Unified Task Force Somalia. Psychological Operations in Support of Operation Restore Hope: 9 December 92 - 4 May 93 (FPO AP: 4 May 1993) 23 p.

[Introduction by MG Anthony C. Zinni, Director of Operations, Unified Task Force Somalia.]

United Nations. Department of Peace-Keeping Operations, Lessons Learned Mechanism. Report of the Seminar on Lessons Learned from the United Nations Operation in Somalia: At the Strategic and Operational Levels, 19-20 June 1995 (August 1995) 14 p.

[This was the first session organized by the DPKO's new "Lessons Learned Mechanism." As could be expected, the report requires a certain amount of skill at reading between lines, but it represents a healthy initiative well done.]

United Nations, Department of Public Information. The United Nations and the Situation in Somalia: Reference Paper (New York: United Nations, June 1994) 67 p.

ibid. The United Nations and the Situation in Somalia: Reference Paper (New York: United Nations, 30 April 1993) 30 p.

ibid. The United Nations and the Situation in Somalia: Reference Paper (New York: United Nations, March 1994) 62 p.

[Contains a wealth of information on the U.N. operation in Somalia, including various reports and all the resolutions.]

ibid. The United Nations and the Situation in Somalia: Reference Paper (New York: United Nations, 15 December 1992) 21 p.

UN Economic and Social Council. Final report on the in-depth evaluation of peace-keeping operations: start-up phase (New York: UN document no. E/AC.51/1995/2, 17 March 1995) 38 p.

ibid. Programme Questions: Evaluation: Progress report on the in-depth evaluation of peace-keeping: start-up phase: Report of the Secretary-General (New York: UN document no. E/AC.51/1994/3, 14 March 1994) 35 p.

[The United Nations Office of Peace-keeping Operations has the lead in a 3-year internal study designed to improve the performance of the international organization in peacekeeping.]

United Nations, General Assembly. Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Questions Relating to Refugees and Displaced Persons and Humanitarian Questions: Questions Relating to Refugees and Displaced Persons. Assistance to Refugees in Somalia (New York: A/46/471, 24 September 1991) 6 p.

United Nations, Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General of the Situation in Somalia Submitted in Pursuance of Paragraph 13 of Security Council Resolution 954 (1994) (New York: S/1995/231, 28 March 1995) 18 p.

[This report covers the period from October 1994 until the departure of UNOSOM troops under U.S. protection in March 1995. The political analysis is not particularly useful; the final SRSG, Vincent Gbeho, continued to work diligently to the end for some kind of magical political reconciliation, praying futilely that Aideed would show some statesmanship.]

ibid. Supplement to an Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary-General on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations (New York: A/50/60, S/1995/1, 3 January 1995) 24 p.

ibid. Report of the Security Council Mission to Somalia on 26 and 27 October 1994 (New York: United Nations Doc. S/1994/1245, 3 November 1994) 30 p.

[The Security Council mission to Somalia was led by New Zealand Permrep Colin Keating. Militia leader Mohamed Farah Aideed asserts to the visiting UN mission that "the 13 leaders present represent 95% of the population of Somalia and would, therefore, proceed with the (proposed national) conference even if the remaining leaders did not joint..."]

ibid. Report of the Secretary-General Concerning The Situation in Somalia (New York: S/1994/1166, 14 October 1994) 7 p.

[Reports on the visit to Somalia of the Under-Secretary-General who reports that the Somali leaders he met were "quite keen on the establishment of a transitional government."]

ibid. Report of the Secretary-General Concerning the Situation in Somalia (New York: S/1994/1068, 17 September 1994) 8 p.

[According to a study by the "Somalia Task Force," this report is riddled with self-serving inaccuracies and mis-statements.]

ibid. Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council on Somalia (New York: S/1994/977, 17 August 1994) 7 p.

[States that the major issue preventing peace in Somalia is the intra-Hawiye feud, notes that Aideed and Ali Mahdi have both agreed in principle to a Hawiye reconciliation conference, but observes that there are "no clear signs that preparations for a Hawiye conference are under way."]

ibid. Further Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Somalia Submitted in Pursuance of Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 923 (1994) (New York: S/1994/839, 18 July 1994) 15 p.

[Includes a useful discussion of the various reconciliation conferences in session or planned during the previous three month period, including the Group of 12 discussions with the SNA, the Lower Juba Regional Reconciliation Conference (held at Kismayu from 24 May until 19 June 1994), the Absame Reconciliation Conference (Dobley, from 26 June until 9 July) and the rumored but still not convened SSDF meeting to resolve its leadership dispute.]

ibid. Report of the Commission of Inquiry Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 885 (1993) to Investigate Armed Attacks on UNOSOM II Personnel Which Led to Casualties Among Them (New York: S/1994/653, 1 June 1994) 95 p.

[The commission chaired by Zambian Chief Justice Matthew M.S.W. Ngulube provides a broad survey of the events between 5 June 1993, when Aideed's militias mounted unprovoked ambush attacks on Pakistani units, until October 1993, when the deaths of American military personnel led the U.S. Government to announce its withdrawal by 30 March 1994. Densely packed with information, some of it disputable.]

ibid. Further Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Somalia Submitted in Pursuance of Paragraph 14 of Resolution 897 (New York: Security Council S/1994/614, 24 May 1994) 19 p. + annexes.

ibid. Financing of the United Nations Operation in Somalia II (New York: A/48/850, 19 January 1994) 99 p.

ibid. Further Report of the Secretary-General Submitted in Pursuance of Paragraph 4 of Resolution 886 (1993) (New York: Security Council S/1994/12 6 January 1994) 16 p.

ibid. Further Report of the Secretary-General Submitted in Pursuance of Paragraph 19 of Resolution 814 (1993) and Paragraph A 5 of Resolution 865 (1993) (New York: S/26738, 12 November 1993) 26 p.

ibid. Report Pursuant to Paragraph 5 of Security Council Resolution 837 (1993) on the investigation into the 5 June 1993 Attack on United Nations Forces in Somalia Conducted on Behalf of the Secretary-General (New York: S/26351, 24 August 1993) 8 p.

["..The claim that General Mohamed Farah Hassan Aidid authorized the 5 June attack on Pakistani forces ...executed by elements of the political faction known as SNA is supported by clear and convincing evidence..."]

ibid. Report of the Secretary-General on the Implementation of Security Council Resolution 837 (1993) (New York: S/26022, 1 July 1993) 11 p.

ibid. Financing of the United Nations Operation in Somalia. Addendum (New York: A/47/916/Add.1, 29 June 1993) 93 p.

ibid. Financing of the United Nations Operation in Somalia. Initial Phase of the Expanded Size and Mandate of UNOSOM (New York: A/47/916, 31 March 1993) 9 p.

ibid. Further Report of the Secretary-General Submitted In Pursuance of Operative Paragraphs 18 and 19 of Resolution 794 (1992) Addendum (New York: S/25354/Add. 1, 11 March 1993) 2 p.

ibid. Further Report of the Secretary-General Submitted In Pursuance of Paragraphs 18 and 19 of Resolution 794 (1992) (New York: S/25354, 3 March 1993) 22 p.

ibid. The Situation in Somalia: Report of the Secretary-General submitted in pursuance of operative paragraphs 18 and 19 of resolution 794 (1992) (New York: S/25168, 26 January 1993) 22 p. + annexes.

[Includes list of Somali political movements that met in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 4-15 January 1993, and various agreements.]

ibid. Further Report of the Secretary-General, Submitted in Pursuance of Paragraphs 18 and 19 of Resolution 794 (1992), (New York: S/25354, 3 March 1993) 22 p.

ibid. The Situation in Somalia. Report of the Secretary-General in Pursuance of Paragraphs 18 and 19 of Security Council Resolution 794 (1992) (New York: S/24992, 19 December 1992) 14 p.

ibid. The Situation in Somalia. Report of the Secretary-General (New York: S/24480, 28 August 1992) 3 p.

ibid. Financing of the United Nations Operation in Somalia (New York: A/47/607, 2 November 1992) 58 p.

[Includes cost estimates and proposed staffing patterns.]

ibid. The Situation in Somalia. Report of the Secretary-General (New York: S/24480, 28 August 1992) 3 p.

[This addendum to the below report includes cost estimates for the UN operation in Somalia.]

ibid. Report of the Secretary-General: The Situation in Somalia (New York: S/24480, 24 August 1992) 11 p.

ibid. Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Somalia (New York: S/24343, 22 July 1992) 14 p.

[This was Mohamed Sahnoun's first report on the situation in Somalia.]

ibid. The Situation in Somalia. Report of the Secretary-General (New York: S/23829, 21 April 1992) 39 p.

[Includes several annexes which feature petitions to the Secretary-General from such diverse figures as Mohamed Farah Aideed, Ali Mahdi, various elders and political leaders.]

ibid. The Situation in Somalia (New York: S/23693, 11 March 1992) 29 p.

[Contains the reports from the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the League of Arab States of their efforts to mediate the civil war in Somalia in early February 1992. A one-page errata sheet was issued on 12 March 1992.]

ibid. Special Economic and Disaster Relief Assistance: Special Programmes of Economic Assistance. Emergency Assistance to Somalia (New York: A/46/457, 19 September 1991) 15 p.

United Nations, Relief and Rehabilitation Programme for Somalia Covering the Period 1 March-31 December 1993 (Mogadishu: local print, 11 March 1993) 47 p.

Unruh, Jon D. "Restocking refugee pastoralists in the Horn of Africa," Disasters vol 17 (December 1993), pp.305-320.

[It is unlikely that clan warfare will come to an end until the herds killed off by the droughts of the 1980's and the wars that followed are restored.]

Urquhart, Brian. "Peace-Keeping Saves Lives," The Washington Post (16 February 1995), p. A23.

[Probably written to counter the anti-UN and anti-peacekeeping mood in the new Congress.]

ibid. "Who Can Police the World?" New York Review of Books vol 41 no 9 (12 May 1994), pp. 29-33.

[The former head UN peacekeeper reviews four books, including Gareth Evans Cooperating for Peace... and Samuel Makinda's Seeking Peace from Chaos... both described elsewhere in this bibliography.]

ibid. "For a UN Volunteer Military Force," New York Review of Books (10 June 1993), pp. 5-6.

[The long-time head of U.N. peacekeeping operations advocates the standing U.N. force. See various responses in the same journal on 24 June and 15 July.]

U.S. Agency for International Development, Somalia - Civil Strife (Washington, DC, USAID: Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, Situation Report No. 1, Fiscal Year 1995, 30 December 1994) 4 p. + map.

[Notes that UNHCR estimates over one million Somalis who remain dependent on emergency food aid, including 300,000 who have returned home, 300,000 internal refugees and an additional 465,000 in neighboring countries.]

ibid. Somalia - Civil Strife (Washington, DC, USAID: Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, Situation Report No. 27, 30 June 1994) 7 p.

ibid. Somalia - Civil Strife (Washington, DC, USAID: Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, Situation Report No. 26, 18 April 1994) 6 p.

["Approximately one million Somalis remain dependent on external food assistance, including an estimated 700,000 displaced persons."]

ibid. Somalia - Civil Strife (Washington, DC: USAID: Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, Situation Report No. 25, 4 March 1994) 5 p.

[One of a series of very valuable summaries of the situation in Somalia, including political indicators and descriptions from reports on the ground made by the courageous DART teams who preceded the actual deployment of U.S. forces in December 1992. In this report, it is noted that total USG assistance to Somalia for fiscal years 1991-1994 (excluding DOD airlift operations and Operation Restore Hope) was $313,842,940]

U.S. Army-Air Force Center for Low Intensity Conflict. "An Analysis of the Application of the 'Principles of Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW)' in Somalia," (Fort Leavenworth, KS: cFebruary 1994), appendix, 12 p + appendix.

["...The UNITAF operation, Restore Hope, was a success by U.S. standards, although the disengagement of U.S. forces was not as clean as desired. While the long-term objectives of the U.N. Secretary-General were not met, the United States had never intended to meet them. The basic premise of the operation was to stop the starvation, restore security and prepare to handoff the operation to a follow-on UN force, which would attend to the longer term goals..."]

U.S. Army, Center for Army Lessons

Learned, U.S. Army Combined Arms Command, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. U.S. Army Operations in Support of UNOSOM II: Operations Other Than War (draft seen 5/94) est. 350 p.

ibid. Operations Continue Hope, Operations Other Than War (16 November 1993) est. 150 p.

ibid. Operation Restore Hope: Lessons Learned Report: Operations Other than War, 3 December 1992-4 May 1993 (7 May 1993) est. 300 p.

ibid. Newsletter no 93-1: "Special Edition" (January 1993), 55 p.

[Issue devoted to Somalia. The Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL) is part of the U.S. Army Combined Armed Command (CAC) in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.]

ibid. Newsletter no 93-8: "Operations Other Than War, Volume IV, Peace Operations," (December 1993), c60 p.

[Useful reflections on peacekeeping, largely based on the Somalia experience.]

U.S. Army, Headquarters, 10th Mountain Division, Fort Drum, N.Y. (Light Infantry). ARFOR After Action Report for Operation Restore Hope (AFZS-OP-P) 2 June 1993, 86 p. + annexes

U.S. Army Headquarters. FM 100-23: Peace Operations (Washington, DC: Field Manual, December 1994) 123 p.

[The product of many months of work, this manual lays out the fundamentals of working in peace operations. The Terms of Reference for the Somalia operation are annex one.]

U.S. Army Intelligence and Threat Center, U.S. Intelligence and Security Command. Restore Hope (Socaliinta Rajada): Soldier Handbook (Washington, DC: USAITAC, December, 1992) 140 p.

[A comprehensive handbook for the troops; useful cultural information. Of special interest is the lengthy section on land mines, pp. 64-109.]

U.S. Army War College Library. Peacekeeping: A Selected Bibliography (Carlisle, PA: January 1995), 47 p.

[A useful compilation of miscellaneous materials on various peacekeeping operations which are available in the War College Library.]

ibid. Peacekeeping: A Selected Bibliography (Carlisle, PA: January 1994), 36 p.

U.S. Congress, House, Select Committee on Hunger. Humanitarian tragedy in Somalia: Hearing before the Select Committee on Hunger, January 30, 1992 (Washington, DC: 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, Serial No 102-20) 86 p.

ibid. Somalia: The Case for Action, Hearing, July 22, 1992 Select Committee on Hunger

(Washington, DC: 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, Serial no 102-35) 142 p.

U.S. Congress, House, Subcommittees on Africa and International Operations. An Assessment of Recent Developments in the Horn of Africa Joint Hearing, April 8, 1992 (Washington, DC: USGPO, 1993) 117 p.

U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy. Human Rights and Multilateral Aid to China and Somalia: Hearing, June 20, 1989 101st Congress, 1st session (Washington, DC: Superintendent of Documents, serial no 101-37) iii+105 p.

U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs. The Crisis in Somalia: Hearing, December 17, 1992; Markup, May 5, 1993, on S.J. Res. 45, authorizing the use of U.S. armed forces in Somalia 102nd Congress, 2nd session and 103rd Congress, 1st session) vi+190 p.

U.S. Congress, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa. The Crisis in Somalia, Hearing December 17, 1992, Markup on S.J. Res. 45 Authorizing the use of U.S. Armed Forces in Somalia, May 5, 1993 (Washington, DC: USGPO, 1993) 190 p.

ibid. A Review of U.S. Policy and Current Events in Kenya, Malawi and Somalia. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, June 23, 1992 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1993) 187 p.

U.S. Congress, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa. Somalia: Prospects for Peace and Stability Hearing, March 16, 1994. (Washington, DC: GPO, 1995) 55 p.

[Includes prepared statements by Members Harry Johnston and Donald Payne and State Department Representative David Shinn. An article, "Testing the World's Resolve in Somalia," by Walter Clarke, and the transcript of a 3/15/94 interview with Ted Koppel and General Shalikashvili are included.]

ibid. Recent Developments in Somalia Hearing, February 17, 1993 (Washington, DC: USGPO, 1993) 81 p.

U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa. The Crisis and Chaos in Somalia: Hearing, September 16, 1992 (Washington, DC: Superintendent of Documents, 1993) iii+131 p.

U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa. Concerning the Crisis in Somalia; ... Markup, June 16, 1992 (Washington, DC: USGPO, 1993), 41 p.

U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services. Joint Chiefs of Staff Briefing on Current Military Operations in Somalia, Iraq, and Yugoslavia Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, first session, January 29, 1993 (Washington, DC: USGPO, 1993) 118 p.

ibid. Committee on Armed Services. Operation Restore Hope, the Military Operations in Somalia Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, 102nd Congress, second session, December 9, 1992 (Washington, DC: USGPO, 1993) 37 p.

ibid. Staff Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States Senate, 103rd Congress, 1st Session, Reform of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: A Mandate for Change (August 1993) 108 p.

ibid. Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. participation in Somalia peacekeeping Hearings, 19-20 October 1993 (103rd Congress, 1st session, Senate Hearing 103-318) 119 p.

[Very difficult hearing for administration participants, as Senators press for answers to military actions in Somalia.]

ibid. Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. policy in Somalia, Hearing, 29 July 1993 (103rd Congress, 1st session, Senate hearing 103-355) 22 p.

[Examination of the role of the U.S. military in UNOSOM military operations.]

ibid. Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on African Affairs: U.N. Peacekeeping in Africa Hearing Before the Subcommittee on African Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 102nd Congress, second session October 1, 1992) 31 p.

ibid. Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on African Affairs. The Horn of Africa: Changing Realities and U.S. Response: Hearing, March 19, 1992 (Washington. Superintendent of Documents, Senate Hearing 102-759), 101 p.

U.S. Department of Defense, Joint Warfighting Center. Joint Task Force Commander's Handbook for Peace Operations (Fort Monroe, VA: 28 February 1995, pre-printing version) 80 p. + appendices.

[This is a very useful document, with a compilation of various lessons learned. The lessons about "lessons learned" are sometimes baffling: "The severity of human suffering in Somalia caused commanders to try to alleviate the situation on their own...Upon seeing the appalling conditions, and realizing they were not tasked to give food or provide direct support to the population, local commanders took it upon themselves to try to arrange for or speed up relief supplies. While well-intended, this activity diverted the commanders' attention from their primary mission."]

U.S. Defense Information Systems Agency. DISA Grey Beard Panel: Lessons Learned - Operation Restore Hope (September 1993) est. 60 p.

[Report done in conjunction with the Central Operations Command (CENTCOM) on lessons learned from communications operations associated with Operation Restore Hope.]

U.S. Department of State. Improving Coordination of Humanitarian and Military Operations Conference Report, 23 June 1994 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 1994) 12 p.

[Includes executive summary, which, inter alia, states that "the military often becomes the de facto leader of a combined or civil-military operation because it plans ahead and focuses on logistical details. Thus, it becomes the organizer and initiator..." Underlining by the compiler.]

ibid. Peacekeeping: What Works? America's Future Peacekeeping Policy: Conference Report, 7 February 1994 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Intelligence and Research and Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, USAID, the U.S. Army Peacekeeping Institute and the Center for Naval Warfare at the U.S. Naval War College) 16 p.

[Brief thematic summary of the conference.]

ibid. Multilateral Responses to Humanitarian Crises: Conference Report, 20 October 1993 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Intelligence and Research and Office of the Geographer) 53 p.

[Includes summaries of presentations made by Michael Toole, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; John Hirsch, former DCM; Eugene Dewey, International Consultant to the United Nations; Larry Minear, The Refugee Policy Group, Watson Center, Washington, DC; Fred Cuny, Intertect Relief and Reconstruction Corporation, Dallas, Texas; Ed Luck, UN Association of the United States of America, NY; Dennis Gallagher, Refugee Policy Group, Center for Policy Analysis and Research on Refugee issues, Washington, DC; and Jessica Tuchman Matthews, Deputy to the Counselor, US Department of State.]

ibid. Report to the Congress on US Policy in Somalia (Washington, DC: October 13, 1993) 33 p.

[This document became literally the last word out of the Administration on Somalia. After its publication, the CENTCOM Commander requested that no further comments be made by U.S. officials; the hope was that the U.S. phase in Somalia would end quietly and without notice.]

U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. "Humanitarian Crisis in Somalia," U.S. Department of State Dispatch vol 3, no 50 (14 December 1992), pp,. 877-884.

[Includes texts of President Bush's notification letters to Congress, a statement by the U.S. Permanent Representative to the U.N. and 1992 UN Security Council Resolutions 733, 746, 751, 767, 775 and 794, which all refer to the situation in Somalia.]

ibid. Office of the Spokesman, Briefing on the Situation in Somalia with David Shinn, Richard Cobb and William Garvelink (Washington, DC: 10 August 1993) 19 p.

United States General Accounting Office. Report to Congressional Committees. Peace Operations: Cost of DOD Operations in Somalia (Washington, DC: GAO/NSIAD-94-88, March 1994) 54 p.

[The bottom line: Operations in Somalia cost DOD almost $885 million during fiscal years 1992-1993. In principle, DOD could receive $123.6 million in reimbursements from the UN for operations in Somalia. The report includes 20 pages of comments from DOD and the State Department.]

ibid. U.N. Peacekeeping: Lessons Learned in Managing Recent Missions (Washington, DC: December 1993) 70 p.

[Mostly concerned with UNTAC in Cambodia, but there are some useful observations on UNOSOM II.]

ibid. Somalia: Observations Regarding the Northern Conflict and Resulting Conditions (Washington, DC: GAO, National Security and International Affairs Division, 4 May 1989) 16 p.

[Reproduced, with comments, by Africa Watch, on 26 May 1989.]

United States Institute of Peace. Special Report: Restoring Hope: The Real Lessons of Somalia for the Future of Intervention (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press: August 1994) 21 p.

[Summary for the public of forthcoming USIP books on Somalia by Ambassador Mohamed Sahnoun, former SRSG, and Robert Oakley and John Hirsch, former Special Envoy and his deputy.]

United States Liaison Office, Mogadishu. "Mogadishu 'Incidents:' Who is at Fault?" Press Release (19 June 1993) 7 p.

[Prepared to respond to press queries about the origins of the conflict that began with the SNA ambush of Pakistani peacekeepers on 5 June.]

United States Library of Congress. Somalia Reports, Post-Barre Period, Part I (Nairobi: Library of Congress Office, 1994) 72 p.

[From the special vantage point of Nairobi, the Library of Congress office under the direction of Miss Ruth Thomas has done an extraordinary job keeping track of the many publications by Somalis and various NGOs and international agencies working in East Africa. The bibliography lists over 500 documents and ephemera.]

U.S. Marine Corps. Warfighting (New York: Doubleday, 1994) 110 p.

[A commercial version of the basic U.S. Marine handbook of warfighting doctrine.]

United States Mission to the United Nations. The Clinton Administration's Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations (Press Release) 6 May 1994, 13 p.

[Sixteen months in the preparation, the docu-ment provides the Clinton Administration's first policy document on peacekeeping and peace enforcement. The document summarizes the administration's policies soon to be enunciated in PDD-25.]

United States Naval War College. Conference on Options for U.S. Participation in United Nations Sanctioned Military Operations (Newport, RI: U.S. Naval War College, Strategy and Campaign Department, Research Memorandum 2-93) 19 p. + multiple annexes.