Safronchuk, Vassily. “Peacemaking is the UN’s Chief Priority: The UN, National Processes and Local Conflicts,” International Affairs no 3 (1995), pp. 95-103.

Safronchuk, Vassily. "Peacemaking is the UN's Chief Priority: The UN, National Processes and Local Conflicts," International Affairs no 3 (1995), pp. 95-103.

[Author is a retired Soviet diplomat who served as Ambassador to Ghana and UN Under-Secretary, 1987-1992. Interesting post-Soviet Marxist analysis of the enhanced role of the UN in post-Cold War period.]

Sahnoun, Muhammad. Somalia: The Missed Opportunities (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, October 1994) 89 p.

[The former Special Representative of the Secretary-General briefly addresses some of the fundamental issues of the Somali intervention: (1) the timeliness of the international intervention; (2) UNOSOM I's strategy; and (3) the proprieties of international intervention. A very useful monograph from one of the few foreign operators to emerge from the Somali debacle with their good reputations intact.]

ibid. "New challenges for the peacemakers," Refugees no 96 II-1994, pp. 14-15.

["...Armed intervention in a humanitarian tragedy ... should not be ruled out. We should ... exercise maximum caution and restraint... Resorting to armed intervention can be disastrous if the political and social environment is not adequately prepared for it..."]

ibid. "It's difficult to point to a situation where armed intervention represented a solution," Middle East Report vol III no 2-3 (March-April/May June 1994), pp. 28-33.

[The astute, popular former Algerian diplomat was the Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Somalia from his designation on 28 April 1993 until his forced resignation on 26 October 1993.]

Sagalyn, Daniel. "Inside View: The Military Exists to Fight: Humanitarian Role Can Degrade Combat Status," Defense News (11-17 April 1994), p. 19.

[The author presents the conventional wisdom held by many senior U.S. military figures: that the military should not be sent into any situations which standard war fighting skills cannot be used. The opposing view, of course, is that if the U.S. military is neither trained nor equipped for humanitarian roles, then it should be reconfigured to do so.]

Said Sheikh Samatar. "The Politics of Poetry," Africa Report (September/October 1993), pp. 16-17.

[A brief but insightful essay on the societal context of the Somali world.]

ibid. ed. In the Shadow of Conquest: Islam in Colonial Northeast Africa (Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press, 1992) 163 p.

ibid. Somalia: a Nation in Turmoil (London: Minority Rights Group Report, 91/4, July 1991) 34 p.

ibid. "How to Run an SNM Gauntlet," Horn of Africa vol XIII, nos 1-2 (April-June 1990), pp. 78-87.

ibid. "The Search for Political Accountability in African Governance: The Somali Case," in African Governance in the 1990s (Atlanta: The Carter Center, 1990), pp. 165-168.

ibid. "The Somali Dilemma: Nation in search of a state," in A.I. Asiwaju, ed. Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations across Africa's International Boundaries, 1884-1984 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985), pp. 155-193.

[Excellent summary of the place of Somalis in the history of the Horn.]

ibid. Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism. The Case of Sayyid Mahammad 'Abdille Hasan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982) 256 p.

Sailhan, Michel. "Infinie désespérance en Somalie: Guerre des Clans, Détresse des Citoyens," Le Monde Diplomatique (août 1992), p. 27.

Salad, Mohammed Khalief. Somalia: A Bibliographical Survey (Washington: African Bibliographic Center, no. 4, 1977) 468 p.

Salander, Lawrence B. "Baidoa postcard: The Hunger," New Republic vol 208, nos 1-2 (4 January 1993), pp 9-10.

[A UN study estimates that 71% of the children under the age of 5 in Baidoa died in 1991-92.]

Saracino, Peter. "Keeping the peace: how one country meets its commitments," International Defense Review vol 26 (May 1993), p. 369.

[Discusses the Canadian attitude towards peacekeeping and issues of "Chapter 6.5" mandates.]

Scheffer, David. "Humanitarian Intervention versus State Sovereignty," in Peacemaking and Peacekeeping: Implications for the United States Military (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, May 1993), pp. 9-16.

[Paper presented at a conference on Nontraditional Roles for the U.S. Military in the Post-Cold War Era, held 1-3 December 1992 at the Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) at the National Defense University in Washington, DC.]

ibid. "Toward a Modern Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention," University of Toledo Law Review vol 23, no 2 (Winter 1992), pp. 253-293.

Scheffer, David J. Richard N. Gardner and Gerald B. Helman. Three Views on the Issue of Humanitarian Intervention (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, June 1992) 41 p.

Schemo, Diana Jean. "Body Language in Somalia: Letter from an Exhausted Land," The New York Times Magazine (11 April 1993), pp. 16-17, 38-40.

[The journalist reports her efforts to track down the family of the child shot while running up to a U.S. Humvee and life in the Al-Sahafi hotel during the late February 1993 disturbances. Her final note is sobering and frank: "Now, with Somalia behind me, I try to remember. When did I switch to morality by reflex? When did I stop caring?"]

Schoettle, Enid C.B. "UN Financing for Peacekeeping," in Peacemaking and Peacekeeping: Implications for the United States Military (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, May 1993), pp. 33-38.

Schorr, Daniel. "At Odds in Somalia," New Leader vol 76 no 12 (4 October 1993), pp. 3-4.

ibid. "Washington Notebook: The Long Transition," New Leader vol 75 no 15 (30 November 1992), pp. 3-4.

[Notes that previous leaders had abstained from new initiatives during the lame duck periods after unsuccessful elections.]

Schraeder, Peter J. United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa: Incrementalism, Crisis, and Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) 347 p.

[See Chapter 4: "US Foreign Policy Toward Ethiopia and Somalia." The author provides a valuable historical background to the situation in the Horn.]

ibid. "U.S. Intervention in the Horn of Africa Amidst the End of the Cold War," Africa Today vol 40, no 2 (1993, 2nd quarter), pp. 7-28.

ibid. "'It's the Third World stupid!' Why the Third World should be the priority of the Clinton administration," Third World Quarterly vol 14, no 2, 1993, pp. 215-237.

ibid. "The Horn of Africa: US Foreign Policy in an Altered Cold War Environment," The Middle East Journal vol 46, no 4 (Autumn 1992), pp. 571-593.

ibid. "Involuntary migration in Somalia: the Politics of Resettlement," Journal of Modern African Studies vol 24 no 4 (1986), pp. 641-662.

Schraeder, Peter J. and Jerel A. Rosati. "Policy Dilemmas in the Horn of Africa: Contradictions in the U.S.-Somalia Relationship," Northeast African Studies 9, no 3 (1987), pp. 19-42.

Searle, C. "Agony and Struggle in Northern Somalia," Race & Class vol 34, no 2 (October-December 1992), pp. 23-32.

Seigle, Greg. "Mission Somalia: 10th Mountain Leads Way to New World Order," Army Times 53 (14 December 1992), pp. 10, 16.

Seitz, Richard (Col). "The U.S. Military and UN Peacekeeping," in Peacemaking and Peacekeeping: Implications for the United States Military (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, May 1993), pp. 25-32.

Sewall, John O.B. (MG, ret). "Implications for U.N. Peacekeeping," Joint Force Quarterly (Winter 1993-94) no 3, pp. 29-33.

[Useful background to the debate over Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 13 (later numbered 25,) not yet issued, but which will define the role the U.S. is to play in multilateral peace operations.]

Sewall, Sarah B. "Peace Operations: A Department of Defense Perspective," SAIS Review vol 15 no 1 (Winter-Spring 1995), pp. 113-133.

[Ms. Sewall is Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement Policy. The article provides a useful overview of what the U.S. military is doing to respond to the requirements of multinational operations.]

Shalikashvili, John (Gen). "Interview with Ted Koppel," The World Today (ABC TV, 2330L, 15 March 1994), 5 p.

[The Chairman visits Fort Drum with the President, greets incoming veterans from Somalia, discusses Somalia with Ted Koppel. No hard questions asked.]

Shalom, Stephen Rosskamm. "Gravy Train: Feeding the Pentagon by Feeding Somalia," Z Magazine (February 1993), pp. 15-25.

Shams, Feraidoon. "Somali Crisis: A Humanity in Peril," Journal of Asian and African Affairs no 4 (Spring 1993), pp.1-11.

[Examines the political and economic crisis in Somalia.]

Sharkey, Jacqueline. "When Pictures Drive Foreign Policy: Somalia raises serious questions about media influence," American Journalism Review vol 15 (December 1993), pp. 14-19.

Sharp, Trueman W., Ray Yip and John D. Malone. "U.S. Military forces and emergency international humanitarian assistance," JAMA - The Journal of the American Medical Association vol 272 no 5 (3 August 1994), pp. 386-390.

[The authors examine U.S. military deployments to Kurdistan, Bangladesh and Somalia and conclude that military missions must be "appropriately defined" and that training preparations should be improved. They further investigate the advantages and disadvantages of such intervention.]

Shaw, Anthony. "Barre's Balancing Act," Africa Report vol 30 no 6 (November-December 1985), pp. 26-29.

[An assessment of the situation in Somalia resulting from the country's loss of the Ogaden war.]

Sheehan, Edward R.F. "In the Heart of Somalia," The New York Review of Books (14 January 1993), pp. 38-43.

Sheehy, Thomas P. "Somalia: 'No' to GIs under U.N. Control," VFW: Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine vol 81 no 6 (February 1994), pp. 34-35.

[The right wing continues to wrap itself in the flag while searching for justifications for the new isolationism.]

ibid. "No More Somalias: Reconsidering Clinton's Doctrine of Military Humanitarianism," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder no. 968 (20 December 93), 16 p.

["...Peacemaking operations, however, should be rule out. These are operations designed to create peace where none yet exists..." Isolationism becomes political nihilism.]

ibid. "Time to Pull Out of Somalia," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder no. 202 (27 September 93), 3 p.

[Conventional wisdom on Somalia ... (on) the need to "acknowledge General Aideed as a legitimate Somalian political figure..."]

Shelby, Barry. "Somaliland: Elders Keep the Peace," World Press Review vol 41 no 3 (March 1994), p. 31.

[The view from the north: If you are having so much trouble in the south, why not direct your assistance activities to the north.]

Shelton, Raymond S. "Marine Versatile Helicopter Squadron 363 (HMV-363)," Marine Corps Gazette 78 (February 1994), pp. 38-39.

Shields, Todd. "So this is how you spell R-e-l-I-e-f: A bloody battle in Somalia raises new doubts about United Nations peacekeeping efforts," U.S. News & World Report (28 June 1993), p. 39.

ibid. "Biting the Hand that Feeds," Ceres: FAO Review vol 25, no 2 (March 1993), pp. 38-40.

[The groups that suffer the most from violence are the agricultural populations that grow the country's food.]

ibid. "Somali 'Technical Teams' Are Tough: Relief Agencies, Merchants Look to Private Armies for Protection," The Washington Post (5 November 1992), pp. 1, A18.

Shoop, Tom. "Bearing the Burden, Paying the Price," Government Executive 25 (February 1993), p. 24.

Shoumatoff, Alex. "The U.S. The U.N. and Aidid: The 'Warlord' Speaks," The Nation (4 April 1994), pp. 442-450.

[Based on six hours of interviews with Aideed in Mogadishu, and apparently a subsequent meeting in Nairobi, the author and Ethiopia expert Professor Harold Marcus, decide that Aideed looks like the proper leader for Somalia. Unfortunately, the study pays no attention to Aideed's record and takes his statements at face value.]

Shultz, Richard H. "Peace Operations: Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Restoration-Assistance Missions," Special Warfare vol 7 (April 1994), pp. 2-6.

Sid-Ahmed, Muhammad. "When and How to Send in Troops," World Press Review vol 40 (March 1993), pp. 10-11.

Siegel, Adam B. "Mogadishu One: The NEO Prelude: EASTERN EXIT Set Stage for RESTORE HOPE," Sea Power vol 36 (March 1993), pp. 24-26.

ibid. "Lessons Learned from OPERATION EASTERN EXIT," Marine Corps Gazette vol 76 (June 1992), pp. 75-81.

ibid. Eastern Exit: the Noncombatant Evacuation Operation (NEO) from Mogadishu, Somalia, in January 1991 (Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, 1992) 52 p.

[Report on the helicopter evacuation of the U.S. Embassy compound in Mogadishu in January 1991. Notes that U.S. Navy and Marine units evacuated 281 people from 30 countries, including eight ambassadors and 39 U.S. citizens.]

Simon, Catherine. "Somaliland, État fantôme: A l'écart de la tragédie somalienne, la province "indépendante" du Nord est sous la menace des islamistes," Le Monde (24 décembre 1992), pp. 1,3.

ibid. "Ville-cimetière en Somalie: Hargeisa, l'an-cienne capital du nord, que se disputent militaires et maquisards, n'est plus qu'un champs de ruines," Le Monde (11 janvier 1990), pp. 1,4.

Simon, Paul, and Howard Metzenbaum. Visit to Somalia, Kenya, Pakistan, Indian, Singapore, and the Philippines: a report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: USGPO, November 1992) 22 p.

[Includes some comments about the social conditions in Somalia. Standard junketing fare.]

Simons, Anna. Networks of Dissolution: Mogadishu (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, announced for July 1995) ca. 224 p.

[According to the Westview flyer, Prof. Simons examines the Somali capital city within the context of nationalism, tribalism and state.]

ibid. "The Beginning of the End," in Carolyn Nordstrom and Antonius Robben, eds., Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, forthcoming).

[Dr. Simons did fieldwork in Mogadishu in 1988-1989. The two preceding items and the next article are products of this research. She is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at UCLA.]

ibid. "Somalia and the Dissolution of the Nation-State," American Anthropologist vol 96 no 4 (December 1994), pp. 818-824.

[As a comment on the process of state failure: "...By definition, dissolution itself is chaotic. Nonetheless, when we view it with hindsight or with more information than any one individual caught in chaos can possess, we see structure all around..." Dr. Simons notes that studies on the process of state collapse are "woefully unexplored."]

ibid. "Do We Know What We're Doing in Somalia?" Africa News vol 37 no 7 (21 Dec-3 Jan 1993), p. 4

[Perceptive, skeptical, should have been read more broadly.]

Sloyan, Patrick. "Clinton's quick and dirty route to a fiasco in Somalia," The Guardian (17 March 1994). Republished, without notice of the earlier publication, as "A Look At...The Somalia End game: How the Warlord Outwitted Clinton's Spooks," in The Washington Post (3 April 1994), p. C3.

[Provides some interesting details but is essentially a very intriguing bit of revisionist history. According to "one senior Pentagon official," there was "an ideal interlude after the June attacks to resume negotiations with Aideed." "We should have invited Aideed to lunch to talk things over." Interesting also that Rangers and the Delta force were deployed to Somalia allegedly over the objections of CENTCOM Commander, General Hoar, who, according to this piece, was correct on every political and military angle of the operation.]

ibid. Four-part series in Newsday: "Somalia Mission Control; Clinton called the shots in failed policy targeting Aidid," (5 December 1993); "Hunting Down Aidid; Why Clinton changed mind (6 December 1993); "Full of Tears and Grief; For elite commandos, operation ended in disaster (7 December 1993); and "A Tough Encounter With Policy Survivors (8 December 1993).

Smith, Brantley O. "The Red Cross with Guns (or, Using Warriors as Relief Workers)," One of three articles on Humanitarian Operations in Marine Corps Gazette vol 77 (October 1993), pp. 12-16.

Smith, Hugh, ed. International Peacekeeping: Building on the Cambodian Experience (Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre, Australian Defence Force Academy, 1994), 252 p.

ibid. ed. Peacekeeping: Challenges for the future (Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre, 1993) 229 p.

[Includes material on several of the 25 peacekeeping operations in which the Australian military has been involved since WWII, including Somalia. Several of the articles are cited elsewhere in the bibliography. See items by Col. Bill Mellor and Peter Kieseker.]

Smith, Richard. The Requirement for the United Nations to Develop an Internationally Recognized Doctrine for the Use of Force in Intra-State Conflict (Camberley, Surrey: SCSI Occasional Paper No 10, 1994) 47 p.

[The author reviews the experiences of the Nordic states, NATO, U.S. France and the UK and attempts to find common ground among them. He proposes a solution based on British peacekeeping techniques, implemented more aggressively.]

Smith, Stephen. La Guerre Perdue de l'Humanitaire (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1993), 244 p.

[The author, Africa specialist with La Libération (Paris), sees a plot to experiment with post cold-war intervention by the U.S. and international humanitarian organizations. European chapter of Afro-Pessimism.]

Smith, Stephen. "Lights on in the shooting gallery," New Statesman & Society (18 December 1992-1 January 1993), pp. 18-19.

[Refers to the US-brokered peace agreement between Aideed and Ali Mahdi. Predicts that the two will likely turn against each other as soon as US forces pull out.]

Smith, S. "Mogadishu Diary," London Review of Books (23 July 1992), p. 21.

Smith, Tony. "In Defense of Intervention," Foreign Affairs vol 73 no 6 (November/December 1994), pp. 34-46.

[While focused on the Haitian intervention, the author argues forcefully for the maintenance of Wilsonian principles of fostering democracy around the world.]

Smock, David R. ed. Making War and Waging Peace: Foreign Intervention in Africa (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993) 290 p.

Smolowe, Jill. "Counterpunch: A week after gunmen kill 23 U.N. peacekeepers, Clinton takes action and orders publishing raids in Somalia," Time (21 June 1993), p. 25.

Snow, Donald M. Distant Thunder: Third World Conflict and the New International Order (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993) 226 p.

ibid. "Peacekeeping, Peacemaking and Peace-Enforcement: the U.S. Role in the New International Order," a study prepared for the U.S. Army War College Fourth Annual Conference on Strategy: "Strategy in Periods of Transition (Carlisle Barracks, PA: February 1993) 40 p.

Snow, Donald M. and Eugene Brown. Puzzle Palaces and Foggy Bottom: U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy-Making in the 1990s (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993) 281 p.

[Presents the right questions.]

Somali Relief Association (UK). The Somalis: An Invisible Community in Crisis (London: Haan Associates, 1992) about 32 p.

[General information about the Somali community in Britain. Includes brief but useful bibliography.]

Somalia, Government of. The Somali Peninsula: A new light on Imperial Motives (Mogadishu, 1962) 137 p.

[A propaganda document which decries the separation of the Somali cultural world into several parts by the French, British, Italians and Ethiopians. It was certainly a precursor to the urgent efforts of the Somali government to justify its invasion of the Ogaden in 1977-1978.]

Somalia, Republic of. "Approved text of the Criminal Procedure Code," Bollettino Ufficiale della Repubblica Somala no VI, suppl. n. 2 al N. 11 (Mogadiscio: Stamperia di Stato, 6 Novembre 1965) 181 p.

[This is an official English-language version of the Somali criminal code taken from the official text, published in Italian in the Official Bulletin, supplement no. 9 to no. 12 of 31 December 1964. This text was used by UNOSOM II, after its 4 May 1993 takeover from UNITAF, to serve as basic Somali law until such time that the country could adopt a newer code.]

Somalia Task Force. "Critique of the 'Report by the Secretary-General: The Situation in Somalia, 17 September 1994," Somalia News Update vol 3, no 25 (11 October 1994), pp. 1-6.

[Sharply critical of the accuracy and intentions of the report, which the Washington-based group believes is badly skewed by the UN workers in Somalia.]

Somaliland, Government of British, Somaliland (London: HMSO, 1936) 40 p.

Somerville, Keith, Foreign Military Intervention in Africa (London: Pinter Publishers, 1990) 205 p.

Sommer, John G. Hope Restored? Humanitarian Aid in Somalia, 1990-1994 (Washington, DC: Center for Policy Analysis and Research on Refugee Issues, Refugee Policy Group, September 1994) 126 p. + annexes.

[This study is the result of dozens of interviews and diligent review of existing literature. It provides an excellent introduction to the policy issues that were behind the U.S. decision to intervene, the problems on the ground and policy issues that must be resolved before we embark on another Somalia-type operation.]

Sommer, John G. and Carole C. Collins. Human Aid in Somalia: The Role of the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), 1990-1994 (Washington, DC: Center for Policy Analysis and Research on Refugee Issues, Refugee Policy Group, November 1994) 37 p.

Sorensen, Theodore C. "United States Policy on United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations," "Comments" in The Yale Journal of International Law vol 1, no 1 (Winter 1993), pp. 425-427.

[Makes a number of proposals designed to serve as ground rules for U.S. participation in peacekeeping operations.]

Sowell, Thomas. "Speak loudly, carry a small stick," Forbes vol 153 no 3 (31 January 1994), p. 64.

[Dissent from a scholar at the Hoover Institute: the end of the Cold War does not mean there are no dangers out there. Backing down in Bosnia, Somalia, Haiti are the wrong messages to be sending to a troubled world.]

Spaller, Ruth (Spec.). "Rangers Return," Soldiers 49 (January 1994), p. 21.

Spencer, John H. "A Reassessment of Ethiopian-Somali Conflict," Horn of Africa (July-September 1979), pp. 23-30.

[The author was a former Chief Advisor to the Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He is strongly critical of President Carter's policies in the Horn of Africa.]

Stamilio, Anthony J. (LTC) "Military Police in Operations Other Than War, Operation Restore Hope, Somalia," Military Police (August 1994), pp. 23-24.

[Successes in Somalia for highly-mobile, small unit operations.]

Stanton, Kimberly. "Pitfalls of Intervention: Sovereignty as a Foundation for Human Rights," Harvard International Review vol 26 no 1 (Fall 1993), pp. 14-16.

[Lots of hand wringing about intervention.]

Stanton, Martin N. (LTC) "Letter from Somalia: An S-3's Observations," Infantry vol 85, no 1 (January-February 1995), pp. 13-14.

[A good illustration that preparation for a peace enforcement operation is also to prepare for war. This article provides many insights about manning, equipment and training, based on the experiences of the 1st Battalion, 87th Infantry, which served in the Shabelle Valley (HRS Marka) between December 1992 and April 1993.]

ibid. "Wanwaylen: Lessons Learned," Army (December 1994), pp. 25-30.

[An interesting report on Major Stanton's experiences in Wanle Weyn during Operation Restore Hope. Captures very well the intense political pressures on a unit commander deployed in a peacekeeping operation. The town name in the headline is garbled.]

ibid. "Cordon and Search: Lessons Learned in Somalia," Infantry vol 84 no 6 (November-December 1994), pp. 18-21.

[Describes operations of the 2nd Battalion, 87th Infantry, in the lower Shabelle river valley, in early 1993. The article notes the busy airfield near Afgoi, where khat (non-narcotic, habit-forming week) was imported from Kenya.]

ibid. "Task Force 2-87: Lessons from Restore Hope," Military Review vol 74 no 9 (September 1994), pp. 35-41.

[Detailed operational lessons learned from a U.S. task force joint deployment with Belgian forces in the Kismayu area, 22 February-3 March 1993. Some very useful guidance for war fighters.]

ibid. "Lessons Learned From Counter-Bandit Operations," Marine Corps Gazette 78 (February 1994), pp. 30-32.

Starr, Richard H. "USA Urges Six-Point Peacekeeping Plan," Jane's Defence Weekly vol 21 (28 May 1994), p. 8.

Startzman, Shirley K. "Dengue Fever is real 'headache' to American Soldiers in Haiti and Somalia," Inscom Journal (March/April 1995), p. 13.

Steadman, Kenneth. "Is Peacekeeping a Job for GIs?" VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine vol 82 no 2 (October 1994), p. 15.

[In this brief note, the author does not answer the question posed in the title. He indicates that the main reason for lack of success in Somalia was lack of "unity of command."]

Stech, Frank J. "Winning CNN Wars," Parameters vol 24 no 3 (Autumn 1994), pp. 37-56.

[Some valuable lessons from Operation Restore Hope are reviewed. The author suggests that media coverage causes leaders to respond to immediate domestic political concerns. Looking at the case of certain Presidential comments in the fight against Aideed in mid-1993, the timely response to domestic concerns gave the wrong message to our adversaries in Somalia.]

Stedman, Stephen John. "U.N. Intervention in Civil Wars: Imperatives of Choice and Strategy," Paper prepared for the Naval War College Conference, Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping (23-24 February 1994) 34 p.

ibid. "The New Interventionism: At Play in the Fields of the Warlords," (no city, unpublished, c1993) 43 p.

ibid. "The New Interventionists," Foreign Affairs vol 72 no 1 (January 1993), pp. 1-16.

ibid. "Somalia: The Case for Triage," (Washington, DC: unpublished draft, October 1992) 8 p.

[Dr. Steadman is a professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.]

Steele, Dennis. "Mogadishu, Somalia: The Price Paid," Army 43 (November 1993), pp. 25-26.

ibid. "Army Units Deploy to Assist Starving, War-Torn Somalia," Army 43 (February 1993), pp. 24-28.

[Includes list of troop units deployed to Somalia.]

Steiner, Martina I. La Grande Faida: I processi de etnicizzazione e di segmentazione in Somalia (No city: Roberto de Nicolas Editore, June 1994) 182 p.

[Professor Steiner is a social anthropologist with long experience in studying Somalia. Her book includes many useful graphs and illustrations which help explain Somali ethnographic issues.]

Stevenson, Jonathan. Losing Mogadishu: Testing U.S. Policy in Somalia (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press, May 1995) 183 p.

[The author is a good journalist, and the book presents his synthesis of what he learned during extended periods in Somalia. While finding the analysis interesting, the compiler wonders if the author was really asking the right questions of his interlocateurs.]

ibid. "Hope Restored in Somalia?" Foreign Policy no 91 (summer 1993), pp. 138-154.

ibid. "Krazy Khat," New Republic vol 207, no 22 (23 November 1992), pp. 17-18.

[Somalia's warlords use the mild narcotic weed as payoff to keep their soldiers happy.]

ibid. "Food for Naught," New Republic vol 207, no 13 (21 September 1992), pp. 13-16.

Stockwell, David, and Dawn Kilpatrick. "A CIB story in Somalia," Public Affairs Update (March-April 1995), pp. 22-24.

[Major David Stockwell headed the U.N. Combined Information Bureau in Mogadishu and Master Sgt. Dawn Kilpatrick assisted him. This article is taken from their debriefing and question-and-answer period followed.]

Stofft, William A., and Gary L. Guertner. "Ethnic Conflict: The Perils of Military Intervention," Parameters vol 25 no 1 (Spring 1995), pp. 30-42.

[A generally forward-looking article about new requirements brought forth by the New World Order: "...Understanding patterns of ethnic conflict is an essential starting point for military strategy, because each case varies in its causes, potential for escalation, and probability of successful intervention..."]

Stork, Joe. "The intervention in Somalia: What Should have Happened: An Interview with John Paul Lederach," Middle East Report (March-April 1993), pp. 38-42.

[Lederach directs the International Conciliation Service of the Mennonite Central Committee and has been working on Somali issues for several years. He disagrees strongly with the use of military force.]

Stremlau, John. "Antidote to Anarchy," The Washington Quarterly vol 18 no 1 (Winter 1995), pp. 29-44.

[We should change our concentration on politics between states to politics within states.]

Sullivan, Gordon R. "Power Projection and the Challenges of Regionalism," Parameters vol XXIII, no 2 (Summer 1993), pp. 2-15.

Sullum, Jacob. "Khat Calls," Reason (March 1993), pp. 42-43.

[Discussion of the khat phenomenon in Somalia and the Horn, and the sensationalist misinformation about it that appeared in the world press after the U.S. intervention.]

ibid. "The Rescuers," Reason (February 1993), p. 5.

[Appreciates the spirit of humanitarian intervention in Somalia, but questions whether Somalia is in the national interest.]

Summers, Harry G. Jr. "Great Power Envy: Nothing to be Jealous of," Army Times (11 July 1994).

[U.S. Army Col. (ret) Harry Summers, Claus-witzian scholar, widely-lauded expert on Viet Nam War and favored military pundit, takes issue with Edward Luttwak's comments in the 25 June 1994 Washington Post, in which Luttwak judges that the U.S. wants to act as a Great Power "but is no longer to pay the price in blood."]

ibid. "U.S. Participation in U.N. Peacekeeping Organizations," Strategic Review vol 21 (Fall 1993), pp. 69-72.

Swinburne, Caroline. "Life at the End of the Earth," BBC Focus on Africa vol 1 no 3 (Oct/Dec 1990), pp. 44-47.

[A BBC reporter visits Hartasheik refugee camp in the Ogaden, about equidistant between Jijiga and the Somali border. The refugees had fled the conflict in northern Somalia between the SNM and the Somali Army.]

Szamuely, George. "Clinton's Clumsy Encounter with the World," Orbis vol 38, no 3 (Summer 1994), pp. 373-394.

[President Clinton walked into a foreign policy void; his performance has been hampered by ill advice and the almost bizarre assumption that he could roll the foreign policy problems while he handled his domestic agenda. The author is a media fellow at the Hoover Institution. See "The Somalia Boondoggle," pp. 386-389.]