans has yet to effect America directly. For the fliers of the Air Force's 31st Fighter Wing, however, Bosnian airspace is very hostile and full of surprises, as CAptain Scott O'Grady discovered.

Cesarone, Bernard. "Conflict resolution in the middle grades." Childhood Education Fall 1994, v71n1, p. 55-57

ABSTRACT: Recent Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) documents and journal articles on teaching conflict resolution to students, particularly those in the middle grades, are summarized.

Chae-Han Kim. "Third-Party Participation in Wars." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1991, v35n4, p. 659-677

ABSTRACT: The calculus of third-party participation in ongoing wars was investigated. Results show that a nation is more likely to join a war when the initial belligerents in the conflict have few formal alliances and when many other nations have already joined in the war.

Challinor, Joan R. and Robert L. Beisner. Arms at rest : Peacemaking and peacekeeping in American history. New York : Greenwood Press, 1987.

SUBJECTS:Peace. United States--Foreign relations--1783-1865. United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783--Peace. United States--Foreign relations.

CONTENTS:"May all our citizens be soldiers, and all our soldiers citizens" / Linda K. Kerber -- The problem of dependency after America became independent / David F. Musto -- Trade as a precursor of diplomacy / Harold D. Langley -- Winning the peace / James A. Field, Jr. -- United States expansionism and the British North American provinces, 1783-1871 / Reginald C. Stuart -- The Anglo- American armies and peace, 1783-1868 / Russell F. Weigley -- The precarious peace / Michael A. Lutzker -- The evolution of battle and the prospects of peace / John Keegan.

Chan, Steve.; Clark, Cal.; Davis, David R. "State entrepreneurship, foreign investment, export expansion, and economic growth." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1990, v34n1, p. 102-129

ABSTRACT: Vector autoregression is employed to test for direct Granger causality among state entrepreneurship, foreign investment, export expansion and economic growth in Taiwan. Taiwan was found to be a unique case.

Chanda, Nayan. "Easy scapegoat." Far Eastern Economic Review Oct 22, 1992, v155n42, p. 18

ABSTRACT: As peace and stability eludes the strife-ridden land of Cambodia, Cambodians have begun blaming the UN for rampant corruption, unsafe streets and even traffic accidents. The UN Transitional Authority, or Untac, is believed to be at the heart of the country's problems.

Education Nov 1994, v58n7, p. 422-423

Charney, Ruth. "Teach nonaggression aggressively." Education Digest Sep 1994, v60n1, p. 15-18

ABSTRACT: Teachers and schools can be powerful advocates for teaching peaceful alternatives to violence. The integration of conflict resolution into the curriculum is discussed.

Chernoff, Fred. "Stability and alliance cohesion." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1990, v34n1, p. 92-101

ABSTRACT: The US state strategic arms policy has long differed from its procurement choices. The important reasons why this difference arises are identified in relation to alliance cohesion.

Chesnoff, Richard Z.; Fasulo, Linda. "The United Nations at 50." US News & World Report Jun 26, 1995, v118n25, p. 44

ABSTRACT: In an interview, UN Secy General Boutros Boutros-Ghali discusses the UN's image, the civil war in Bosnia, US neoisolation, the UN's financial crunch, challenges in the next 50 years and whether he will run for a second term.

Chesnoff, Richard Z. "The U.N.--a force at last." U.S. News & World Report v. 112 (Feb. 10 '92) p. 12-13

KEY WORDS: United Nations.

ABSTRACT: Once dismissed as a debating society, the UN is taking on renewed relevance. Through the UN, the world moved almost as one against Iraq's aggression. Since the Persian Gulf War, the UN has continued to stand up to Iraq, challenged Libyan terrorism, and agreed to send a peacekeeping force to Yugoslavia. Currently, the UN is stewarding the end of El Salvador's civil war, organizing a referendum in Morocco, and administering Cambodia. With the crumbling of the old world order crumbles and the reshuffling of the superpowers, the UN is gaining more prominence, but potential triumphs could be blocked by finances. The UN is in the red, costs are mounting, and global recession is inhibiting international willingness to give money. Meanwhile, smaller members are pushing for more clout, and new secretary-general Boutros Boutros Ghali is reportedly planning a shakeup to keep the UN on its new course.

Chetwynd, Josh. "Numbers game." US News & World Report Nov 27, 1995, v119n21, p. 32

ABSTRACT: NATO's plans for peacekeeping forces in Bosnia call for 50% more personnel than the White House says will be needed. The White House's figures do not include the troops already in the region, while NATO's estimate does.

Chhang Song. "Cambodia's year one." Far Eastern Economic Review May 5, 1994, v157n18, p. 34

ABSTRACT: The first anniversary of the UN-backed elections in Cambodia is discussed. Despite early skepticism, the investment of $2.3 billion and 22,000 peacekeeping forces seems to be a good one.

Chirac, Jacques. "50th anniversary of the United Nations - Jacques Chirac." Vital Speeches of the Day Nov 15, 1995, v62n3, p. 69-70

ABSTRACT: Fifty years after the founding of the UN, France still has confidence in the organization and holds high esteem for the Secretary-General. France's commitment to the UN and in the search for genuine disarmament is expressed.

Chittister, Joan. "The dire and painful effects of invisibility." National Catholic Reporter Sep 15, 1995, v31n40, p. 10

ABSTRACT: Chittister describes the rude treatment the passengers on the Peace Train headed to the UN Fourth World Conference on Women got at the Chinese border. She found out what Kazakhstani women face when the train stopped there. (Part 6 of a series)

Chopra, Jarat. "Back to the drawing board." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Mar 1995, v51n2, p. 29-35

ABSTRACT: The framers of the UN Charter never intended for peacekeeping as we know it today. Peace maintenance is what they intended and what should be tried. This will require the coordination of political, military and humanitarian aims.

Chowdhury, Abdur R. "A Causal Analysis of Defense Spending and Economic Growth." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1991, v35n1, p. 80-97

ABSTRACT: The causal relationship between economic growth and defense spending in 55 developing countries is investigated. Results suggest that the relationship can be generalized across countries.

Christopher, Warren.; Albright, Madeleine K. "Explanation of U.S. vote on UN resolution regarding the Hebron massacre." US Department of State Dispatch Apr 4, 1994, v5n14, p. 184-186

ABSTRACT: A resolution dealing with the tragic events in Hebron in the Israeli-occupied territories on Feb 25, 1994 that is before the UN Security Council is discussed. The Council resolution condemns the horrible and tragic massacre of the Palestinian worshipers at the mosque in Hebron by an Israeli extremist.

Christopher, Warren. "United Nations reform : The necessity for far-reaching change." Vital Speeches of the Day Oct 15, 1995, v62n1, p. 2-5

ABSTRACT: The UN has helped to bring peace, prosperity and hope to countless numbers of people around the world. A concrete agenda for reform in the UN is detailed so that the organization can better meet its fundamental goals.

Christopher, Warren. "U.S. strategy to defend human rights and democracy." US Department of State Dispatch Apr 10, 1995, v6n15, p. 295-296

ABSTRACT: US foreign policy initiatives designed to defend human rights and promote democracy worldwide are outlined. Preventive diplomacy, conflict resolution and peace-keeping and justice are elements of this US strategy.

Christopher, Warren. "A new relationship." Africa Report Jul 1993, v38n4, p. 36-39

ABSTRACT: An unprecedented emphasis on Africa as a foreign policy priority of the Clinton Administration is outlined. Human rights, democracy and conflict resolution are the cornerstones of a new US approach to Africa.

Christopher, Warren. "New steps toward conflict resolution in the former Yugoslavia." US Department of State Dispatch Feb 15, 1993, v4n7, p. 81-82

ABSTRACT: A series of steps that Pres Clinton has decided to take to help resolve the civil war in the former Yugoslavia is discussed. It is hoped that meaningful progress can be achieved on a diplomatic resolution to the crisis.

Christopher, Warren. "Contact Group ministers urge strengthening of UNPROFOR." US Department of State Dispatch Jun 5, 1995, v6n23, p. 476-477

ABSTRACT: The Contact Group Ministerial has agreed on the importance of UNPROFOR's presence in Bosnia and has developed some areas of common understanding about their role and function there. The Contact Group plan remains the only feasible basis for a political resolution to the conflict in Bosnia.

Christopher, Warren. "Resources for leadership." US Department of State Dispatch Sep 25, 1995, v6n39, p. 703-705

ABSTRACT: The need for adequate resources to maintain American leadership is discussed. Diplomacy and force are the indivisible instruments of American power.

Christopher, Warren. "United Nations reform : The necessity for far-reaching change." Vital Speeches of the Day Oct 15, 1995, v62n1, p. 2-5

ABSTRACT: The UN has helped to bring peace, prosperity and hope to countless numbers of people around the world. A oncrete agenda for reform in the UN is detailed so that the organization can better meet its fundamental goals.

Church, George J. "Pity the peacekeepers." Time Jun 5, 1995, v145n23, p. 38-40

ABSTRACT: Bosnian Serbs recently responded to NATO bombings by chaining hostages to potential targets. The situation has resulted in another stalemate in the Yugoslavian civil war.

Church, George J. "Let's change the subject." Time v. 126 (Nov. 4 '85) p. 20-3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--General Assembly (40th session)Reagan-Gorbachev summit conference, 1985.United States--Foreign relations--Soviet Union.

ABSTRACT: Ronald Reagan used his speech to the United Nations General Assembly to attempt to refocus the agenda for his upcoming summit with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Looking forward to the November 19 and 20 meeting in Geneva, President Reagan called for a three-step "regional peace process" aimed at ending Soviet military involvement in Afghanistan, Nicaragua, Ethiopia, Angola, and Cambodia. Speaking just two hours after Reagan, however, Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze showed that Moscow will not be moved from talk of arms control or demands that the United States abandon the Strategic Defense Initiative. The Reagan administration, still divided on arms control, is trying to downplay summit expectations. Both Reagan and Gorbachev have held minisummits with their allies, and both sides are avoiding harsh words. But they must do much more to set the stage for an agreement.

Chusmir, Leonard H.; Mills, Joan. "Gender Differences in Conflict Resolution Styles of Managers : At Work and at Home." Sex Roles: A Journal of Research Feb 1989, v20n3-4, p. 149-163

ABSTRACT: Since men and women occupy different roles at work and at home, role theory suggests that they might use different conflict resolution behaviors in each role. A study examined the conflict styles of male and female managers both at home and at work.

Cioffi-Revilla, Caludio.; Lai, David. "War and politics in ancient China, 2700 B.C. to 722 B.C." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1995, v39n3, p. 467-494

ABSTRACT: The first findings on the origins and evolution of war and politics in ancient China from ca. 2700 BC to 772 BC are reported. Evidence shows that warfare began at the latest by 2193 BC.

Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio. "On the Likely Magnitude, Extent, and Duration of an Iraq-UN War." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1991, v35n3, p. 387-411

ABSTRACT: The results of a Nov 1990 study predicted the magnitude of a war between Iraq and the UN coalition, using mathematical models for fatalities, extent and duration.

Citron, Zachary. "We aren't the world." The New Republic v. 200 (May 15 '89) p. 18-19+

KEY WORDS: United Nations.

ABSTRACT: The UN's recent successes have undermined interest in reform at a time when change is urgently needed. The UN can't push through a diplomatic settlement on its own, and it has a hard time even overseeing settlements. Moreover, it is not prepared to take meaningful action to prevent the proliferation of military technologies among nations that might not use them with restraint. The UN could be a more effective force for peace if it had an elite standing army, a unified command for the peacekeeping troops, and a mandate for acting before, rather than after, wars are fought. To better cope with terrorism, the UN needs an intelligence agency that would monitor the flow and use of technologies favored for terrorism, and the international agency eventually should devise better mechanisms for imposing sanctions. So far, the better reform proposals have come from the Soviet Union. President Bush would be wise to respond aggressively to Mikhail Gorbachev's challenge.

Citron, Zachary. "We aren't the world." The New Republic v. 200 (May 15 '89) p. 18-19+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.

Citron, Zachary. "We Aren't the World." New Republic May 15, 1989, v200n20, p. 18-24

ABSTRACT: Although the United Nations has successfully negotiated several peace treaties, it is still an impotent organization, and reforms would be necessary to give it real power. Ideas for strengthening the UN are proposed.

Clancy, Frank.; Hensley, Michelle. "Peace accords." MPLS. St. Paul Dec 1995, v23n12, p. 68-71+

ABSTRACT: Many schools across the US are turning to different types of conflict-resolution programs to settle disputes between children. The state of Minnesota currently funds peer mediation, in which children help each other resolve conflicts.

Clark, David. "Lacking resolutions." New Statesman & Society Jul 9, 1993, v6n260, p. 21

ABSTRACT: The UN has the opportunity to clarify its position on the use of military force to ensure peace and international security. With the focus of principles on human rights, the UN must seize the opportunity to develop its military role.

Clark, David. "Lacking resolutions." New Statesman & Society Jul 9, 1993, v6n260, p. 21

Clark, Jeffrey. "Debacle in Somalia." Foreign Affairs 1992, v72n1, p. 109-123

ABSTRACT: Halfhearted, bungled attempts by UN diplomats, relief agencies and Security Council members all contributed to the anarchy and violence that prompted the invasion by 21,000 US Marines of the famine-and war-riven nation of Somalia. Success in Somalia depends on fashioning a more forceful UN presence and a lasting peace.

Claude, Richard Pierre and Burns H. Weston. Human rights in the world community : issues and action. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, c1992.

SUBJECTS:Human rights.

CONTENTS:Human rights / Burns H. Weston -- Theoretical foundations of human rights / Richard A. Falk -- International human rights and cultural relativism / Fernando R. Teson -- The sovereign territorial state : the right to genocide / Leo Kuper -- Torture as policy / Amnesty International -- Civil rights / Richard B. Lillich -- Race, sex, and religious discrimination in international law / Jack Greenberg -- Refugees : a never-ending story / W.R. Smyser -- Human rights on the periphery : no room in the ark for the Yanomami? / Christian Bay -- Human rights in liberal, socialist, and Third World perspective / Adamantia Pollis -- Realization of social and economic rights and the minimum threshold approach / Asbjorn Eide -- The right of development as a human right / Hector Gross Espiell -- Self-determination as a human right / Hurst Hannum -- Planetary rights / Edith Brown Weiss -- Peace as a human right / Philip Alston. The United Nations and human rights : more than a whimper, less than a roar / Tom J. Farer -- Regional human rights regimes : a comparison and appraisal / Burns H. Weston, Robin Ann Lukes, and Kelly M. Hnatt -- The Helsinki process : birth of a human rights system / Thomas Buergenthal -- Strategies for the international protection of human rights in the 1990s / B.G. Ramcharan -- Human rights and foreign policy / Evan Luard -- Humanitarian intervention and American foreign policy : law, morality, and politics / Jack Donnelly -- Congress and human rights in U.S. foreign policy : the fate of general legislation / David P. Forsythe -- The case of Joelito Filartiga in the courts / Richard P. Claude -- The United States commitment to international human rights / Diane F. Orentlicher -- Human rights nongovernmental organizations / Laurie S. Wiseberg.

Scientists as detectives : investigating human rights / Clyde Collins Snow, Eric Stover, and Kari Hannibal -- Multinational corporations and human rights / Matthew Lippman -- "Looking and thinking" about human rights and revolution / Winston P. Nagan.

Clements, Kevin and Robin Ward. Building international community : Cooperating for peace case studies. Canberra, Australia : Allen & Unwin in association with the Peace Research Centre, RPS, ANU, 1994

SUBJECTS:United Nations Peace.Security, International.International cooperation

CONTENTS:Introduction / Kevin Clements -- 1. Cambodia / Shirley Lithgow -- 2. The Gulf Crisis: Failure of Preventive Diplomacy / Claude Rakisits -- 3. Somalia: International Intervention in a Failed State / Bruce Lendon -- 4. The Balkans / Michael Wilson -- 5. The International Response to Humanitarian Emergencies / James Ingram -- 6. The International Court of Justice / Steven McIntosh -- 7. Arms Control and Disarmament: Prevention and Enforcement / Jill Courtney -- 8. Managing Potential Conflict in the South China Sea / Ian Kemish -- 9. The Falklands: Failure of a Mission / Hugh Wyndham -- 10. Mediation - The United Nations Role in Indonesia, 1947-1950 / Tom Critchley -- 11. Peacemaking Diplomacy: United Nations Good Offices in Afghanistan / William Maley -- 12. Namibia: A Lesson for Success / Jane Madden -- 13. United Nations Involvement in the Peace Process in El Salvador / David Stuart --

14. Keeping but not Making Peace: The UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus / David Morris -- 15. Traditional Peacekeeping: United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation and the Multinational Force and Observers / Richard Lennane and Robert Newton -- 16. Kashmir: The Problem of United Nations Peacekeeping Contributing to Political 'Stasis' / Felicity Volk -- 17. United Nations Angola Verification Mission II / Dorothy Holt -- 18. Sanctions / Steven McIntosh -- 19. Iraq and the United Nations Special Commission / Peter Furlonger -- Conclusion / Kevin Clements.

Clinton, Bill "Reforming the United Nations." Vital Speeches of the Day v. 60 (Oct. 15 '93) p. 9-13

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--General Assembly (48th session)United Nations--United States.United States--Foreign relations.

ABSTRACT: In an address delivered to the 48th Session of the United Nations General Assembly on September 27, 1993, the president of the United States affirms America's commitment to helping make the UN's vision a reality. Observing that both national governments and international institutions are being challenged by the forces of economic and technological integration, as well as by the resurgent aspirations of ethnic and religious groups, he declares that the U.S. intends to remain a leader in the quest to expand and strengthen the community of market-based democracies. In order to accomplish this goal, he says, the United States will work to revitalize its own economy, open world trade, pursue humanitarian efforts, and strive to reduce the threat from hostile regimes. He also outlines the steps that should be taken in the areas of nonproliferation, conflict resolution, and sustainable development.

Clinton, Bill. America in Bosnia : Gambling the presidency.

ABSTRACT: Pres Clinton tried to assure the public in a Nov 27, 1995 TV address that sending 20,000 US troops to Bosnia-Hercegovina to help maintain a fragile truce would not become another Vietnam quagmire. The public is not backing Pres Clinton so far.

Clinton, Bill. "Clinton asks nation to back U.S. role in Bosnian peace." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Dec 2, 1995, v53n47, p. 3683-3684

ABSTRACT: In a Nov 27, 1995 televised address, Pres Clinton addressed the country concerning the subject of sending US troops to Bosnia-Hercegovina. The US needs to take an active role in the peace process in Bosnia in order to maintain world leadership.

Clinton, Bill.; Aristide, Jean-Bertrand.; Boutrous-Ghali, Boutros. "Haiti : A time of peaceful transition." US Department of State Dispatch Apr 10, 1995, v6n15, p. 283-285

ABSTRACT: The restoration of democracy to Haiti and the UN's mission to secure and stabilize the political environment to help the government prepare for free and fair elections are discussed. Operation Uphold Democracy proved to be an unqualified success in international cooperation.

Clinton, Bill. "Remarks at the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Charter in San Francisco, California." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Jul 3, 1995, v31n26, p. 1131-1135

ABSTRACT: Pres Clinton discusses the significance of the UN on the 50th anniversary of the UN charter signing. The UN has compiled a remarkable record of progress that advances the interests of the US as well as the interests of people everywhere.

Clinton, Bill. "The risk of 'Americanizing' the War." Newsweek Aug 7, 1995, v126n6, p. 40

ABSTRACT: President Clinton makes an argument for not lifting the arms embargo against Bosnia. Lifting the embargo will absolve the US's allies of the responsibility they have in Bosnia now and ultimately Americanize the conflict.

Clinton, Bill. "Terrorism in the Middle East." US Department of State Dispatch Jan 30, 1995, v6n5, p. 64

ABSTRACT: The executive order on transactions with terrorists who threaten the Middle East peace process is presented. Among other things, the order prohibits and transfers by US persons to the designated persons or organizatoins.

Clinton, Bill. "50th anniversary of the United Nations - Bill Clinton." Vital Speeches of the Day Nov 15, 1995, v62n3, p. 67-68

ABSTRACT: On the 50th anniversary of the UN, it is stressed that the dreams of its founders have not been fully realized, but its promise endures. The US will continue to contribute substantially to the UN's finances.

Clinton, Bill "Confronting the challenges of a broader world." US Department of State Dispatch v. 4 (Sept. 27 '93) p. 649-53

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--General Assembly (48th session)United Nations--United States.United States--Foreign relations.

ABSTRACT: In an address to the UN General Assembly, President Clinton discusses global challenges that are threatening the ability of countries to work together for peace, democracy, and mutual prosperity. He states that economic and technological forces are undermining the insularity and independence of national economies and are making many people feel insecure, and he notes that the resurgent aspirations of ethnic and religious groups are challenging governments on terms that nation states cannot easily accommodate. He argues that these challenges require countries to find new ways to work together more effectively, and he outlines what he views as the U.S. and UN roles in this effort.

Clinton, Bill. "Invasion of Haiti canceled : Peaceful entry agreed upon." Vital Speeches of the Day Oct 1, 1994, v60n24, p. 740-741

ABSTRACT: The military leaders in Haiti have agreed to relinquish their power. Negotiations have paved the way for the US' peaceful entry into the country.

Clinton, William J. "Remarks at a United Nations luncheon in New York City." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Oct 4, 1993, v29n39, p. 1908

ABSTRACT: Worldwide progress against poverty, hunger and disease has been made, and efforts continue to ensure world peace. Possibilities for world conflict resolution through the UN are discussed.

Clinton, William J. "Letter to congressional leaders on Bosnia." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents May 29, 1995, v31n21, p. 898-900

ABSTRACT: In a letter to congressional leaders, Pres Clinton discusses the Balkan conflict and the important US contributions in support of multilateral efforts in the former Yugoslavia.

Clinton, William J. "Letter to congressional leaders on reform of United Nations peacekeeping." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Feb 20, 1995, v31n7, p. 240-241

ABSTRACT: In a letter to congressional leaders, Pres Clinton comments on UN peacekeeping reform. Such efforts are needed to make UN peacekeeping realize its full potential.

Clinton, William J. "Remarks at the United Nations transition ceremony in Port-au-Prince." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Apr 10, 1995, v31n14, p. 523-524

ABSTRACT: Pres Clinton discusses the UN's successful mission to restore democracy in Haiti and restore Pres Aristide to power.

Clinton, William J. "Letter to congressional leaders reporting on the Cyprus conflict." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Jan 31, 1994, v30n4, p. 146-147

ABSTRACT: The progress toward a negotiated settlement of the Cyprus conflict is presented. As part of this effort, proposals for an island-wide consensus as requested by the UN were discussed at a meeting.

Clinton, William J. "Recent developments in efforts to achieve peace and security in Bosnia." US Department of State Dispatch Aug 29, 1994, v5n35, p. 581

ABSTRACT: US and UN efforts to achieve peace and security in Bosnia's civil war are discussed. US aircraft, in conjunction with NATO forces, attacked Bosnian Serb heavy weapons in the Sarajevo Bosnia-Hercegovina heavy weapons exclusion zone on Aug 5, 1994.

Clinton, William J. "Letter to Congressional leaders on Iraq." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Aug 7, 1995, v31n31, p. 1362-1364

ABSTRACT: In a letter, Pres Clinton reports on the status of efforts to obtain Iraq's compliance with the resolutions adopted by the UN Security Council (UNSC). Clinton still considers Iraq a threat to regional peace and secuirty and remains determined to see Iraq comply fully with all its obligations as defined by the UNSC resolutions.

Clinton, William J. "Remarks at a United Nations luncheon in New York City." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Oct 4, 1993, v29n39, p. 1908

Clinton, William J. "Letter to congressional leaders on Rwanda." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Aug 8, 1994, v30n31, p. 1602-1603

ABSTRACT: The fragile situation between the Rwandan government and the Rwandan Patriotic Front is discussed. A majority of the approximately 200 US military personnel deployed to Rwanda will be assigned to provide force protection and assure security at the Rwandan airport.

Clinton, William J. "Letter to Congressional leaders reporting on peacekeeping operations in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Apr 25, 1994, v30n16, p. 851

ABSTRACT: US peacekeeping efforts in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia are discussed. The US has plans to augment its contingent in support of multilateral peacekeeping efforts in the region.

Clinton, William J. "Letter to congressional leaders reporting on peacekeeping operations in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Jan 17, 1994, v30n2, p. 20-21

ABSTRACT: The deployment of a US peacekeeping contingent as part of the UN Protection Force in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is discussed. The safety of US personnel is of paramount concern.

Coate, Roger A.; Puchala, Donald J. "Global policies and the United Nations system : A current assessment." Journal of Peace Research May 1990, v27n2, p. 127-140

ABSTRACT: Peacekeeping policies aimed at preventing war and peace building aimed at eliminating the causes of war are both purported functions of the UN. Until the fundamental assumptions on which the UN system is based are greatly altered, global peace policies that emerge from its agencies are not likely to be very effective.

Cockburn, Alexander. "Beat the Devil. : The Left and the Crisis." Nation Oct 8, 1990, v251n11, p. 371

ABSTRACT: Knee-jerk opponents of the deployment of US troops in the Persian Gulf have neglected to acknowledge the illegality of the Iraqi invasion and the opportunities for greater peace in the Middle East if UN sanctions succeed.

Cockburn, Alexander. "Swipe at SWAPO." The Nation v. 249 (Aug. 21-28 '89) p. 190+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: SWAPO.United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia.Namibia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: William Claiborne, a southern Africa correspondent for the Washington Post, responds to Alexander Cockburn's May 1 column on SWAPO's entry into Namibia on April 1. He argues that Cockburn reflexively leapt to the defense of SWAPO president Sam Nujoma, who Claiborne contends sent hundreds of soldiers to their deaths in an attempt to make it appear that the Boers withdrew from Namibia as a result of SWAPO's armed struggle, not as a result of the peace agreement overseen by the UN Transition Assistance Group. In a reply, Cockburn argues that the border crossing was not an invasion but a homecoming and that the returning Namibians were ambushed by South African troops.

Cockburn, Alexander. "Beat the devil." The Nation v. 247 (Dec. 19 '88) p. 674-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Hurricane Joan, 1988--Economic aspects.Relief work--Nicaragua.Economic assistance, American--Nicaragua.

ABSTRACT: The United States has offered no aid to Nicaragua in the aftermath of Hurricane Joan, which devastated the country on October 22. The storm left 122 people dead, 182 seriously injured, and more than 220,000 homeless and caused direct economic damage of $828 million and indirect damage of nearly $2 billion. Emergency assistance has poured in from Latin America, Canada, Eastern and Western Europe, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations. The United States' refusal to send aid, and the Voice of America's reported campaign against aid from the international community, stand in unmistakable contrast; there can be no doubt of the United States' use of relief aid as a political weapon. U.S. citizens have, however, given more than $12 million in material aid and about $750,000 for delivery and other costs through such organizations as Quest for Peace, Nicaragua Network, and Oxfam America.

Cohen, Elliott A. "Peace and history." International Journal on World Peace Sep 1993, v10n3, p. 81-86

ABSTRACT: UN Security Council Resolution 827, passed in May 1993, created an international tribunal authorized to inquire into and try war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide that may have taken place in the former Yugoslavia since 1991. The political views of Andrei Amalrik, a Soviet playwright, historian and dissident, are described.

Cohen, Elliott A. "Peace and history." International Journal on World Peace Sep 1993, v10n3, p. 81-86

Cohen, Herman J. "Peace-keeping and conflict resolution in Africa." US Department of State Dispatch Apr 19, 1993, v4n16, p. 270-272

ABSTRACT: US peacekeeping and preventive diplomacy efforts to bring an end to Africa's many conflicts are discussed. Resolution of disputes in Africa is necessary for stability, economic reform efforts, democratization and better governance.

Cohen, Roger. "Bosnia threatens to boycott Geneva talks over Gorazde pullout." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (May 31 '94) p. A8

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.Serbia--Nationalism.Gorazde (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1992- .

ABSTRACT: (May 31) The Muslim-led Bosnian Government, which said today that Serbian forces are still close to the center of Gorazde, threatened to boycott talks on a Bosnian cease-fire that are scheduled to begin on Thursday in Geneva.

Cohen, Roger. "Man in the middle calls on Confucius." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Apr. 26 '94) p. A6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Serbia--Nationalism.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: (April 25) Japanese diplomat Yasushi Akashi is the UN Secretary General's special representative to the former Yugoslavia. Akashi is deeply suspicious of the power of bombs as a weapon in peacemaking. He believes that more troops, including U.S. troops, are needed to police a peace that is coming slowly.

Cohen, Roger. "NATO's Balkan gamble: using force is the best way of achieving peace." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Apr. 12 '94) p. A10

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Serbia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Aerial operations.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Gorazde (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1992- .

ABSTRACT: (April 11) By twice bombing Serbian positions around the Muslim enclave of Gorazde, the U.S. and its Western allies have gambled that force will bring the Serbs back to the negotiating table. Western diplomats say that the Bosnian Serb army is highly centralized under the command of Gen. Ratko Mladic, a fervent believer in Serbian nationalism who ordered the recent onslaught on Gorazde.

Cohen, Roger. "Serbs lagging in complying, U.N. asserts." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (May 4 '94) p. A13

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Gorazde (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1992- .Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .Serbia--Nationalism.

ABSTRACT: (May 3) The United Nations' top official in the former Yugoslavia, Yasushi Akashi, reported today that problems remain over the compliance of Serbian forces with the NATO ultimatum to withdraw from Gorazde's city center. Akashi spoke after meeting with Bosnian Prime Minister Haris Silajdzic, who is adamant that Bosnian peace talks will not resume in earnest until Serbian forces have left NATO's "exclusion zone" around Gorazde.

Cohen, Roger. "Serbs welcome Russian troops with jubilation." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Feb. 21 '94) p. A1+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.Sarajevo (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1991- .Russia (Republic)--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Serbia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: (Feb. 20) The approximately 400 Russian soldiers who arrived today in Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina, under a United Nations flag were heralded by the Bosnian Serb nationalists as their safeguard against a threatened NATO air attack. The Russians arrived nine hours before the NATO deadline that called for the removal or transferral to UN control of all Serbian heavy weapons within a 20-kilometer, or approximately 12.5-mile, radius from the center of Sarajevo.

Cohen, Roger. "Man in the middle calls on Confucius." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Apr. 26 '94) p. A6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Serbia--Nationalism.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.

Cohen, Roger. "U.N. says Serbian leaders agree to accept a cease-fire." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Apr. 23 '94) p. 5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.North Atlantic Treaty Organization.Serbia--Nationalism.Gorazde (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1992- .Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: (April 22) Yasushi Akashi, the top United Nations official in the former Yugoslavia, said today that Bosnian Serbs had agreed to a cease-fire effective on Saturday and the withdrawal of heavy weapons from the Gorazde area. The Serbs are faced with an imminent threat of NATO air strikes around Gorazde.

Cohen, Roger. "U.N. and Bosnians at odds on Serb pullout." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Apr. 28 '94) p. A10

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Serbia--Nationalism.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .Gorazde (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1992- .

ABSTRACT: (April 27) A dispute erupted today between the Bosnian Government and the United Nations concerning the degree of Serbian compliance with an ultimatum to leave the town of Gorazde. The dispute threatened to undermine new Bosnian peace talks before they have even begun.

Cohen, Roger. "War rivals in Bosnia agree to reopen their peace talks." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Nov. 30 '93) p. A16

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: European Community.United Nations--Yugoslavia.Muslims--Bosnia and Hercegovina.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.Serbia--Nationalism.Croatia--Nationalism.

ABSTRACT: (Nov. 29) Serbs, Croats, and Muslims agreed today to resume direct negotiations for a settlement of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The 3 warring parties were prodded by a slightly modified international peace plan and the imminent threat of a human disaster this winter.

Cohen, Roger." Dispute grows over U.N.'s troops in Bosnia." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Jan. 20 '94) p. A8

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Aerial operations.Serbia--Nationalism.Sarajevo (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: (Jan. 19) A bitter dispute between United Nations Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali and Jean Cot, the French general commanding the UN forces in the former Yugoslavia, has drawn attention to the widening gulf between UN peacekeeping troops on the ground in Bosnia and the bureaucracy that controls their mission. Cot's call for air strikes was dismissed as an act of insubordination by Boutros-Ghali, who has insisted that Cot must go, but Cot's position has drawn considerable support.

Cohen, Roger. "NATO gives Serbs a 10-day deadline to withdraw guns." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Feb. 10 '94) p. A1+

KEY WORDS: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Aerial operations.Sarajevo (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1991- .Serbia--Nationalism.

ABSTRACT: (Feb. 9) NATO set a 10-day deadline today for Bosnian Serb forces to withdraw the heavy weaponry and mortars that they have used to encircle Sarajevo for the past 22 months, or face air strikes. NATO also called for the Muslim-led Bosnian government to place all of its heavy weapons in Sarajevo under the control of United Nations peacekeeping forces.

Cohen, Roger. "U.N. says its forces clashed with Serb fighters in Gorazde." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (May 1 '94) p. 14 (Sec 1)

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .Gorazde (Bosnia and Hercegovina)--Siege, 1992- .Serbia--Nationalism.

ABSTRACT: (April 30) A United Nations military spokesman said today that British peacekeeping troops battled with Bosnian Serb forces on Friday within an exclusion zone around Gorazde that was supposed to be clear of Serbian soldiers. The report of the clash comes amid conflicting accounts of the situation in the town.

Cohen, Warren. "Keeping the peace." U.S. News & World Report v. 111 (July 15 '91) p. 13

KEY WORDS: Western Europe--Defenses.

ABSTRACT: With Yugoslavia teetering on the brink of war, European diplomats are grasping for a peacekeeping force. European politicians have been so focused on the Continent's economic union of 1992 that they have neglected security arrangements. Croatia and Slovenia have asked the European Community (EC) for an observer force, but the EC has found the request taxing. Meanwhile, Austria has girded its borders, and the Yugoslav crisis rages on.

Coleman, Fred. "Bosnia's tragedy continues." US News & World Report Dec 26, 1994, v117n25, p. 62

ABSTRACT: There is no end in sight to the civil war that has raged in the former Yugoslavia for four years. UN peacekeeping troops are doing more harm than good in the area, and Europe's diplomacy has failed.

Collins, Carole. "U.N. chaos-fixing failure in NGO challenge." National Catholic Reporter Mar 24, 1995, v31n21, p. 8-9

ABSTRACT: The methods used by the UN for dealing with the explosion of ethnic and religious conflicts in the early and mid-1990s have proved tragically ineffective. Non-governmental organizations are emerging as the principal vehicle for intervention in humanitarian crises. The efforts of defense contractors in the handling of such crises is also discussed.

Collins, Carole. "Fatally Flawed Mediation : Cordier and the Congo Crisis of 1960." Africa Today Third Quarter 1992, v39n3, p. 5-22

ABSTRACT: The UN's ill-fated attempt to intervene in the Belgian Congo in 1960 sheds light on the limits and dangers of intervention in a conflict situation, even in the 1990s. Andrew Cordier's involvement in the crisis is discussed.

Collins, Carole. "Global Power Shifts Spark Activist Role for U.N." National Catholic Reporter Oct 11, 1991, v27n44, p. 17

ABSTRACT: The UN has mounted more peacekeeping missions in the past three years than in its previous 43-year history, and it has always played an active role on vital war and peace issues in principle, but not always in practice. New order and activism in the UN are discussed.

Collins, Carole. "The U.S., the U.N. and Libya : Sanctions Raise Hard Questions." National Catholic Reporter May 1, 1992, v28n26, p. 9

ABSTRACT: The UN-imposed sanctions against Libya, as a result of that country's refusal to hand over for trial two Libyans accused of placing the fatal bomb on the Pan Am flight 103 that exploded over Lockerbie Scotland, are discussed. The US is seen as bypassing international law and manipulating the UN process for its own short-term advantage.

Collins, Glenn. "Cooling Conflict." Self Mar 1992, v14n3, p. 152-153+

ABSTRACT: The latest trend in couples therapy is short-term training in conflict resolution, which allows couples to make troubled relationships work better on their own. Information on conflict resolution programs is offered.

Collins, Mary. "The responsibilities of the new world order." Vital Speeches of the Day v. 57 (May 15 '91) p. 457-60

KEY WORDS: New world order.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Canadian participation.Munitions--Export-import trade.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Peace and mediation.Canada--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: In an address delivered to the 22nd annual student symposium at the Center for the Study of the Presidency in Washington, D.C., Canada's associate minister of defense discusses Canada's role in the Gulf crisis: Though the United States carried much of the burden, Canada made a substantial, effective, and appropriate military contribution to the Persian Gulf War, and it is committed to helping preserve the world order. The coalition's victory will show other potential aggressors that the world won't tolerate unprovoked attacks, and it demonstrated that the UN can work as it was intended to. Now that the crisis is over, the focus must shift to winning the peace. In Canada's view, needs will surface for humanitarian assistance, the reconstruction of Kuwait, the restructuring of Iraq, a peacekeeping presence, efforts to save the Gulf environment, and a substantial reduction in arms sales to the region, which will need a security system based on cooperative security concepts.

Commanday, Peter Martin. "A day in the eyes of a "substitute student"." The Education Digest v. 59 (Sept. '93) p. 14-17

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Junior high school students--Psychology.Teachers and students.

ABSTRACT: Teachers who can assume the point of view of their students are in a position to reduce the level of conflict in their classrooms. The writer describes the lessons he learned from being a "substitute student" in a disruptive junior high school class for a day. A sidebar lists the workshops offered by the Commanday Peacemaking Institute Corporation.

Conroy, Mary. "Making Our Schools Work Better : Ideas That Are Shaping Your Child's Education." Better Homes & Gardens Nov 1988, v66n11, p. 63-65

ABSTRACT: Ideas in use in the schools that are improving education include: having school on Saturday morning, wearing school uniforms, paying for good grades with food or money, high-tech shop classes, and conflict resolution classes.

Constable, Peter D. "Book Reviews : Arab-Israeli Conflict--The Peacekeepers / Mission with UNIFIL." Middle East Journal Summer 1990, v44n3, p. 515-517

ABSTRACT: Peter Constable reviews "The Peacekeepers: An Assessment of Peacekeeping Operations at the Arab-Israel Interface," by John Mackinlay, and "Mission with UNIFIL: An African Soldier's Reflections," by Emmanuel A. Erskine.

Conybeare, John A C. "Arms versus alliances : The capital structure of military enterprise." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1994, v38n2, p. 215-235

ABSTRACT: If a state can choose between arming itself or seeking allies who will pledge military resources to that state, it is questionable whether or not an optimal ratio of its own arms to its allies' arms exists. This question was addressed by analogy with a corporation's ratio of debt to equity in its capital structure.

Conybeare, John A C. "A portfolio diversification model of alliances : The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, 1879-1914." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1992, v36n1, p. 53-85

ABSTRACT: Development of the demand side of portfolio analysis may predict which alliances are optimal, and therefore most likely to form. These principles are applied to the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance between 1879 and 1914.

Cook, Robin. "Global tasks." New Statesman & Society Jun 30, 1995, v8n359, p. 20-21

ABSTRACT: Cook speculates about the direction the UK Labour Party's foreign policy may take. The international community must face up to three missions--peacekeeping, political intervention, and disarmament.

Cooper, Mary H. "United Nations at 50." CQ Researcher Aug 18, 1995, v5n31, p. 729, 731+

ABSTRACT: This year marks the 50th anniversary of the UN. While the organization is celebrating past accomplishments, there are concerns about its current operations. The failure of UN peacekeeping forces to end the civil war in Bosnia-Hercegovina is raising questions about the future role of the UN in world affairs.

Cooper, Nancy. "The Mideast: crying wolf?." Newsweek v. 109 (May 18 '87) p. 54-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.

ABSTRACT: Israeli foreign minister Shimon Peres is coming to Washington to lobby for U.S. participation in an international peace conference to resolve long-standing Arab-Israeli disputes. The idea is for the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council--the United States, the Soviet Union, France, Britain, and China--to endorse a peace settlement worked out by Israel, Jordan, and other Arab delegations. A number of difficult conditions will have to be met before the work of negotiation actually begins, but Peres is hopeful. He must still provoke elections in Israel that will return his Labor Party to power and persuade PLO chief Yasir Arafat and Syrian president Hafez Assad to participate, however.

Cooper, Nancy. "The siege of Jaffna." Newsweek v. 110 (Nov. 2 '87) p. 67

KEY WORDS: Tamils.Sri Lanka--Politics and government.India--Army--Forces in Sri Lanka.

ABSTRACT: An Indian peacekeeping force 8,000 strong entered Jaffna, the stronghold of Sri Lanka's Tamil separatists, but has been unable to defeat the rebels. Although the Indians had the advantage in both numbers and firepower, they were unprepared for an urban guerrilla war. The Indians have offered the rebels amnesty, hoping to get them to surrender and thus avoid a war of attrition, but the militants appear unlikely to accept. The ongoing war has created some 300,000 Sri Lankan refugees who are suffering from shortages of food, water, and medicine. The attempt to put down the rebellion has resulted in the loss of about 150 Indian lives and political problems for Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi; Indians suspect that they may have been drawn into a battle that is impossible to win.

Corelli, Rae.; Wickens, Barbara. "An army's hidden wounds." Maclean's Mar 28, 1994, v107n13, p. 31-33

ABSTRACT: Canadian peacekeepers stationed in Bosnia have been profoundly affected by the carnage they have seen, and one peacekeeper even committed suicide after the psychological strain became too much. The psychological stress Canadian peackeepers in Bosnia are subjected to is examined, and the suicide of peacekeeper Paul Delmore is discussed.

Corelli, Rae. "Upping the ante." Maclean's Aug 7, 1995, v108n32, p. 16-17

ABSTRACT: The US Senate vote to end the UN arms embargo against Bosnia if UN peacekeepers leave or are asked to leave places the future of the UN's humanitarian mission in doubt. The UK, France, and other European nations, including Russia, condemned the US Senate's decision, which these countries feel could cause the situation in Bosnia to escalate to total war.

Corelli, Rae. An army's hidden wounds. Maclean's v. 107 (Mar. 28 '94) p. 31-2+

KEY WORDS: Post-traumatic stress disorder.Canada--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Psychological aspects.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the killing of a Somali boy by Canadian peacekeeping soldiers in 1993 and the strains facing Canadian peacekeepers around the world. The Canadian troops who are participating in the UN's peacekeeping mission in the former Yugoslavia bear no visible scars when they return home to Canada, but many have received deep psychological wounds. As they move through ruined cities, collect the bodies of the dead, and risk their lives to help the surviviors, many Canadian troops experience overwhelming feelings of anger, frustration, and horror, especially because they are forbidden to fight except in self defense. As a result, a new defense department study shows, about 20 percent of the personnel returning from the Balkans suffer from either clinical depression or post-traumatic stress disorder. Now, the armed forces are preparing troops for these psychological hazards. Several soldiers reflect on their experiences.

Corelli, Rae. "A deadly exchange." Maclean's v. 105 (Mar. 2 '92) p. 22

KEY WORDS: Party of God (Lebanon)Lebanon--Israeli invasions, 1982- .

ABSTRACT: A recent Israeli raid into Lebanon climaxed a week of military and political skirmishing between Israelis and Arabs that threatens to derail the shaky Middle East peace talks. In response to the February 16 killing of a leader of the Iranian-backed Hizballah (Party of God), Hizballah guerrillas blasted Jewish settlements in northern Israel with rockets. On February 20, Israel raided Lebanon to knock out positions held by guerrillas. The subsequent battle left 2 Israeli soldiers, 7 guerrillas, and 2 civilians dead and at least 34 people--including 4 members of the UN peacekeeping force policing the border--wounded. The raid came just 8 days before the scheduled resumption of the Washington peace talks, whose outcome may heavily influence the agenda for a regular meeting of Arab League foreign ministers on March 16. Meanwhile, Israelis are bracing for an election campaign whose outcome may help determine whether Israel and its Arab neighbors finally achieve peace.

Cornish, Edward S. "World peace: a dream that could come true." The Futurist v. 20 (Mar./Apr. '86) p. 2+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Peace.

Coughlin, Ellen K. "In Cold War's Waning, Peace Researchers See Vindication of Their Work." Chronicle of Higher Education Apr 4, 1990, v36n29, p. A6, A10

ABSTRACT: In the nonviolent political changes taking place around the globe, researchers see both a vindication and an opportunity. The relationship of peace research with the field of conflict resolution is discussed.

Covault, Craig. "Air power alters Bosnia equation." Aviation Week & Space Technology Sep 4, 1995, v143n10, p. 22-24

ABSTRACT: NATO jets and British and French artillery with the UN Rapid Reaction Force attacked Bosnian Serb positions in the largest military action in Europe since WWII and the largest in NATO history. The attacks began Aug 30, 1995 in response to Serbian shelling of Sarajevo Bosnia-Hercegovina two days earlier.

Covault, Craig. "Cooperative recon gains momentum." Aviation Week & Space Technology Oct 9, 1995, v143n15, p. 28-29

ABSTRACT: Officials from the US, Russia, Europe, Japan and NATO are quietly pursuing the integration of highly classified reconnaissance satellite systems for broader international utilization in crises and peacekeeping operations.

Covault, Craig.; Morrocco, John D. "Peace accords speed NATO air operations." Aviation Week & Space Technology Dec 18/25, 1995, v143n25, p. 13

ABSTRACT: Poor winter weather is already slowing down NATO air operations in Sarajevo and Tuzla Bosnia-Hercegovina. Navigation systems will be put into place to facilitate operations.

Craft, Graham. "The inaugural meeting of the International Association of Peacekeeping Training Centres." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jul 1995, v24n4, p. 8

ABSTRACT: The inaugural meeting of the International Association of Peacekeeping Training Centres (IAPTC) is discussed. The IAPTC will promote peacekeeping and international security issues throughout the world.

Craft, Graham. "Security concepts and peacekeeping operations." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jul 1995, v24n4, p. 9-11

ABSTRACT: The proliferation of peacekeeping operatons and new security concepts in the post-Cold War era are examined. Peacekeeping is the most visible expression of cooperative ideas in international security.

Craig, Gordon A. and Francis L. Loewenheim.The Diplomats, 1939-1979. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, c1994.

SUBJECTS:World politics--1945-Statesmen--History--20th century. Diplomats--History--20th century.

CONTENTS:Diplomats and diplomacy during the second world war / Gordon A. Craig -- The U.S. Department of State from Hull to Acheson / Richardson Dougall -- His master's voice : Viacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov as Stalin's foreign commissar / Steven Merritt Miner -- Ernest Bevin and British foreign policy, 1945-1951 : Geoffrey Warner -- The moralist as pragmatist : John Foster Dulles as cold war strategist / Richard D. Challener -- The road to Suez : the British foreign office and the Quai d'Orsay, 1951-1957 / Victor H. Feske -- Konrad Adenauer and his diplomats / Gordon A. Craig -- The foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle / Stanley Hoffmann -- Jean Monnet : the innovator as diplomat / W. W. Rostow -- Adam Rapacki and the search for European security / Piotr Wandycz -- Japan returns to the world : Yoshida Shigeru and his legacy / Akira Iriye -- In the shadow of Mao : Zhou Enlai and new China's diplomacy / Shu Guang Zhang -- Nehru and the diplomacy of nonalignment / Rena Fonseca -- Eban and Israeli foreign policy : diplomacy, war, and disengagement / Michael Brecher -- Sadat : the calculus of war and peace / Raphael Israeli.

The diplomats and diplomacy of the United Nations / Paul Gordon Lauren -- Dean Rusk and the diplomacy of principle / Francis L. Loewenheim -- The new diplomacy of the West German Ostpolitik / A. James McAdams -- Rescuing choice from circumstance : the statecraft of Henry Kissinger / John Lewis Gaddis -- Andrei Gromyko as foreign minister : the problems of a decaying empire / Norman Stone -- Soviet ambassadors from Maiskii to Dobrynin / Steven Merritt Miner -- From Helsinki to Afghanistan : American diplomats and diplomacy, 1975-1979 / Francis L. Lowewenheim -- The news media and diplomacy / Ernest R. May.

Crawshaw, Nancy. "Cyprus : A crisis of confidence." World Today Apr 1994, v50n4, p. 70-73

ABSTRACT: The UN is concentrating on a package of confidence-building measures to solve the political stalemate between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. If these measures fail, Cyprus will eventually have to be partitioned.

Crichton, Jean. "Tom Snyder turns publisher." Publishers Weekly v. 226 (Oct. 26 '84) p. 58+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Tom Snyder Productions.

ABSTRACT: PART OF A SPECIAL SECTION ON THE SOFTWARE PUBLISHING AND RETAILING MARKET. For the first time, software designer Tom Snyder will serve as publisher for one of his innovations: a "conflict-resolution game" called The Other Side. The ex-schoolteacher has developed a game that forces two invented superpowers to work together to solve a political conflict and avoid nuclear war. Teams communicate by modem. Snyder is publishing the game himself because he fears that companies will exploit its battleground aspect. He can afford to, since his "software art" is expected to generate $1.5 million in 1984 for Tom Snyder Productions. Snyder believes that his games offer children the chance to learn practical skills but wonders whether computers are successful educational tools. Snyder admits that the software industry is currently strained and, even though his creativity is in demand, has reduced his staff as a cautionary measure.

Crock, Stan. "The Pentagon goes to B-school." Business Week (Industrial/Technology Edition) Dec 11, 1995, n3454, p. 98-100

ABSTRACT: The Defense Department is reengineering its $40 billion-a-year logistics system as it prepares to send 20,000 peacekeeping troops to Bosnia. Computerization is key to the efficiency drive.

Crock, Stan. "A smart bet in the Balkans?" Business Week (Industrial/Technology Edition) Dec 11, 1995, n3454, p. 60

ABSTRACT: Pres Clinton's pledge to send 20,000 peacekeeping troops to Bosnia may not be as bad a risk as it seems. The peace accord, to be signed in mid-December, will separate the warring factions and force them to retreat. A meeting has been scheduled for Dec 1995 to iron out foreign aid contributions.

Crocker, Chester A. "The lessons of Somalia : Not everything went wrong." Foreign Affairs May 1995, v74n3, p. 2-8

ABSTRACT: While many have criticized the failure of US peacekeeping efforts in Somalia, the mission was not a complete failure. Much was accomplished in humanitarian terms, and a larger tragedy was averted.

Crowe, Marc. "Khmer Rouge play spoilers to peace." Insight Jan 18, 1993, v9n3, p. 10-13+

ABSTRACT: After 22 years of turmoil, a 1991 Paris treaty ushered in a UN peacekeeping team and hope for Cambodia. The efforts by the Khmer Rouge to sabotage the peacekeeping mission are discussed.

Crowe, Marc. "Khmer Rouge play spoilers to peace." Insight Jan 18, 1993, v9n3, p. 10-13+

Crozier, Brian. "Handling the United Nations." National Review v. 43 (Apr. 1 '91) p. 40+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Persian Gulf region.United Nations--United States.

ABSTRACT: Part of a special section on the Persian Gulf War. Perhaps the most skillful and meritorious achievement that President Bush had in the Gulf War was his handling of the UN. From the beginning of the crisis, American diplomacy had to handle both straight diplomatic talk and persuasion. The Security Council quickly passed Resolution 660, calling for the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Iraq's troops from Kuwait. George Bush had to fight a battle, however, for the council to pass Resolution 661, which gave the United States the legal authority to institute a blockade of Iraq, and Resolution 678, which sanctioned all necessary measures to implement previous resolutions and restore peace and security.

Curran, Dolores. "Parish wars should be civil." U.S. Catholic v. 50 (Sept. '85) p. 32-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Parishes.Psychology, Religious.Conflict resolution.

ABSTRACT: Because of the tradition among Catholics of joining the parish that they live closest to and accepting imperfect circumstances without complaint, parishioners often find themselves embroiled in disputes. The disagreements often build up unchecked until they burst open and cause animosity. Some simple steps might keep such controversies from getting out of hand: public acknowledgment by the pastor that a problem exists and that an effective resolution must be sought; general participation in a series of meetings to discuss the differences; prayers for parish unity; a collective effort to solve the problems; and the beginning of liturgies of healing. The pastor should preside over reconciliation attempts, but the feuding parties must seek their own solution in a mature manner.

Curry, Amy Farmer.; Pecorino, Paul. "The use of final offer arbitration as a screening device." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1993, v37n4, p. 655-669

ABSTRACT: When risk preferences are unobservable, players may make offers that attempt to extract the willingness of risk-averse bargaining partners to pay to avoid the uncertainties of arbitration. The use of arbitration as a screening device in bargaining is discussed.

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