Talbott, Strobe. "Dealing with Anti-Countries," Time vol 140, no 24 (14 December 1992), p. 35.

[Even if the famine-relief operations in Somalia are successful, the people would remain in the hands of the warlords. "simply better-fed victims." The goal should be the establishment of a UN trusteeship.]

Tarnoff, Peter. "U.S. Policy in Somalia: Statement before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Washington, DC, July 29, 1993," U.S. Department of State Dispatch vol 4, no 32 (9 August 1993), pp. 567-568.

[Tarnoff is Under Secretary for Political Affairs in the U.S. Department of State.]

Tatu, Michel. "Armer l'ONU: Les échecs des Nations unies en Somalie comme en Bosnie soulignent la nécessité d'un reenforcement des structures de l'organisation," Le Monde (22 juillet 1993), pp. 1,5.

Taylor, John M. "Somalia: More Than Meets the Eye," Marine Corps Gazette vol 77 (November 1993), pp. 75-77.

Thakur, Ramesh. "From Peacekeeping to Peace Enforcement: the UN Operation in Somalia," Journal of Modern African Studies vol 32 no 3 (1994), pp. 387-410.

["...on the basis of a study of four decades of peacekeeping operations by the United Nations...the thesis of this article is that the muddled UN operation in Somalia is a triumph of new world order hopes over cold war era experience, and this results from the UN ignoring the lessons of its own institutional memory..."]

Tharp, Mike. "In the Shadows of Somalia: Little seen, tribal elders may be the key to peace after the Americans leave," U.S. News & World Report vol 114, no 1 (11 January 1993), pp. 32-37.

Tharoor, Shashi. "Peace-Keeping: Principles, Problems, Prospects," Naval War College Review vol 48, no 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 9-22.

[From an address to a U.S. Naval War College conference on 31 March 1993. Tharoor is Special Assistant to the UN Under Secretary-General for Peace-Keeping.]

Thiam, Augustin. "Somalie: quand aide rime avec anarchie: Charité mal ordonnée..." Jeune Afrique no 1653 (10-16 septembre 1992), p. 21.

["...Si les vivres affluent aujourd'hui de toute part, leur distribution se fait dans le plus grand désordre. Aux pillages des milices armées s'ajoute l'absence de coordination entre les organismes d'assistance..".]

Thiesen, Bruce. "U.N. Peacekeeping Wrongly Endangers Our Troops," American Legion Magazine (vol 135, no 6 (December 1993), pp. 10, 64.

[The American Legion National Commander signals flaws in foreign policy which allegedly led to the sacrifice of US lives. He rails against putting US troops under foreign command. In a separate editorial, he calls for immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces.]

Thomas, Evan. "Playing Globocop: Policing Somalia, the White House Backs into America's Future World Role," Newsweek vol 121 (28 June 1993), pp. 20-24.

Thomas, Ruth. see U.S. Library of Congress Office, Nairobi.

Thompson, Garland L. "Somalia: Cruel Truths in a Country that's Endured Too Much Cruelty," Crisis vol 100, no 8 (November 1993), p. 2.

[The U.S. should look again at its policies towards Somalia. Use negotiations, not troops.]

Thornberry, Cedric. "Civil Affairs in the Development of UN Peacekeeping," International Peacekeeping vol 1 no 4 (Winter 1994), pp. 471-484.

[A sensible article by a traditional peacekeeper whose observations about the requirements of peace enforcement are right on the mark.]

Thurston, Raymond L. "The United States, Somalia and the Crisis in the Horn," Horn of Africa (April-June 1978), pp. 11-20.

[Author was U.S. Ambassador to Somalia from 1965-68. He warns against an overly active U.S. role in the Horn, noting that Somali nationalism and irredentism are the determinant factors in its relations with outside powers.]

Tomuschat, Christian. "A System of International Criminal Prosecution is Taking Shape," in Adama Dieng, ed. International Commission of Jurists, the UN Conference on Human Rights, Vienna, June 1993: Special Issue No. 50 (1993), pp. 56-70.

[Although most articles in this special issue of the ICJ Review are consecrated to discussion of the special international juridical issues surrounding the peacekeeping operation in the former Yugoslavia, this particular article examines the vital general issue of criminal justice on an international scale. For a strong reaction to this concept, see C. Douglas Lummis.]

Toole, Michael J. "Military role in humanitarian relief in Somalia," The Lancet vol 342 issue 8865 (24 July 1993), pp. 190-191.

[Cites at length the tendentious assertions of Rakiya Omaar and Alex de Waal, Somalia Operation Restore Hope: A Preliminary Assessment (London: Africa Rights, May 1993). See above.]

Tonelson, Alan. "Jettison the Policy," Foreign Policy no . 97 (Winter 1994-95), pp. 121-132.

[The author examines human rights policy and concludes that it was useful in the Cold War. In recent interventions, including Somalia and Haiti, he finds that human rights policy is no longer a valid precept for international action. For rejoinder, see Michael Posner.]

Touval, Saadia. Somali Nationalism: International Politics and the Drive for Unity in the Horn of Africa (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ Press, 1963) 214 p.

[One of the fundamental texts on the Somali phenomenon.]

Towell, Pat. "Behind Solid Vote on Somalia: A Hollow Victory for Clinton: Senate's support of administration's policy teeters on an uneasy foundation," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 41 (16 October 1993), pp. 2823-2827.

ibid. "Somalia: risks of peacekeeping shown in battle with warlord: U.S. leads U.N. attacks in Somali capital, but civilian deaths cloud mission," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 25 (19 June 1993), p. 1590.

ibid. "Somalia: Operation Puts Sealift Fleet in Glare of Global Stage," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report no 50 (12 December 1992), pp. 3807-3808.

ibid. "Somalia: Suffering Spurs Unprecedented Step as U.N. Approves Deployment: The issue of when and how to use U.S. military force is headed for debate in Clinton Administration," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report no 50 (5 December 1992), pp. 3759+.

Trachtenberg, Marc. "Intervention in historical perspective," in Laura W. Reed and Carl Kaysen, eds. Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention (Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1993).

Trimingham, J. Spencer, Islam in Ethiopia (New York: Clarendon Press, 1952) 299 p.

[This remains a classic study, necessary for an understanding of the diverse nature of Islam in the Horn of Africa.]

Turton, E.R. "Bantu, Galla and Somali migrations in the Horn of Africa: a reassessment of the Juba/Tana area," Journal of African History vol 16 no 4 (1975), pp. 519-537.

ibid. "Somali Resistance to Colonial Rule and the Development of Somali Political Activity in Kenya, 1893-1960," Journal of African History vol 13, no 1 (1972), pp. 117-143.

ibid. "The Impact of Mohammad Abdille Hassan in the East Africa protectorate," Journal of African History vol 10 no 4 (1969), pp. 641-657.

[The various articles by Professor Turton are concentrated on the Somali populations of modern northeastern Kenya.]