Oakley, Robert. "Imposing Values: The U.S. ambassador who negotiated temporary security among warring clans and starving refugees in 1993 in Somalia, argues for caution in exporting our values to other countries," World View vol 8 no 1 (Winter 1994-95), pp. 13-18.
[This article is somewhat mis-labelled. It fails to note when or where foreign values were imposed on the Somalis. It contains a number of peculiar misinterpretations of the Somali political dynamic: Siad Barre's government was based on the Marehan and not the Habr Gedir; and of historical facts: the 5 June 1993 ambushes of UN troops by Aideed militia units took place after the search of Radio Mogadishu not during. His several final references to the Somali National Movement (the original northwestern political movement) should read Somali National Alliance, the fictive political umbrella group created in mid-1993 to justify his continued military presence in the south.]
ibid., "What We Learned In Somalia," The Washington Post (20 March 1994), p. C7. Also published in the Army Times (4 April 1994), p. 33, and translated as "Opinion: La leçon somalienne," Jeune Afrique no 1734 (31 mars au 6 avril 1994), p. 35, just in case you missed it.
[It is unclear just what lessons Ambassador Oakley believes were learned. The straw man selected as the theme of the article: immediate withdrawal after the 3 October 1993 raid that led to the deaths of so many service personnel, was simply not the primary issue. The key question was what "political method" did you select to "encourage" all Somali factions"to determine their own future." The original U.S. goals were humanitarian relief and force protection and little more. The reality is that these very narrowly-drawn goals were impossible to carry out without becoming involved in domestic Somali politics. Because the original goals were secured at the price of appeasement of the warlords, the hard part of unsnarling the resulting mess in Somalia was left to the U.N. which similarly had no experience, political vision or program covering such requirements..]
ibid. "Mission Accomplished in Somalia," Op-ed piece in The Washington Post (21 March 1993).
[This article appeared at a time when several HRO's were forced to abandon their operations in Mogadishu and elsewhere because of concerns for the safety of both their expatriate and national personnel.]
ibid. "An Envoy's Perspective," Joint Forces Quarterly (Autumn 1993), pp. 44-55.
[From his forthcoming book to be published by the United States Institute of Peace.]
Oakley, Robert, and David Bentley. "Peace Operations: A Comparison of Somalia and Haiti," Stretegic Forum no. 30 (May 1995) 4 p.
[Misleading comments about Somalia, partly fact and partly fiction, again blaming the United Nations for taking actions which were laid out for it by the United States at the outset of the operations. At the center of Amb. Oakley's story is the "intrusive" mandate, UNSCR 814, which was drafted in the Pentagon.]
Ocaya-Lakidi, Dent. "Regional Conflicts, Regional Coalitions and Security Cooperation in Africa and the Middle East: The Roles of the United Nations and the United States Military," a paper presented at a symposium: Military Coalitions and the United Nations: Implications for the United States Military (Washington, DC: National Defense University, 2-3 November 1993), 26 p.
O'Conner, Anthony. The African City (London: Hutchinson, 1983) 359 p.
[Includes some references to Mogadishu in discussion of urbanization issues in Africa.]
Odhiambo, Atieno. "The Economics of Conflict among Marginalized Peoples of Eastern Africa," in Francis M. Deng and I. William Zartman, eds, Conflict Resolution in Africa (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution), pp. 292-296.
["...Its the 'absent' state that is the most hazardous for the nomads. In situations in which they belong to the absent or weak state, segments of the neighboring state, if relatively strong, can raid with impunity the unprotected citizens and appropriate their resources..." p. 294]
Ododa, Harry. "Somalia's domestic politics and foreign relations since the Ogaden War of 1977-78," Middle Eastern Studies vol 21, no 3 (1985), pp. 285-297.
Odugbemi, Sina. "Intervention: The lure and limits of force," World Press Review vol 40 no 3 (March 1993), pp. 9-10.
["...There are circumstances in which the world community can, in the defense of our common humanity, interfere in the national affairs of a sovereign nation-state..." This article originally appeared in The Guardian (Lagos).]
Offley, Ed. "McChord Grieves, Then Scrambles for Somalia," Air Force Times 53 (21 December 1992), p. 14.
Oldfield III, Edward C. Guénaël R. Rodier, and Gregory C. Gray. "The Endemic Infectious Diseases of Somalia," published as a supplement of Clinical Infectious Diseases, March 1993; 16 (Suppl 3): S132-157.
Olmsted, Nick. "Humanitarian Intervention?" U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings vol 121/5/1,107 (May 1995), pp. 96-102.
[Navy Lt. Olmsted calls for the U.S. military to extend its vision from the implementation of "jointness," i.e., the ability to work with other U.S. military branches, to being able to work within an international force.]
Olsen, Edward A. "'Armed Humanitarianism' Has No Place in US Foreign Policy: Use checkbook diplomacy, not troops, to aid troubled lands," Christian Science Monitor (16 December 1993), p. 22.
["Americans must accept the fact that the US cannot, and should not try to, save other countries from their baser instincts..." This is a surprising display of neo-isolationism from a professor at the Navy Postgraduate School in Monterey.]
Olson, Eric T. (LTC). Force for Peace? UN Military Intervention in Somalia (Washington, D.C.: Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Unpublished paper prepared for the Senior Service College program, June 1994) 55 p.
Omar A. Eno. "The Untold Apartheid in Somalia Imposed on Bantu/Jarer People," Paper presented at the Fifth International Congress of Somali Studies, Worcester, MA, 1-3 December 1993, 18 p.
Omer Salad Elmi. The Somali Conflict and the Undercurrent Causes (Mogadishu: Beeldeeq Printing Press, December (sic) 1993), 100 p.
[This pro-Aideed SNA booklet was published in March 1993. It provides some highly colored insights into the current political scene in Somali.]
Onyango-Obbo, Charles. "Somalia: From Purgatory to Hell," Dissent (Winter 1993), pp. 9-11.
O'Rourke, P.J. "All Guns, No Butter: A Starving Nation Armed to the Teeth," Rolling Stone (1 April 1993), pp. 45-49, 63-64.
Örn, Trsten. "Peacekeeping - The New Challenges," International Relations vol XII, no 5 (August 1995), pp. 1-8.
[Sweden's Ambassador to the Vatican reflects on the changing face of intervention and the various structures developed in recent years to respond to the world's needs.]
Orr, Judith A. (Capt, USMCR) "From Desert Storm to Restore Hope: The Maturing of Marine Civil Affairs," Marine Corps Gazette vol 78 no 10 (October 1994), pp. 63-69.
[A comprehensive overview of civil affairs planning by the Marine Corps. Capt Orr is a reserve officer and a civil affairs specialist, as is true throughout the military. This is an important article that should be read by all military leaders in peace operations.]
d'Orsay, Dominique (pseudonym). "Intervenir dans les crises: un partenariat civils-militaires," Défense Nationale (février 1995), pp. 63-74.
[After referring with some trepidation to U.S. field manuals on "Operations other than War," the anonymous authors from the Institut des Hautes Études de Défense Nationale (IHEDN) call for the creation of a national "Civil Intervention Force," (force d'intervention civile). The idea is to create a civilian "nation-building" force to work with the military in failed-state situations.]
O'Sullivan, Gerry. "Another Cold War Casualty," The Humanist vol 53 no 1 (January 1993), pp. 36-37+.
[Speaks of various war criminals now residing in Canada and the U.S. including one in Virginia, who "fled to the United States after he'd suffocated 49 people in a bunker and participated in the ransacking of the U.S. Embassy in Mogadishu."]
Ottaway, Marina. "Nationalism Unbound: The Horn of Africa Revisited," SAIS Review vol 12 (Summer-Fall 1992), pp. 111-128.
ibid. Soviet and American Influence in the Horn of Africa (New York: Praeger, 1982) 187 p.
Overseas Development Council. ODC Conference Report: Conflict Resolution, Humanitarian Assistance, and Development in Somalia: Lessons Learned (Washington, DC: Overseas Development Council, no date) 31 p.
[A report on a conference by the same name held on 3 December 1993, at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Conference Center in Washington, DC.]