Walcott, John, et al. "Drifting at sea: The administration seems stumped by the big, bad world out there," U.S. News & World Report vol 115 no 19 (15 November 1993), pp. 48-49.
Wallace, Bruce. "Too Few Good Men: An Inquiry Reveals Ugly Truths About Peacekeepers," Maclean's (5 September 1993), pp. 16-17.
[Comments on the release of an internal report of a Board of Inquiry into the beating death of a Somali prisoner. Reviews charges of racism within the Canadian Airborne Regiment Battle Group.]
ibid. "Somali War Draws Scribes, Hustlers," Africa News vol 37 no 3 (26 Oct -8 Nov 1992), p. 3.
Wallace, Mike. "Clinton Lauds Fort Drum Troops," Army Times 54 (28 March 1994), p. 10.
ibid. "Awards for 21 in Somalia Firefight," Army Times 54 (14 March 1994), p. 4.
Waller, Douglas. "A Tough Man for a Delicate Mission," Newsweek vol 120 (14 December 1992), p. 39.
Walsh, Kenneth T. "The unmaking of foreign policy, A botched raid in Somalia exposes deeper flaws in Bill Clinton's foreign policy," U.S. News & World Report vol 115, no 15 (18 October 1993), pp. 30-33.
Walsh, Kenneth T. and Matthew Cooper. "Disaster in waiting: Even friends worry that chaos is gripping Bill Clinton's White House," U.S. News & World Report vol 115 no 16 (25 October 1993), pp. 28-32.
[More on seeming disorganization in the White House. Discusses the "clans" that surround the President."]
Walsh, Langton Prendergast. Under the Flag and Somali Coast Stories (London: Andrew Melrose, c1912) 384 p.
[The book details the career of the author, who served the Crown in the Indian Service and the Foreign Office. As political agent in Aden, he established the first British camp on Somalia's north coast, in Berbera. Walsh's book contains many observations on Somali customs.]
Walzer, Michael. "The Politics of Rescue," Dissent (Winter 1995), pp. 35-41.
[Perceptive and stimulating views from the left on intervention: (1) Is this (humanitarian) cause one "for which we are prepared to see American soldiers die?" (2) "...All states have an interest in global stability and even in global humanity, and in the case of wealthy and powerful states like ours, this interest is seconded by obligation...; (3) "Many people on the right see no point in intervention today when there is no material or ... ideological advantage to be gained."; (4)... two forms of "long-lasting intervention, both associated in the past with imperial policies, now merit reconsideration...trusteeship ... and a kind of protectorate...]
Ward, Joe M. "Operation Restore Hope - A Personal Perspective," The Air Force Comptroller 27 (October 1993), 9-11.
Warrington, Robert D. "The Helmets May Be Blue, but the Blood's Still Red: The Dilemma of U.S. Participation in UN Peace Operations," Comparative Strategy vol 14 no 1 (!995), pp. 23-34.
Watson, Bruce W. Operation Restore Hope: The Political and Military Lessons (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, forthcoming) 256 p.
Watson, Russel. "Perils of Peacekeeping," Newsweek 121 (15 February 1993), pp. 34-35.
ibid. "Into Somalia," Newsweek vol 120, no 25 (21 December 1992), pp. 24-28.
ibid. "It's Our Fight Now. "Newsweek vol 121 (15 February 1993), pp. 34-35.
Watson, Russel, and Margaret Garrard Warner. "Perils of Peacekeeping," Newsweek vol 121 no 7 (15 February 1993), pp. 34-35.
Weber, Vin. "A Crisis of Competence," National Review vol 45 no 22 (15 November 1993), pp. 27-29.
[Reviews the Administration's poor handling of Congress in the wake of the early October losses of Rangers in Mogadishu. The article repeats many of the misconceptions that have plagued assessment of the Somalia intervention.]
Weinberger, Caspar W. "How to lose a 'Peacekeeping Force'," Forbes vol 154 no 5 (29 August 1994), p. 33.
[According to the former Defense Secretary, the term "peacekeeping" is used incorrectly -- because forces are sent to places where there is no peace. He indicates that we lost in Somalia because we did not send enough heavy equipment. The tone is skeptical, and the substance somewhat unclear, but it seems Mr. Weinberger no longer likes peacekeeping.]
ibid. "Somalia--Clinton's Lebanon; and Bosnia," Forbes (13 September 1993) p. 35.
[The former Defense Chief denigrates Opera-tion Restore Hope and irascibly pronounces that "The U.N. is totally unable to conduct a military operation," while going on to say that "the only hope for Somalia is the capture of warlord Mohammed Aidid, but that approach is apparently too warlike for Boutros Boutros-Ghali..."]
ibid. "Why We are in Somalia," Forbes (18 January 1993), p. 35.
[The former Defense Secretary applauds Operation Restore Hope: "This is a proud moment in America's history. Our leadership and our military will be as honored abroad as they should be at home."]
Weinrod, W. Bruce. "The U.S. Role in Peacekeeping-Related Activities," World Affairs vol 155, no 4 (Spring 1993), pp. 148-155.
Weiss, Kenneth G. The Soviet Involvement in the Ogaden War (Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, Professional Paper 269, February 1980) 42 p.
Weiss, Peter. "Intervention Reconsidered," International Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms Newsletter no 8 (December 1994), pp. 6-7.
Weiss, Thomas G. "The United Nations and Civil Wars," The Washington Quarterly vol 17, no 4 (Fall 1994), pp. 139-159.
[In his usual lucid style, Prof. Weiss reviews current issues affecting peacekeeping, including fragmentation of nation states, the general ambiguity of multilateral intervention operations, the unclear civil-military context and matters of sovereignty, especially where the state has collapsed.]
ibid. "When the US Washes Its Hands of the World," Christian Science Monitor (25 May 1994), p. 23.
[Brief but cogent note on PDD-25: "Clinton's new policy for taking military action with allies is so restrictive that such action probably will never happen."]
ibid. "Triage: Humanitarian Interventions in a New Era," World Policy Journal vol 11 no 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 59-68.
["...If the United States does not participate in the toughest assignments, then no one else will..."]
ibid. "Intervention: Whither the United Nations?" The Washington Quarterly vol 17, no 1 (Winter 1994), pp. 109-128.
ibid. "Tangled Up in Blue: Intervention and Alternatives," Harvard International Review vol 26 no 1 (Fall 1993), pp. 30-32.
[Shorter version of the previous item.]
ibid. "New Challenges for UN Military Operations: Implementing an Agenda for Peace," The Washington Quarterly (Winter 1993), pp. 51-66.
ibid. "UN Military Operations After the Cold War: Some Conceptual Problems," Canadian Defence Quarterly vol 23, no 1, special no 2 (1993), pp. 5-8.
Weiss, Thomas G. and Jarat Chopra. "Sovereignty under siege: from humanitarian intervention to humanitarian space," in Gene Lyons and Michael Mastunduno, eds. Beyond Westphalia? National Sovereignty and International Intervention (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, forthcoming).
[Weiss and Chopra present a "radical" argument for humanitarian intervention.]
Weiss, Thomas G. David Forsythe and Roger A. Coate. The United Nations and Changing World Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994) 292 p.
[This excellent study of the evolving role of the United Nations includes many references to Somalia and the recent intervention there.]
Weiss, Thomas G. and Larry Minear, eds. Humanitarianism Across Borders: Sustaining Civilians in Times of War (Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner Pubs, 1993) 209 p.
[An excellent compilation of articles which examine humanitarian values, military force in humanitarian action and the future of international humanitarian institutions.]
Wendt, David. "The Peacekeepers: Lessons of Conflict Resolution for the Post-Cold War World," The Washington Quarterly vol 17 no 3 (Summer 1994), pp. 163-178.
West, Woody. "Uncle Sam is getting wobbly on when to use his sword," Insight on the News vol 9 no 45 (8 November 1993), p. 40.
[Repeats one of the most basic canards of the Somalia experience: that the U.S. somehow surrendered its policy-making initiative to the U.N. in Somalia. In fact, the World is little likely to let the U.S. design another armed humanitarian intervention.]
Westcott, Jan. The Somalia Saga: A Personal Account, 1990-1993 (Washington, DC: Center for Policy Analysis and Research on Refugee Issues, Refugee Policy Group, November 1994) 44 p.
[During the worst crises and confrontations in Somalia in the 1990-1993 period, an intrepid and courageous young woman visited all refugee camps, negotiated with nearly all warlords, succeeded in responding to nearly all emergencies. In the compiler's view, Jan Westcott was first among many notable heroines in Somalia. It is good that RPG provided her an opportunity to give her personal account.]
Wettering, Frederick L. and John N. Petrie. "Dealing with Anarchy," Joint Forces Quarterly no 4 (Spring 1994), pp. 17-23.
[Raises some very interesting issues pertaining to the laws of war, including the need to exercise government in the absence of an established government.]
White, Charles A. "Clan Chaos," Canada & the World vol 58, no 8 (April 1993), p. 12.
[As each clan asserts its desires to expand its range of influence, there is a virtual certainty that disorder will continue in Somalia.]
White, Jerry A. (MG), Commandant. The Application of Peace Enforcement: Operations at Brigade and Battalion: White Paper (Fort Benning, GA: U.S. Army Infantry School, DRAFT, August 1994) 31 p. + extensive annexes.
[A key document in the search for more relevant military doctrine to apply to peace enforcement operations. Was reviewed during peace enforcement maneuvers with the 3rd Brigade of the 25th "Tropical Lightning" Division, Rotation 94-9 at the Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk, Louisiana, 2-22 August 1994.]
White, Nigel D. "U.N. Peacekeeping - Development or Destruction," International Relations vol XII no 1 (April 1994), pp. 129-158.
[Discusses the background to the various U.N. resolutions which authorized UNITAF, UNOSOM I and UNOSOM II, etc. pp. 154-158.]
ibid. Keeping the peace: The United Nations and the maintenance of international peace and security (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press: The Melland Schill Monographs in International Law, 1993) 267 p.
[An excellent survey of the legal authorities accorded the Security Council and the General Assembly, with a review of UN peacekeeping operations through the Somalia intervention.]
Whitehead, Neil. and R. Brian Ferguson. "Point of View: Deceptive Stereotypes About 'Tribal Warfare'," The Chronicle of Higher Education vol 40, no 12 (10 November 1993), p. A48.
Whitman, Jim and Ian Bartholomew. "The Chapter VII Committee - A Policy Proposal: Military Means for Political Ends: Effective Control of UN Military Enforcement," unpublished paper, Global Security Programme (Cambridge University, August 1993), 38 p.
[A very useful summary of a vital issue.]
ibid. "Collective Control of UN Peace Support Operations: A Policy Proposal," Security Dialogue vol 25 no 1, pp. 77-92.
[Too much emphasis on wiring diagrams and too little attention to the political problems common to peace support operations.]
Wilde, Margaret D. "Appropriate Force: Getting the Guns out of Somalia," Christian Century (20 January 1993), pp. 46-47.
["Relief workers in Somalia who had called for military intervention hoped--and many assumed--that the U.S.-led forces would systematically disarm the gunmen who were looting relief supplies and obstructing efforts toward long-range recovery. Why else would over 20,000 troops be sent?"...]
Williams, Abdul S. "Aideed lectures the UN," West Africa no 3996 (2-8 May 1994), pp. 770-771.
["...In Somalia...The United Nations has contributed to the problem..." Aideed's influence continues to grow outside Somalia.]
Williams, Daniel. "U.S. Replaces Envoy Associated With Discarded Somalia Policy," The Washington Post (27 October 1993), p. A28.
[The elimination of Special Envoy Robert Gosende as head of the U.S. Liaison Office was one of the early steps in Oakley's wooing of Aideed. The obvious use of classified cables in the preparation of the article indicates a bold leak by someone with a high-level agenda.]
Williams, Peggy. "Somalia's energy secrets could yield another Yemen," Oil & Gas Investor vol 13 no 6 (June 1993), pp. 9-10.
[Refers to studies made by Harms & Brady Geological Consultants Inc of Denver, who worked in Somalia from 1985 until 1991. They reportedly discovered rift basin margins similar to the Yemen model, regional arches, carbonate platform margins and deltaic or continental faulted margins.]
Willis, Grant. "Searching for $300 Million: Pentagon Says Somalia Funds Essential for Readiness," Navy Times 43 (6 December 1993), p. 18.
ibid. "Restore Hope Troops Facing Tax-Deadline Dilemma," Air Force Times 53 (26 April 1993), p. 15.
Wilson, D.J. "Psychological Operations in Somalia," Australian Defence Force Journal no 107 (July-August 1994), pp. 25-42.
Wilson, George C. "Aggravated Peacekeeping Bares New Needs," Army Times (4 July 1994).
[Quotes General Anthony C. Zinni, former deputy commander of UNITAF, then deputy commander of the Combat Development Command and now commander of the First Marine Expeditionary Force at Camp Pendleton, CA. Zinni notes peacekeeping operations require an officer to take into account experience which "is much broader than a pure military dimension."]
Wisner, Ben. "Jilaal, Gu, Hagaa, and Der: Living with the Somali Land, and Living Well," in Ahmed I. Samatar, ed. The Somali Challenge: From Catastrophe to Renewal? (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 27-63.
Wisner, Frank G. "Peacekeeping: Why, When, How & How Long?" Defense 93 issue 6 (cDec 1993), pp. 23-27.
[Wisner is now Ambassador to India. He was Under Secretary of Defense for Policy since July 1993. Prior to that position, he was Under Secretary for International Security Affairs in the State Department. He was a key player in the development of the original Restore Hope concept and in the subsequent implementation of the program.]
Wittes, Benjamin. "Perspectives: The Politics of Peacekeeping," The New Leader vol 77 no 5 (9-23 May 1994), pp. 10-11.
["Presidential Decision Directive 25 is a sadly inadequate document that is primarily concerned with defusing domestic political pressure, rather than identifying the circumstances required for successful peacekeeping."]
WoldeMeriam, Mesfin, Somalia, the Problem Child of Africa (Addis Ababa, 1977) 80 p.
Wolfowitz, Paul D. "Clinton's first year," Foreign Affairs vol 73 no 1 (January 1994), pp. 28-43.
[An unsympathetic review of the President's first year in office.]
Wood, Adrian P.; Herman J. Ketel; and Raymond Apthorpe. Beyond Relief? Towards best practice for disaster prvention, preparedness and relief in the Horn of Africa (Stockholm: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 1995) 48 p.
[The results of a humanitarian survey of all entities in the Horn, including "Somaliland" but not southern Somalia, in July-August 1994. The research was directed at issues of food and medicine.]
Woodward, Peter. "A new map of Africa? Reflections on the Horn," Africa Insight vol 23, no 1 (1993), pp. 6-16.
Woodward, Peter, and Murray Forsyth, eds. Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: Federalism and its Alternatives (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Company, 1994) 130 p.
[Eleven articles by various scholars expert on Horn of Africa issues.]
Wooley, Alexander and Amran Abocar. "Some Assembly Required: The United Nations and Somalia," Peacekeeping & International Relations vol 23, no 4 (July/August 1994), p. 9.
["...In 1992, many Somalis were eagerly awaiting the arrival of the United Nations...it made the mistake of going straight to the two most powerful warlords...and asking them to restore peace and stability. In so doing, the UN not only gave the warlords instant credibility and recognition, but it also bypassed the widely respected clan elders and intellectuals of Somalia..."]
Woollacott, Martin. "Why Rambo's boot has no place on Somalia's door," Guardian Weekly (6 December 1992), p. 3.
Wright, Derek, The novels of Nuruddin Farah (Bayreuth University: 1994) 166 p.
[Includes a bibliography of Nuruddin Farah's works.]
Wurmser, David, and Nancy Bearg Dyke. The Professionalization of Peacekeeping: A Study Group Report (Washington, D.C. United States Institute of Peace, August 1993) 71 p.