Liberian Election Modeling
George Mason University
Program on Peacekeeping Policy
and
World Vision International
Liberian Election Modeling
Program on Peacekeeping Policy
and
World Vision International
Author: Professor D.F. Davis, Senior Fellow, The Institute of Public Policy, George Mason University. Mail Stop 3C6, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia, 22030-4444, USA. (703) 993-1703, (703) 993-1574 Fax, ddavis@gmu.edu.
Table of Contents iii
List of Figures iii
List of Tables iii
The Conceptual Model of Peace Operations 3
Process 5
Initial Roundtable and Group of Experts 6
Building the Critical Path Model 7
Summary 8
Appendix A: Participants and Side Meetings A-1
Appendix B: CMPO Elections Sub-Model B-1
Appendix C: Liberian Elections CPM C-1
Figure 1: CMPO Decomposition 4
Figure 2: Summary CPM C-1
Table 1: Workshop Participants A-1
Table 2: Side Meetings A-2
able 3: Functional Hierarcy, Day 2 B-1
Table 4: Election Organizations B-5
Table 5: Election Model Linkages to CMPO B-5
Table 6: CPM Full Task List C-1
Table 7: Critical Tasks Only C-8
The Program on Peacekeeping Policy (POPP) and World Vision International (WVI) are engaged in an attempt to answer the following question: Can information technology be used to facilitate conflict resolution? The approach to answering this question has led in the direction of using the Conceptual Model of Peace Operation (CMPO) to provide the source for operational models that are used in support of various peace processes. Resolution and reconciliation, if they are to occur at all, will happen during the workshops and seminars leading up to the development of the various information tools as well as during the transparent use of these tools by all parties to the conflict.
The opportunity arose for a pilot study to be conducted that would begin to answer the question. This opportunity was brought about by funding from the Pew Charitable Trust through WVI for both WVI and POPP to engage in the peace process in Liberia. An attempt was to be made to conduct a workshop in Monrovia, Liberia on the upcoming elections. The most recent peace accord on Liberia, held in Abuja, had mandated an election for the 30th of May, 1997. The feasibility of this election was very much in doubt by the international community as well as the major actors within Liberia.
The purposes of the workshop were:
To provide the Liberians responsible for the election process with a tool that would be useful in the planning process for the elections. And,
To provide the Liberians with a venue and a process for reconciliation and problem definition in general support of the resolution of the underlying conflicts.
The general process to be followed was to use the CMPO as a context for a sub-model for the Liberian Election Process. This sub-model would then be used as the requirements list, initial task list, of the Critical Path Model that would then be finished and left with the Liberian Election officials.
The remainder of this paper will report on the degree to which these purposes were held out and suggestions for future workshops. The bottom line for POPP and WVI is that the Liberian workshops appear to be highly successful in the first purpose. The first purpose and objective of leaving a useful tool were fully met. The second purpose and objective of contributing to overall resolution was only partially met (as can be determined at this time). However, that the workshop process contributed is not in doubt, only the degree.
Roots of the Conflict;
From the outset on Christmas eve 1989, the current Liberian conflict has been a raw attempt to seize wealth and power. Neither political philosophy nor long-running historical tribal clashes were at the roots of the war. The proximate cause of the uprising can be traced Samuel Doe's 1980 coup which overthrew the continuous autocratic and corrupt rule of the country by its Americo-Liberian founders. Doe's excesses following the 1985 failed counter-coup introduced a tribal-ethnic component which enabled Charles Taylor to easily recruit a cadre of Nimba County Gios and Manos to fight against Doe's predominantly Kahn AFL (Armed Forces of Liberia).
Doe's ten years of power were marked by corruption far worse than that of the previous Americo-Liberian administrations. Therefore, when Taylor began his efforts to unseat Doe, the vast majority of Liberians supported him. Taylor quickly lost much of his popular support because of the atrocities committed by his forces and the transparency of his raw quest for wealth and power. In 1990, because of atrocities against many West Africans and other national self interests, an ECOWAS (Economic Union of West African States) force was deployed to stop the blood bath. About 1/3 of the pre-conflict population of 2.4 million fled the country, most to near-by countries. The population of Monrovia swelled to about 800,000 - 1,200,000. The remainder stayed in place or were dislocated within the country.
1990-Present:
Once ECOMOG (ECOWAS Military Observer Group) established a secure perimeter around Monrovia, Liberia effectively was divided into two countries; Monrovia administered by the Interim Government of National Unity (IGNU) of Amos Sawyer and "Greater Liberia" run by Charles Taylor and his NPFL. As time passed, additional factions arose. Some disappeared or became ineffective, others became major players.
Most of the period was characterized by "no peace-no war". However, isolated atrocities and human rights abuses by all factions continued. There have been two notable exceptions to the uneasy stability. In October 1992 and April 1996. In 1992, Taylor's NPFL attacked ECOMOG and again attempted to seize Monrovia by force. He almost succeeded. However, ECOMOG defeated his forces and by February 1993 had expanded the Monrovia perimeter. During this period, ECOMOG actively supported and strengthened factions opposing Taylor. In April of 1996, factional fighting broke out in Monrovia and raged unabated for about two months. During most of this time ECOMOG stood aside and allowed the unrest to continue.
Currently (February, 1997), a transitional government is in place. Each of the major faction.: NPFL (Taylor). ULIMO-K (Krohma), and LPC (Bailey) are on the transitional executive counsel along with three "neutral" representatives. The counsel is chaired by Ruth Perry, an ex-senator.
Disarmament of the faction fighters by ECOMOG is underway. However, factions still control areas of the country and the faction leaders continue to benefit from the resources of the area they controls (primarily foreign currency producers: diamonds, gold, timber and rubber). Therefore, free access throughout the country is not yet established. Liberians recognize that complete and total disarmament probably will not be accomplished before the date set by ECOWAS for the national elections, May 30.
The Future
The future remains in doubt and there are individuals / groups which can easily disrupt the peace process. However, the peace process probably has a better chance of success than ever before because the Liberian body politic has made compromises and reached consensus about major elements of the process. The divergent political parties have formed an alliance which plans to run a unified slate in the elections. Probably most important, while not expressly stated, the international community appears to have sent the message to all Liberians and their leaders that the process will succeed this time or they will abandon Liberia. The international community appears to have the will to enforce certain elements of the process.
The CMPO was initially developed under contract to the Office of the Secretary of Defense's Program Analysis and Evaluation Directorate. Version 1.0 of the CMPO was delivered to the government on the 25th of September, 1996.
The CMPO is a top down decomposition of the domain of Peace Operations. At its highest level, it identifies the processes of Peace Operations as Peace Making, Peace Building and Peace Support. Each of these processes is further refined (to as many as nine levels of decomposition) in order to determine the complete definition of the process. All of the constituent sub-processes and functions are included along with the relationships and linkages between the sub-processes. Figure 1 below shows the decomposition of the CMPO down the Peace Building side to the point that the Elections Sub-Model would be built.
This figure demonstrates the top down approach of the CMPO. The ellipse in the upper right of the figure represents the highest level of the CMPO, showing Peace Operations as consisting of Peace Making, which is assisted by Peace Building and Peace Support. Peace Making is considered to include the processes of conflict resolution, management and or transformation. Peace Making is that primary function of a Peace Operation where the parties are brought together and agreements are made. All other aspects of a Peace Operation should be subordinated to Peace Making.
The root or fundamental causes and on going exacerbating processes are addressed by the sub-process of Peace Building. It is this process that will ultimately contain the elections sub-model. Figure 1 demonstrates how Peace Building is decomposed to include Self Governance, and Self Governance is decomposed to include Election Support. Election Support will then be developed into a fully defined election sub-model relevant for Liberia.
Figure 1: CMPO Decomposition
The final process of the CMPO is Peace Support. Peace Support contains the sub-processes of Observation, Command and Control, Force, Logistics, Liaison, Presence and Security. These processes are normally, although not always, conducted by military or police forces.
The central purpose of the CMPO in this application is to provide the context for the elections sub-model. The CMPO identifies relationships between Refugee Activities and Self Governance, between Security and Observation and Election Support, and many other relationships and linkages. These relationships and linkages then inform the sub-model building process and the linkages can be inherited if appropriate. It is this sharing of context that makes the CMPO sub-model approach preferable to a direct approach to an operational model. The shared links provide the builder with a rich and confirmed 'check list' of other processes that need to be considered. And, to some extent, how those processes interact and impact the sub-process being modeled.
In general, a workshop will be conducted in four phases, and developed in two phases. The initial development requires that a theme, or problem be identified that is judged approachable. Once this problem or theme has been identified, in the case of Liberia this problem was the scheduling of the election process, then the full development process begins with a group of experts round table. During this round table, the problem is explored and potential CMPO application areas are identified.
Following the group of experts round table and initial review of the CMPO, a draft sub-model of the CMPO is developed by the team and potential operational models are identified. If possible, a trip to the conflict area to discuss the problem and coming workshop is conducted in order to clarify the issues and better prepare the workshop team. This initial visit will greatly assist in identifying the incountry support team and, more importantly, the potential participants to the workshops. Final preparation based on the reconnaissance trip will prepare the team for the workshops. The Liberian model did not make use of this reconnaissance due to funding limitations.
The actual phases of the workshops are: Leadership and stakeholder inoculation; CMPO sub-modeling for requirements definition; Model translation to operational form; and, Exercising the operational model. Follow on activities will vary by location, theme and incountry capabilities.
Leadership inoculation is the process of pre-workshop briefings and discussions with local leaders and intervenors. The purpose of these discussions is to ensure that all parties (first, second, or third) are made fully aware of the purposes, procedures, participants, and potentials of the workshops. These sessions enhance the overall transparency of the process and assist the workshop team in understanding the interplay of personalities in the area.
The actual workshop process begins with the definition phase using the CMPO sub-modeling technique. The CMPO sub-model is then transitions into a pre-identified operational model, and this operational model is then exercised. It is during the exercising of the operational model that the problem resolution, or further refinement can occur. As the participants work with the operational model and pose various 'what if' questions together, some answers and some consensus may develop.
An initial roundtable on Liberia was held on the 19th of August, 1996. The meeting focused on reaching consensus on a few central issues which, if left unresolved, would disrupt the ongoing peacekeeping efforts. By keeping the discussion group small, collegial, and representative, we were able to reach conclusions and recommendations which were accepted by those working to resolve the Liberian problem.
The primary finding of this round table was the centrality of the election process as agreed to in the Abuja Accords. The controversy over schedule, type, and participation in the elections was immediately a candidate for the modeling paradigm discussed in this report. This roundtable was recorded and a transcript maintained for further research.
No one group can be expert in all aspects of a peace operation. This would be impossible. The CMPO helps to identify functions and processes, but this structure is only as good as the knowledge and competence of those involved in the development of that section of the CMPO. Because of this, a second seminar was held prior to going to Liberia. This seminar brought together Liberians in the Washington, D.C. area, experts from the Departments of State and Defense, as well as representatives of NGOs and IOs. During this seminar, straw-models were constructed and discussed in detail. This pre-modeling allowed the workshop facilitation team to anticipate problem areas and to provide impartial guidance when asked. It is clear that the effectiveness of the CMPO process on the ground is directly proportional to the amount of preparation time spent prior to going to the field. The second seminar was held 19 December, 1996.
During January of 1997, GMU/TIPP and WVI held a four day workshop in Monrovia for the purpose of providing election planning assistance to the Liberian people. This workshop was a pilot for the type of intervention being planned for other locations.
The general framework required that the participating Liberians construct a detailed sub-model of the CMPO in the area of interest. This was accomplished by the use of standard outlining techniques with the background of the relationships and linkages of the CMPO. The Participants did not need to understand the workings of the CMPO software, only to understand the concepts of processes, functions and linkages. They were able to grasp these concepts with no difficulty after a very short tutorial on a related subject, and were quite comfortable working with the graphical representations. The details of this model may be found in Appendix B.
For example, the detail of the linkages of the reintegration and disarmament processes into the election processes were highlighted by the CMPO, as was the need for economic reform and eventual job building activities. The latter two were seen as results of a successful free and fair election as opposed to pre-requisites. Once all of the processes of the election were elicited from the participants and placed within the structure of the CMPO it could be said that a complete problem definition had been achieved. This pre-modeling effort allowed the group to develop the specific detail in such a way that the result was transparent and readily understood by all participants to the workshop.
The second half of the workshop was dedicated to translating the problem statement of the CMPO sub-model into a problem solving application. GMU/TIPP chose the technique of Critical Path Modeling (CPM) to operationalize the election process. CPM is an established management tool for determining the required tasks, durations, linkages, and resource requirements of a complicated project. The CMPO sub-model became the task list, and the sub-model linkages informed the initial task linkage (precedence) relationships. Durations were added to the lowest level functions of the CPM and the result was re-validated by all participants. Details of the CPM may be found in Appendix C.
The final day of the workshop was dedicated to a review of what the CPM could be used for. Questions of concurrent work vs. sequential activity were addressed, as were questions about prerequisites for the conduct of specific functions. For example: The date of the voting in the initial model was later in the year than called for by the Abuja Accords. The participants were able to identify tasks and durations in the CPM that could be adjusted to move the voting to a more desirable date. This movement was conducted within the full view and participation of all members of the workshop, thereby understanding the assumptions that were being made and contributing to the overall transparency of this process.
Although the funding structure did not allow for a full follow up and return visit, the team was able to arrange for an in country support team. This team is made up of technicians from the local office of World Vision Liberia and a modeler from the Jeffrey's Group in Monrovia. Copies of the CPM model were left with the American Embassy, the Council of State, and with the support team.
A broad distribution of the local report with schedule was made prior to the teams departure from Monrovia. This distribution of the report, along with the incountry support team, should allow for minimal follow up activity. Additional funding for a follow up trip is being sought in order to conduct some management seminars on the use of the model in light of recent events and future difficulties.
The overall two step process proposed (CMPO sub-model for requirements definition followed by an off-the-shelf operational model for problem solution) seems to have effectively contributed to the election process in Liberia. The three fold goals of providing a tool that was: Useable, Specific, and Transparent were achieved. The results of the effort are now in the hands of many Liberians of all factions and parties and work is underway to follow the process and to provide configuration management of the CPM in country using indigenous NGO capability.
Table 1: Workshop Participants
Wesley M. Johnson UPP
Joseph S. Guannu LPP
Isaac D. Dikenah Sr. NDPL
J. Dallamah Sulonteh LUP
Othello Mason TWP
Joseph Derrick UP
James G. Kiazolu Press Union
Alaric K.Tokpa University of Liberia
Andre Pope Elections Commission
Helena Chieh Elections Commission
Mary Brownell Liberian Women's Initiative
Ophelia Hoff Saytumah Liberian Federation of Women
William Dweh LBS
David Kiazolu Interfaith Council
Philip Pardi LPC
Weade Kobbah-Wureh LRRRC
E.C.B. Jones Jr. Office of Ruth Perry
Kwretu Nepe MODEL
T. Titus Charley Office of Tamba Taylor
Amadou Sheriff ULIMO-K
D. Dee Chelley ULIMO-J
Conmany B. Wesseh CEDE/PADF
Blamoh Nelson ARAD
Joseph D.C. Jaycheneh LINDEM
Moses N. Teah LINDEM
Sleweon Nepe University of Liberia
Ansu S. Konneh National Newspaper
Myrtle Gibson LICHICO
D. Karn Carlor NRC
S. Kofi Woods Catholic Justice and Peace
Commission
Suku Wesseh PADF
Fatu Gittens-White Liberian Business Association
Ansumana Kromah RAP
Mulbah Duwana Heritage Newspaper
Gloria Scott Election Commission
Carol Jeffrey The Jeffrey Group
John Decatur World Vision
Ambassador Walter Program on Peacekeeping Policy
Stadtler
Jerry Rose Program on Peacekeeping Policy
Professor Dave Davis Program on Peacekeeping Policy
Dayton Maxwell World Vision
Davin Bremner Inst. for Conflict Analysis and
Resolution
Liberians
Mrs Ruth Perry Chairman of Council of
State
Dr. Amos Sawyer Ex President of IGNU
Dr. Tipoteh Prominant Liberian
Mr. Charles Taylor NPFL
Mr. Alhaji Kroma ULIMO-K
Mr. George Bolley LPC
Mr. Baccus Mathews Prominant Liberian
Mr. J.T. Richardson Prominant Liberian (NPFL)
Elections Commission
Interfaith Mediation Council
International Community in Monrovia European Commission Amb. Milam US Ambassador MG Malu Force Commander, ECOMOG Mr. Nyakyi SRSG, UNOMIL MG Shami CMO, UNOMIL Amb. Kouyate ASG, UNDPA
International Community outside of Liberia US Embassy, Abidjan African Development Bank, Abidjan French Foreign Ministry, Paris Dutch Foreign Ministry, The Hague World Vision Netherlands, The Hague World Vision UK, London
Table 3: Functional Hierarcy, Day 2
1 Election Support: 3.2.4.5
2 Decision Issues: 3.2.4.5.1
3 Commitment: 3.2.4.5.1.1
4 Expressions of Committments
5 Actions
6 Issues of Agreement: 3.2.4.5.1.2
7 Cease Fire
8 Disengagement
9 Disarmament / Demobilization: 3.2.4.5.1.2.1
10 Resettlement: 3.2.4.5.1.2.2
11 Repatriation: 3.2.4.5.1.2.3
12 Readjustment: 3.2.4.5.1.2.4
13 Issues of Law: 3.2.4.5.1.3
14 Determine Constitutionality: 3.2.4.5.1.3.1
15 Establish Residency requirements: 3.2.4.5.1.3.1.1
16 Determine Type or System of Election: 3.2.4.5.1.3.1.2
17 Determine requirements for Absentee Balloting: 3.2.4.5.1.3.1.3
18 Determine Requirements for Party Registration: 3.2.4.5.1.3.1.4
19 Build Confidence in Election Commission: 3.2.4.5.1.3.2
20 Ensure Independence and Impartiality: 3.2.4.5.1.3.2.1
21 Staff and Resources: 3.2.4.5.1.3.2.2
22 Establish/Create Detailed Plan: 3.2.4.5.1.3.2.3
23 Make Decision on Census: 3.2.4.5.1.3.3
24 Obtain Census: 3.2.4.5.1.3.4
25 Conduct Population Survey: 3.2.4.5.1.3.5
26 Issues of Action: 3.2.4.5.1.4
27 Determine Access Requirements: 3.2.4.5.1.4.1
28 Determine Status of Winners and Losers: 3.2.4.5.1.4.2
29 Identify Rules and Procedures: 3.2.4.5.2
30 Determine Offices to be contested: 3.2.4.5.2.1
31 Choose General Election: 3.2.4.5.2.1.1
32 Choose Special Election: 3.2.4.5.2.1.2
33 Determine various qualifications: 3.2.4.5.2.2
34 Determine Qualifications of Voters: 3.2.4.5.2.2.1
35 Determine Qualifications of Parties: 3.2.4.5.2.2.2
36 Determine Qualifications of Candidates: 3.2.4.5.2.2.3
37 Campaign and Nomination Procedures: 3.2.4.5.2.3
38 Parties Nominate Candidates in Convention: 3.2.4.5.2.3.1
39 Independent Candidates via Petition: 3.2.4.5.2.3.2
40 Certify Candidates: 3.2.4.5.2.3.3
41 Create / Disseminate Candidate Code of conduct: 3.2.4.5.2.3.4
42 Balloting and Counting Procedures: 3.2.4.5.2.4
43 Confirm / redesign Balloting Procedures: 3.2.4.5.2.4.1
44 Confirm / redesign Counting Procedures: 3.2.4.5.2.4.2
45 Post Election Commission Requirements: 3.2.4.5.2.5
46 Determine Procedure for Determination of winners: 3.2.4.5.2.5.1
47 Determine Procedure for Certification: 3.2.4.5.2.5.2
48 Determine Procedure for the investigation of claims 3.2.4.5.2.5.3
and irregularities:
49 Determine need for run off election
50 Determine Procedures for the Announcment of 3.2.4.5.2.5.4
Results:
51 Perform Election Management: 3.2.4.5.3
52 Establish Election Management Procedures: 3.2.4.5.3.1
53 Review Election Law: 3.2.4.5.3.1.1
54 Amend Election Law if neccessary: 3.2.4.5.3.1.2
55 Provide for independent oversight: 3.2.4.5.3.1.3
56 Provide for adjudication of disputes: 3.2.4.5.3.1.4
57 Provide lists of births and deaths: 3.2.4.5.3.1.5
58 Provide lists of disenfranchized: 3.2.4.5.3.1.6
59 Establish Election Support Procedures: 3.2.4.5.3.2
60 Provide for internal election support mechanisms: 3.2.4.5.3.2.1
61 Coordinate Election Support with international 3.2.4.5.3.2.2
community:
62 Establish Election Oversight Procedures: 3.2.4.5.3.3
63 Oversight by Parties and Candidates: 3.2.4.5.3.3.1
64 Oversight by Media: 3.2.4.5.3.3.2
65 Oversight by Interest Groups: 3.2.4.5.3.3.3
66 Oversight by International Community: 3.2.4.5.3.3.4
67 Identify Funding and Resources: 3.2.4.5.4
68 Determine Where Funding is Needed: 3.2.4.5.4.1
69 Determine Costs for Communication: 3.2.4.5.4.1.1
70 Determine Costs for Media and PR: 3.2.4.5.4.1.2
71 Determine Costs for Rents: 3.2.4.5.4.1.3
72 Determine Costs for Personnel: 3.2.4.5.4.1.4
73 Determine Costs for Stationery: 3.2.4.5.4.1.5
74 Determine Costs for Printing: 3.2.4.5.4.1.6
75 Determine Costs for local transportation: 3.2.4.5.4.1.7
76 Determine Costs for Office Supplies and Equipment: 3.2.4.5.4.1.8
77 Determine Costs for Computers: 3.2.4.5.4.1.9
78 Determine expenses for Security: 3.2.4.5.4.1.10
79 Determine Expenses for Public Education: 3.2.4.5.4.1.11
80 Accumulate Total Cost: 3.2.4.5.4.1.12
81 Determine Where Funding can be found: 3.2.4.5.4.2
82 Determine funding available from GOL: 3.2.4.5.4.2.1
83 Determine funding available from International 3.2.4.5.4.2.2
Community:
84 Energize Funding sources: 3.2.4.5.4.3
85 Conduct Voter Registration: 3.2.4.5.5
86 Determine length of time and dates for 3.2.4.5.5.1
registration:
87 Demarcate Constituencies: 3.2.4.5.5.2
88 Compile demographic data
89 Compile geographic data
90 Decide location of registration stations: 3.2.4.5.5.3
91 Establish registration locations: 3.2.4.5.5.4
92 Build Electoral Rolls: 3.2.4.5.5.5
93 Find Existing Electoral Lists: 3.2.4.5.5.5.1
94 Validate Old Lists: 3.2.4.5.5.5.2
95 Create New Lists: 3.2.4.5.5.5.3
96 Combine Old and New Lists: 3.2.4.5.5.5.4
97 Polling / Voting: 3.2.4.5.6
98 Determine Voting Times and Dates: 3.2.4.5.6.1
99 Determine Voting / Ballot Locations: 3.2.4.5.6.2
100 Determine optimum number of voters per center
101 Establish Polls: 3.2.4.5.6.3
102 Create Ballots: 3.2.4.5.6.4
103 Design Ballots: 3.2.4.5.6.4.1
104 Print Ballots: 3.2.4.5.6.4.2
105 Package Ballots: 3.2.4.5.6.4.3
106 Deliver Ballots to Storage Location: 3.2.4.5.6.4.4
107 Special Ballot Security Activities: 3.2.4.5.6.4.5
108 Deliver Ballots to Polls: 3.2.4.5.6.5
109 Cast Votes: 3.2.4.5.6.6
110 Determine Poll Hours of Operation: 3.2.4.5.6.6.1
111 Validate Individual Voters at the Poll: 3.2.4.5.6.6.2
112 Confirm Voter eligibility at Poll: 3.2.4.5.6.6.2.1
113 Mark / Identify voter as having voted: 3.2.4.5.6.6.2.2
114 Collect Ballots: 3.2.4.5.6.6.3
115 Election Polling Place Security: 3.2.4.5.6.7
116 Post Election Activities: 3.2.4.5.7
117 Tabulate the votes at each polling center/station: 3.2.4.5.7.1
118 Account for ballots and authenticate the count: 3.2.4.5.7.2
119 Transport ballot boxes and authentication forms: 3.2.4.5.7.3
120 Determine Official Winners: 3.2.4.5.7.4
121 Announce Results of Election: 3.2.4.5.7.5
122 Certify results of election: 3.2.4.5.7.6
123 Election Commission Certifies Results: 3.2.4.5.7.6.1
124 Election Commission hears claims
125 Supreme Court adjudicates election disputes: 3.2.4.5.7.6.2
126 Statement on election conduct made by Monitors: 3.2.4.5.7.7
127 Post Election Management Activities: 3.2.4.5.7.8
128 Final Determination of Status of Winners and 3.2.4.5.7.8.1
Losers:
129 Preservation of all records: 3.2.4.5.7.8.2
130 Conduct Election Education: 3.2.4.5.8
131 Train Election Operators: 3.2.4.5.8.1
132 Train Election Commission Personnel: 3.2.4.5.8.1.1
133 Train Poll Workers: 3.2.4.5.8.1.1.1
134 Train Voter Registration Personnel: 3.2.4.5.8.1.1.2
135 Train regular election commission staff: 3.2.4.5.8.1.1.3
136 Train Local Election Monitors: 3.2.4.5.8.1.2
137 Train Election Participants: 3.2.4.5.8.2
138 Educate voters: 3.2.4.5.8.2.1
139 Educate voters on registration procedures: 3.2.4.5.8.2.1.1
140 Educate voters on balloting procedures: 3.2.4.5.8.2.1.2
141 Educate voters on the implications of the vote: 3.2.4.5.8.2.1.3
142 Educate Candidates and Party Officials: 3.2.4.5.8.2.2
143 Educate in Elections procedures and laws: 3.2.4.5.8.2.2.1
144 Educate in Campaign procedures and laws: 3.2.4.5.8.2.2.2
145 Educate on administration of the procedures and 3.2.4.5.8.2.2.3
laws:
146 Education on the Adjudication of disputes: 3.2.4.5.8.2.2.3.
1
147 Education on the appeal process: 3.2.4.5.8.2.2.3.
2
148 Special Training for Elections: 3.2.4.5.8.3
149 Educate Media on the Election Process: 3.2.4.5.8.3.1
150 Educate Election Security Personnel: 3.2.4.5.8.3.2
151 Monitor Election Process: 3.2.4.5.9
152 Election Security: 3.2.4.5.10
153 Inauguration: 3.2.4.5.11
Table 4: Election Organizations
I.D. Election Organization
3 Election Institutions
3.1 Election Commission
3.2 Legistature
3.3 Ministries
3.3.1 Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
3.3.2 Ministry of Health
3.3.3 Ministry of Internal
Affairs
3.3.4 Ministry of Justice
3.3.5 Ministry of Planning
3.4 Judicial System
3.4.1 Supreme Court
3.4.2 Probate Court
3.5 Security Apparatus
Table 5: Election Model Linkages to CMPO
CMPO ID (Link Name) Function Name
Access Linkages
3.1.7 Perform Mediation Services
3.2.2.4 Assist in the Return of Refugees and IDPs
3.2.4.5.1.4.1 Determine Access Requirements
3.2.6.1.1 Transportation Networks
3.2.6.1.3 Communication Networks
3.2.8 Demining Operations
3.3.4.2.7 Provide Local Transportation
3.3.5 Presence
Diplomatic Linkages
3.1 Peace Making
3.2.4.5.3.2.2 Coordinate Election Support with
international community
Disarmament Linkages 3.1.5 Demobilization Negotiations 3.1.8 Sanctions 3.1.9 Rewards 3.2.4.5.1.2.1 Disarmament / Demobilization 3.2.7.1 Disarmament 3.3.7.4 Security of Mandate Election Security Requirements 3.1.3 Negotiations 3.2.4.5.4.1.10 Determine expenses for Security 3.2.4.5.6.4.5 Special Ballot Security Activities 3.2.4.5.6.7 Election Polling Place Security 3.2.4.5.8.3.2 Educate Election Security Personnel 3.2.4.5.10 Election Security 3.3.5 Presence 3.3.7 Security Financial / Economic Linkages 3.2.4.1 Institution Building 3.2.4.5.4 Identify Funding and Resources 3.2.5 Economic Stability Activities General Transportation Linkages 3.1.6 Other Treaty Negotiations 3.1.8.1.2 Trade and Travel 3.2.4.5.6.5 Deliver Ballots to Polls 3.2.6.1.1 Transportation Networks 3.3.4.2.7 Provide Local Transportation 3.3.7.4 Security of Mandate
Geographic/Topographic
Linkages
3.2.4.5.5.2 Demarcate Constituencies
3.2.6 Infrastructure Activities
3.3.2 Command and Control
Judicial Linkages
3.2.3 Human Rights Activities
3.2.4.2 Judicial Reconstruction/Support
3.2.4.5.2.5.3 Determine Procedure for the investigation
of claims and irregularities
3.2.4.5.3.1.4 Provide for adjudication of disputes
3.3.6 Liaison
Observation Linkages
3.1.1 Situation Awareness
3.2.3.1 Human Rights Monitoring
3.2.4.3 Police Reconstruction/Support
3.2.4.5.3.3 Establish Election Oversight Procedures
3.2.6.1.1 Transportation Networks
3.2.6.1.3 Communication Networks
3.3.1 Observation
3.3.2.1 Monitor the Situation
3.3.5 Presence
3.3.6 Liaison
Planning Linkages
3.1.2 Decision Support
3.2.4.5.1.3.2.3 Establish/Create Detailed Plan
3.3.2 Command and Control
Resettlement Linkages 3.2.1 Humanitarian Activities 3.2.2 Refugee and Displaced Persons Activities 3.2.3 Human Rights Activities 3.2.4.5.1.2.2 Resettlement 3.2.5 Economic Stability Activities 3.2.6.2 Virtual Infrastructure 3.2.7.2 Reintegration 3.3.1 Observation 3.3.4.2 Logistic Support to Peace Building
Figure 2: Summary CPM
ID Tasks (Including roll up Duration Start Finish Links
tasks)
1 Decision Issues: 3.2.4.5.1 55d 1/20/97 3/15/97
2 Actions by ECOMOG/ECOWAS 55d 1/20/97 3/15/97
3 Commitment: 3.2.4.5.1.1 1d 1/20/97 1/20/97
4 Expressions of Committments 1d 1/20/97 1/20/97
5 Actions 1d 1/20/97 1/20/97
6 Issues of Agreement: 10d 1/21/97 1/31/97 3
3.2.4.5.1.2
7 Cease Fire 0d 1/21/97 1/21/97
8 Disengagement 1d 1/21/97 1/21/97 7
9 Disarmament / Demobilization: 0d 1/31/97 1/31/97 8
3.2.4.5.1.2.1
10 Resettlement: 3.2.4.5.1.2.2 1d 1/21/97 1/21/97
11 Repatriation: 3.2.4.5.1.2.3 1d 1/21/97 1/21/97
12 Readjustment: 3.2.4.5.1.2.4 1d 1/22/97 1/22/97 10,11
13 Issues of Law: 3.2.4.5.1.3 40d 1/21/97 3/1/97 3
14 Determine Constitutionality: 25d 1/21/97 2/14/97
3.2.4.5.1.3.1
15 Establish Residency 5w 1/21/97 2/14/97
requirements: 3.2.4.5.1.3.1.1
16 Determine Type or System of 5w 1/21/97 2/14/97
Election: 3.2.4.5.1.3.1.2
17 Determine requirements for 5w 1/21/97 2/14/97
Absentee Balloting:
3.2.4.5.1.3.1.3
18 Determine Requirements for 5w 1/21/97 2/14/97
Party Registration:
3.2.4.5.1.3.1.4
19 Build Confidence in Election 15d 2/15/97 3/1/97 14
Commission: 3.2.4.5.1.3.2
20 Ensure Independence and 3d 2/15/97 2/17/97
Impartiality: 3.2.4.5.1.3.2.1
21 Staff and Resources: 2w 2/15/97 2/24/97
3.2.4.5.1.3.2.2
22 Establish/Create Detailed 3w 2/15/97 3/1/97 21SS
Plan: 3.2.4.5.1.3.2.3
23 Make Decision on Census: 40d 1/21/97 3/1/97
3.2.4.5.1.3.3
24 Obtain Census: 3.2.4.5.1.3.4 1d 1/21/97 1/21/97
25 Conduct Population Survey: 8w 1/21/97 3/1/97
3.2.4.5.1.3.5
26 Review Election Law: 2w 1/21/97 1/30/97
3.2.4.5.3.1.1
27 Amend Election Law if 2w 1/31/97 2/9/97 26
necessary: 3.2.4.5.3.1.2
28 Issues of Action: 3.2.4.5.1.4 5d 1/21/97 1/25/97 3
29 Determine Access Requirements: 1w 1/21/97 1/25/97
3.2.4.5.1.4.1
30 Determine Status of Winners 1d 1/21/97 1/21/97
and Losers: 3.2.4.5.1.4.2
31 Identify Rules and Procedures: 5d 3/2/97 3/6/97 13
3.2.4.5.2
32 Determine Offices to be 5d 3/2/97 3/6/97
contested: 3.2.4.5.2.1
33 Choose General Election: 1w 3/2/97 3/6/97
3.2.4.5.2.1.1
34 Choose Special Election: 1w 3/2/97 3/6/97 33SS
3.2.4.5.2.1.2
35 Determine various 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
qualifications: 3.2.4.5.2.2
36 Determine Qualifications of 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
Voters: 3.2.4.5.2.2.1
37 Determine Qualifications of 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
Parties: 3.2.4.5.2.2.2
38 Determine Qualifications of 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
Candidates: 3.2.4.5.2.2.3
39 Campaign and Nomination 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
Procedures: 3.2.4.5.2.3
40 Parties Nominate Candidates in 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
Convention: 3.2.4.5.2.3.1
41 Independent Candidates via 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
Petition: 3.2.4.5.2.3.2
42 Certify Candidates: 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
3.2.4.5.2.3.3
43 Create / Disseminate Candidate 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
Code of conduct: 3.2.4.5.2.3.4
44 Balloting and Counting 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
Procedures: 3.2.4.5.2.4
45 Confirm / redesign Balloting 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
Procedures: 3.2.4.5.2.4.1
46 Confirm / redesign Counting 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
Procedures: 3.2.4.5.2.4.2
47 Post Election Decisions of the 2d 3/2/97 3/3/97
Commission: 3.2.4.5.2.5
48 Determine Procedure for 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
Determination of winners:
3.2.4.5.2.5.1
49 Determine Procedure for 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
Certification: 3.2.4.5.2.5.2
50 Determine Procedure for the 2d 3/2/97 3/3/97
investigation of claims and
irregularities: 3.2.4.5.2.5.3
51 Determine Procedures for the 1d 3/2/97 3/2/97
Announcment of Results:
3.2.4.5.2.5.4
52 Perform Election Management: 15d 3/16/97 3/30/97 1
3.2.4.5.3
53 Establish Election Management 10d 3/16/97 3/25/97
Procedures: 3.2.4.5.3.1
54 Provide for adjudication of 1d 3/16/97 3/16/97
disputes: 3.2.4.5.3.1.4
55 Provide lists of births and 2w 3/16/97 3/25/97
deaths: 3.2.4.5.3.1.5
56 Provide lists of 2w 3/16/97 3/25/97
disenfranchized: 3.2.4.5.3.1.6
57 Establish Election Support 5d 3/26/97 3/30/97 66
Procedures: 3.2.4.5.3.2
58 Provide for internal election 1w 3/26/97 3/30/97
support mechanisms:
3.2.4.5.3.2.1
59 Coordinate Election Support 1d 3/26/97 3/26/97
with international community:
3.2.4.5.3.2.2
60 Establish Election Oversight 2d 3/16/97 3/17/97
Procedures: 3.2.4.5.3.3
61 Oversight by GOL 2d 3/16/97 3/17/97
62 Oversight by Parties and 2d 3/16/97 3/17/97
Candidates: 3.2.4.5.3.3.1
63 Oversight by Media: 2d 3/16/97 3/17/97
3.2.4.5.3.3.2
64 Oversight by Interest Groups: 2d 3/16/97 3/17/97
3.2.4.5.3.3.3
65 Oversight by International 2d 3/16/97 3/17/97
Community: 3.2.4.5.3.3.4
66 Identify Funding and 10d 3/16/97 3/25/97
Resources: 3.2.4.5.4
67 Determine Where Funding is 5d 3/16/97 3/20/97
Needed: 3.2.4.5.4.1
68 Determine Costs for 1w 3/16/97 3/20/97
Communication: 3.2.4.5.4.1.1
69 Determine Costs for Media and 1w 3/16/97 3/20/97
PR: 3.2.4.5.4.1.2
70 Determine Costs for Rents: 1w 3/16/97 3/20/97
3.2.4.5.4.1.3
71 Determine Costs for Personnel: 1w 3/16/97 3/20/97
3.2.4.5.4.1.4
72 Determine Costs for 1w 3/16/97 3/20/97
Stationery: 3.2.4.5.4.1.5
73 Determine Costs for Printing: 1w 3/16/97 3/20/97
3.2.4.5.4.1.6
74 Determine Costs for 1w 3/16/97 3/20/97
transportation: 3.2.4.5.4.1.7
75 Determine Costs for Office 1w 3/16/97 3/20/97
Supplies and Equipment:
3.2.4.5.4.1.8
76 Determine Costs for Computers: 1w 3/16/97 3/20/97
3.2.4.5.4.1.9
77 Determine expenses for 1w 3/16/97 3/20/97
Security: 3.2.4.5.4.1.10
78 Determine Expenses for Public 1w 3/16/97 3/20/97
Education: 3.2.4.5.4.1.11
79 Determine Contingency Costs 1w 3/16/97 3/20/97
80 Accumulate Total Cost 1w 3/21/97 3/25/97 67
(Budget): 3.2.4.5.4.1.12
81 Determine Where Funding can be 2d 3/16/97 3/17/97
found: 3.2.4.5.4.2
82 Determine funding available 1d 3/16/97 3/16/97
from GOL: 3.2.4.5.4.2.1
83 Determine funding available 1d 3/17/97 3/17/97 82
from International Community:
3.2.4.5.4.2.2
84 Energize Funding sources: 1d 3/18/97 3/18/97 81
3.2.4.5.4.3
85 Conduct Election Education: 75d 1/20/97 4/4/97
3.2.4.5.8
86 Train Election Operators: 10d 3/26/97 4/4/97 53
3.2.4.5.8.1
87 Train Election Commission 1w 3/26/97 3/30/97
Personnel: 3.2.4.5.8.1.1
88 Train Local Election Monitors: 2w 3/26/97 4/4/97
3.2.4.5.8.1.2
89 Train Election Observers (Poll 1w 3/26/97 3/30/97
Watchers)
90 Train Election Participants: 15d 3/7/97 3/21/97 3,31
3.2.4.5.8.2
91 Educate voters: 3.2.4.5.8.2.1 15d 3/7/97 3/21/97
92 Educate voters on registration 3w 3/7/97 3/21/97
procedures: 3.2.4.5.8.2.1.1
93 Educate voters on balloting 3w 3/7/97 3/21/97
procedures: 3.2.4.5.8.2.1.2
94 Educate voters on the 3w 3/7/97 3/21/97
implications of the vote:
3.2.4.5.8.2.1.3
95 Educate Candidates and Party 5d 3/7/97 3/11/97
Officials: 3.2.4.5.8.2.2
96 Educate in Elections 1w 3/7/97 3/11/97
procedures and laws:
3.2.4.5.8.2.2.1
97 Educate in Campaign procedures 1w 3/7/97 3/11/97
and laws: 3.2.4.5.8.2.2.2
98 Educate on administration of 1w 3/7/97 3/11/97
the procedures and laws:
3.2.4.5.8.2.2.3
99 Special Training for 5d 1/20/97 1/24/97
Elections: 3.2.4.5.8.3
100 Educate Media on the Election 1w 1/20/97 1/24/97
Process: 3.2.4.5.8.3.1
101 Educate Election Security 1w 1/20/97 1/24/97
Personnel: 3.2.4.5.8.3.2
102 Conduct Voter Registration: 42d 4/2/97 5/14/97 1,55,56,9
3.2.4.5.5 2FS+75%,5
2
103 Demarcate Constituencies: 20d 4/2/97 4/22/97
3.2.4.5.5.2
104 Compile demographic data 4w 4/2/97 4/22/97
105 Compile geographic data 4w 4/2/97 4/22/97
106 Decide location of 1w 4/22/97 4/27/97 103
registration stations:
3.2.4.5.5.3
107 Establish registration 3w 4/27/97 5/12/97 106
locations: 3.2.4.5.5.4
108 Build Electoral Rolls: 42d 4/2/97 5/14/97
3.2.4.5.5.5
109 Find Existing Electoral Lists: 1d 4/2/97 4/3/97
3.2.4.5.5.5.1
110 Validate Old Lists: 1d 4/3/97 4/4/97 109
3.2.4.5.5.5.2
111 Create New Lists: 5w 4/4/97 4/29/97 110
3.2.4.5.5.5.3
112 Validation of Voter 3w 4/29/97 5/14/97 111
Roles/Roster
113 Prepare for Polling / Voting: 65.25d 3/16/97 5/20/97 1
3.2.4.5.6
114 Determine Voting Times and 1d 3/16/97 3/16/97
Dates: 3.2.4.5.6.1
115 Determine Voting / Ballot 1d 5/14/97 5/15/97 103,112
Locations: 3.2.4.5.6.2
116 Determine optimum number of 1d 5/14/97 5/15/97
voters per center
117 Establish Polls: 3.2.4.5.6.3 1w 5/15/97 5/20/97 115,114
118 Create Ballots: 3.2.4.5.6.4 20d 4/22/97 5/12/97 103
119 Design Ballots: 3.2.4.5.6.4.1 2w 4/22/97 5/2/97
120 Print Ballots: 3.2.4.5.6.4.2 1w 5/2/97 5/7/97 119
121 Package Ballots: 3.2.4.5.6.4.3 1w 5/2/97 5/7/97 120SS
122 Deliver Ballots to Storage 1w 5/7/97 5/12/97 121
Location: 3.2.4.5.6.4.4
123 Special Ballot Security 1d 5/11/97 5/12/97 119SS,122
Activities: 3.2.4.5.6.4.5 FF
124 Conduct the Vote 4d 5/20/97 5/24/97 113,102,1
18
125 Deliver Ballots to Polls: 2ed 5/20/97 5/22/97 122
3.2.4.5.6.5
126 Cast Votes: 3.2.4.5.6.6 2d 5/22/97 5/24/97 102,125
127 Determine Poll Hours of 1ed 5/22/97 5/23/97
Operation: 3.2.4.5.6.6.1
128 Validate Individual Voters at 1d 5/23/97 5/24/97 127
the Poll: 3.2.4.5.6.6.2
129 Confirm Voter eligibility at 1ed 5/23/97 5/24/97
Poll: 3.2.4.5.6.6.2.1
130 Mark / Identify voter as 1ed 5/23/97 5/24/97 129SS
having voted: 3.2.4.5.6.6.2.2
131 Collect Ballots: 3.2.4.5.6.6.3 1ed 5/23/97 5/24/97 127,128SS
132 Election Polling Place 1ed 5/23/97 5/24/97 131FS-100
Security: 3.2.4.5.6.7 %
133 Post Voting Activities: 44d 5/24/97 7/7/97 124
3.2.4.5.7
134 Tabulate the votes at each 1ed 5/24/97 5/25/97
polling center/station:
3.2.4.5.7.1
135 Account for ballots and 1ed 5/24/97 5/25/97 134SS
authenticate the count:
3.2.4.5.7.2
136 Transport ballot boxes and 2ed 5/24/97 5/26/97 135SS
authentication forms:
3.2.4.5.7.3
137 Determine Official Winners: 3ed 5/26/97 5/29/97 136
3.2.4.5.7.4
138 Announce Results of Election: 10ed 5/29/97 6/8/97 137
3.2.4.5.7.5
139 Certify results of election: 28d 6/8/97 7/6/97 138
3.2.4.5.7.6
140 Statement on election conduct 1d 6/8/97 6/9/97
made by Monitors: 3.2.4.5.7.7
141 Election Commission hears 4w 6/9/97 6/29/97 140
claims
142 Supreme Court adjudicates 4w 6/9/97 6/29/97 141SS
election disputes:
3.2.4.5.7.6.2
143 Election Commission Certifies 7ed 6/29/97 7/6/97 142
Results: 3.2.4.5.7.6.1
144 Post Election Management 1d 7/6/97 7/7/97 139
Activities: 3.2.4.5.7.8
145 Final Determination of Status 1d 7/6/97 7/7/97
of Winners and Losers:
3.2.4.5.7.8.1
146 Preservation of all records: 1d 7/6/97 7/7/97
3.2.4.5.7.8.2
147 Monitor Election Process: 1d 3/16/97 3/16/97 1
3.2.4.5.9
148 Determine need for run-off 1d 7/7/97 7/8/97 133
election
149 Inauguration: 3.2.4.5.11 1d 7/8/97 7/9/97 148,133,1
47
150 Election Security 1d 7/9/97 7/10/97 1SS,149
151 Abuja: 31 January 197 0d 1/31/97 1/31/97
152 Abuja: 28 February 1997 0d 2/28/97 2/28/97
153 Abuja: 30 May 1997 0d 5/30/97 5/30/97
154 Voting Day 0d 5/24/97 5/24/97 126
155 Winners Initial Announcement 0d 6/8/97 6/8/97 138
Task Name Duration Start Finish Links
1 Decision Issues: 55d 1/20/97 3/15/97
3.2.4.5.1
3 Commitment: 3.2.4.5.1.1 1d 1/20/97 1/20/97
4 Expressions of 1d 1/20/97 1/20/97
Committments
5 Actions 1d 1/20/97 1/20/97
13 Issues of Law: 40d 1/21/97 3/1/97 3
3.2.4.5.1.3
14 Determine 25d 1/21/97 2/14/97
Constitutionality:
3.2.4.5.1.3.1
15 Establish Residency 5w 1/21/97 2/14/97
requirements:
3.2.4.5.1.3.1.1
16 Determine Type or 5w 1/21/97 2/14/97
System of Election:
3.2.4.5.1.3.1.2
17 Determine requirements 5w 1/21/97 2/14/97
for Absentee Balloting:
3.2.4.5.1.3.1.3
18 Determine Requirements 5w 1/21/97 2/14/97
for Party Registration:
3.2.4.5.1.3.1.4
19 Build Confidence in 15d 2/15/97 3/1/97 14
Election Commission:
3.2.4.5.1.3.2
21 Staff and Resources: 2w 2/15/97 2/24/97
3.2.4.5.1.3.2.2
22 Establish/Create 3w 2/15/97 3/1/97 21SS
Detailed Plan:
3.2.4.5.1.3.2.3
23 Make Decision on 40d 1/21/97 3/1/97
Census: 3.2.4.5.1.3.3
25 Conduct Population 8w 1/21/97 3/1/97
Survey: 3.2.4.5.1.3.5
31 Identify Rules and 5d 3/2/97 3/6/97 13
Procedures: 3.2.4.5.2
32 Determine Offices to be 5d 3/2/97 3/6/97
contested: 3.2.4.5.2.1
33 Choose General 1w 3/2/97 3/6/97
Election: 3.2.4.5.2.1.1
34 Choose Special 1w 3/2/97 3/6/97 33SS
Election: 3.2.4.5.2.1.2
90 Train Election 15d 3/7/97 3/21/97 "3,31
Participants: "
3.2.4.5.8.2
91 Educate voters: 15d 3/7/97 3/21/97
3.2.4.5.8.2.1
92 Educate voters on 3w 3/7/97 3/21/97
registration
procedures:
3.2.4.5.8.2.1.1
102 Conduct Voter 42d 4/2/97 5/14/97 "1,55
Registration: 3.2.4.5.5 ,56,9
2FS+7
5%,52
"
108 Build Electoral Rolls: 42d 4/2/97 5/14/97
3.2.4.5.5.5
109 Find Existing Electoral 1d 4/2/97 4/3/97
Lists: 3.2.4.5.5.5.1
110 Validate Old Lists: 1d 4/3/97 4/4/97 109
3.2.4.5.5.5.2
111 Create New Lists: 5w 4/4/97 4/29/97 110
3.2.4.5.5.5.3
112 Validation of Voter 3w 4/29/97 5/14/97 111
Roles/Roster
113 Prepare for Polling / 65.25d 3/16/97 5/20/97 1
Voting: 3.2.4.5.6
115 Determine Voting / 1d 5/14/97 5/15/97 "103,
Ballot Locations: 112"
3.2.4.5.6.2
116 Determine optimum 1d 5/14/97 5/15/97
number of voters per
center
117 Establish Polls: 1w 5/15/97 5/20/97 "115,
3.2.4.5.6.3 114"
124 Conduct the Vote 4d 5/20/97 5/24/97 "113,
102,1
18"
125 Deliver Ballots to 2ed 5/20/97 5/22/97 122
Polls: 3.2.4.5.6.5
126 Cast Votes: 3.2.4.5.6.6 2d 5/22/97 5/24/97 "102,
125"
127 Determine Poll Hours of 1ed 5/22/97 5/23/97
Operation:
3.2.4.5.6.6.1
128 Validate Individual 1d 5/23/97 5/24/97 127
Voters at the Poll:
3.2.4.5.6.6.2
129 Confirm Voter 1ed 5/23/97 5/24/97
eligibility at Poll:
3.2.4.5.6.6.2.1
130 Mark / Identify voter 1ed 5/23/97 5/24/97 129SS
as having voted:
3.2.4.5.6.6.2.2
131 Collect Ballots: 1ed 5/23/97 5/24/97 "127,
3.2.4.5.6.6.3 128SS
"
132 Election Polling Place 1ed 5/23/97 5/24/97 131FS
Security: 3.2.4.5.6.7 -100%
133 Post Voting Activities: 44d 5/24/97 7/7/97 124
3.2.4.5.7
134 Tabulate the votes at 1ed 5/24/97 5/25/97
each polling
center/station:
3.2.4.5.7.1
135 Account for ballots and 1ed 5/24/97 5/25/97 134SS
authenticate the count:
3.2.4.5.7.2
136 Transport ballot boxes 2ed 5/24/97 5/26/97 135SS
and authentication
forms: 3.2.4.5.7.3
137 Determine Official 3ed 5/26/97 5/29/97 136
Winners: 3.2.4.5.7.4
138 Announce Results of 10ed 5/29/97 6/8/97 137
Election: 3.2.4.5.7.5
139 Certify results of 28d 6/8/97 7/6/97 138
election: 3.2.4.5.7.6
140 Statement on election 1d 6/8/97 6/9/97
conduct made by
Monitors: 3.2.4.5.7.7
141 Election Commission 4w 6/9/97 6/29/97 140
hears claims
142 Supreme Court 4w 6/9/97 6/29/97 141SS
adjudicates election
disputes: 3.2.4.5.7.6.2
143 Election Commission 7ed 6/29/97 7/6/97 142
Certifies Results:
3.2.4.5.7.6.1
144 Post Election 1d 7/6/97 7/7/97 139
Management Activities:
3.2.4.5.7.8
145 Final Determination of 1d 7/6/97 7/7/97
Status of Winners and
Losers: 3.2.4.5.7.8.1
146 Preservation of all 1d 7/6/97 7/7/97
records: 3.2.4.5.7.8.2
148 Determine need for 1d 7/7/97 7/8/97 133
run-off election
149 Inauguration: 1d 7/8/97 7/9/97 "148,
3.2.4.5.11 133,1
47"
150 Election Security 1d 7/9/97 7/10/97 "1SS,
149"