Nathan, James. "The Rise & Decline of Coercive Statecraft," Naval Institute Proceedings vol 121/10/1,112 (October 1995), pp. 58-65.

[Observations on the apparent change in public attitudes about the use of force in foreign affairs. Reminds us of a useful quote from Clausewitz: "Subordinating the political point of view to the military [is] absurd, for it is policy that has created war. Policy is the guiding intelligence and war only the instrument, not vice versa. No other possibility exists, then, than to subordinate the military point of view to the political." (On War, chap 8, book 6, p. 607.]

Natsios, Andrew S. "Food Through Force: Humanitarian Intervention and U.S. Policy," The Washington Quarterly vol 17, no 1 (Winter 1994), pp. 129-144.

[Natsios coordinated the U.S. humanitarian assistance operation in Somalia during the first months of the operation. A useful discussion of the use of military force in humanitarian operations.]

ibid. "A Journal of Somalia: Relief workers from many agencies and countries are struggling to contain the world's worst human disaster," The Christian Science Monitor (30 November 1992), p. 18.

[Recounts his visits to refugees in northern Kenya, Baidoa, Mogadishu and Bardera, 27-29 September 1992. Comment from Baidoa: "I refuse to see the governor of the city, an appointee of ... Aideed, unless the local clan elders also attend. The governor had not told them of my visit, since they are of a hostile clan...The clan elders are our best hope to bring back civil order."]

ibid. "Feeding Somalia," The Christian Science Monitor (11 September 1992), p. 18.

Naylor, Sean D. "Hard lessons, new options: Are soldiers ready for the next Somalia?", "Somalia study unit will report to Perry," and "Seven things to remember: Surprises in Somali streets lead to new urban ops doctrine," Army Times (13 June 1994), pp. 12-14.

[The first article reviews some of the current issues pertaining to "Operations Other than War," (OOTW) in light of the Somalia experience. The second discusses the convening and operation of the "Somalia After Action Review Committee," known as "The Montgomery Board," under the command of MGen Thomas Montgomery, the senior U.S. military commander in Somalia from March 1993 - March 1994. The final report, consisting of an executive summary and two volumes, was delivered later in the month by Montgomery to the Secretary of Defense. The third article deals with practical issues of troop rotation, armor, readiness, guerrilla tactics, helicopter operations and rules of engagement.]

ibid. "For U.N. struggles ahead in Somalia," Army Times (21 March 1994), p. 4.

ibid. "Somalia Exit is No Rout," Army Times 54 (14 March 1994), p. 8.

ibid. "How You Train When 'There is No Enemy," Army Times 54 (21 February 1994), pp. 12-13.

ibid. "Somalia: Troops Exit, Chaos Descends," Army Times 54 (21 February 1994), p. 8.

ibid. "Make plan, then make peace: Officers call for better focus in multilateral missions," Army Times (14 February 1994), p. 26.

["...Maj. Lloyd Whitfield, a doctrine writer at the Infantry Center, Fort Benning G. underlined the role of a well-armed intervention force could play in a peace enforcement operation. 'The threat of overwhelming force may well be the best means of coercing belligerents [to stop fighting], he said. But force alone will not be enough to achieve success. It must be used in concert with nation-building initiatives, and a clear political objective must be outlined at the outset of the operation, the generals said'."]

ibid. "Marines Kill 8 in January 31 Firefight," Army Times 54 (14 February 1994), p. 4.

ibid. "Somalia: A Lesson in New World Order," Army Times (3 January 1994), pp. 12-13.

ibid. "No Peace in Peacekeeping: As Human Toll Rises, Leaders Grapple With Thorny Policy Issues," Army Times (11 October 1993), pp. 14-16.

ibid. "Limited Medals for Hope: Authorization of Awards Are Out of Control," Army Times (4 October 1993), p. 3.

ibid. "Ranger 'hit-team' mission in Somalia denied: Officials say troops sent to Somalia will aid existing forces," Army Times (6 September 1993), pp. 6-7.

ibid. "Bombing Deaths in Somalia Leave Troops Angry: Explosion that Killed Four Blamed on Somali Warlord," Army Times (23 August 1993), p. 14.

ibid. "Combat Patches Approved for Service in Somalia," and "Mogadishu Wracked by Firefights," Army Times 54 (2 August 1993), p. 10.

ibid. "Warlord Fires Back at U.N. Army Times 54 (15 July 1993), p. 6.

ibid. "Two Killed as Action Continues in Somalia," Army Times (12 July 1993), p. 7.

ibid. "How Somalia Disintegrated: Factions, Warlords Are Out of Control," Navy Times 42 (14 December 1992), p. 18.

ibid. "Warlords Vie for Power in Somalia," Air Force Times 53 (14 December 1992), p. 6.

ibid. "1,800 Marines in Place to Aid Somalia," Navy Times 42 (7 December 1992), p. 10.

Naylor, Sean D. and Steve Vogel. "Release Cools Tensions," Army Times 54 (25 October 1993), p. 10.

Naylor, Sean D. and Vago Muradian. "Somalia exit is no rout," Army Times (14 Mar 94), p. 8.

Naylor, Sean D. and William Mathews. "Bombing Deaths in Somalia leave troops angry," Army Times vol 54 no 4 (23 August 1993), p. 14.

Neier, Aryeh. "Watching Rights: If the focus is on the impact in Somalia, the use of military force seems amply justified," The Nation (15 November 1993), p. 562.

ibid. "Watching Rights: The United States has a Responsibility to try to stop the killing in Somalia," The Nation (3 February 1992), p. 115.

["...It was indecent for the United States to prop up the cruel and corrupt Siad Barre regime for a decade during the cold war years in exchange for the use of Somalia's strategically located port. It was indecent to supply the Siad Barre regime with tons of weapons that were employed principally against Somali civilians. Now it would be even more indecent to sit back and do nothing while Somali thugs who have gotten their hands on those weapons massacre the country's civilian population. It is time to do the decent thing."]

ibid. "Bloody Somalia," The Nation vol 246 no 25 (25 June 1988), pp. 884-885.

[Siad Barre is forced to cancel a meeting with President Reagan and other administration officials after the slaughter in Hargeisa and IMF decision to render Somalia ineligible for further loans.]

Nelan, Bruce W. "Today, Somalia ..." Time vol 140 no 25 (21 December 1992), pp. 28-31.

[Will the success that President Bush achieved in Somalia put pressure on President-elect Clinton to intervene elsewhere?]

ibid. "Taking on the Thugs: The U.S. Promises to Feed the Hungry and Restore Hope in Somalia, but Bush's Military Operation Could be the Wrong Way to do the Right Thing," Time vol 140 (14 December 1992), pp. 26-29.

ibid. "Somalia: A Very Private War," Time (14 January 1991), p. 17.

[The final days of the Barre government.]

Nelson, Christopher W. (Cpt) "Military Police Support to Operations Other than War in Somalia," Military Police (August 1994), pp. 25-28.

[Describes the August 1993 remote-controlled mine incident in Mogadishu which claimed the lives of four MPs. During the deployment of the 977th Military Police Company from Camp Riley, Kansas, Capt. Nelson's unit provided law enforcement and security support to UNOSOM. The unit conducted more than 15 combat operations.]

Nelson, Harold D. ed. Somalia: A Country Study (Washington, DC: American University Press, Foreign Area Studies, 1982) third edition, 346 p.

Nelson, Soroya S. "Most Deadly Enemy in Somalia May Be Disease," Navy Times 42 (21 December 1992), p. 9.

Nemeth, Mary. "Somali Fiasco: A Deadly UN Air Attack Provokes Heated Disagreement About the New Role of Peacekeepers," Maclean's (26 July 1993), pp. 20-21.

[Reactions to the 12 July attack on Aideed's compound.]

ibid. "Coming Back to Life: Foreign Troops Have Eased Somalia's Suffering, But a Show of Force May Signal the End of the Honeymoon," Maclean's 106 (18 January 1993), pp. 26-29.

Newton, James A. Jr. Glenn A. Schnepf, Mark R. Wallace, Hans O. Lobel, et al. "Malaria in US Marines returning from Somalia," JAMA - The Journal of the American Medical Association vol 272 no 5 (3 August 1994), pp. 397-399.

[Some Marines were evidently careless in their use of available chemoprophylaxis. As of the end of 1993, there were 112 cases of malaria in 106 Marines returning from Somalia. Health care providers in the U.S. must be alert to the presence of imported malaria from Somalia within the U.S. population.]

NGO Consortium Information Office. Handbook of International NGO Programmes in Somalia (No publication data, but probably reproduced in Nairobi, February 1993) 15 + extensive annexes describing each program activity in Somalia, plus list of NGO's proposing to work in Somalia.

[There were 40 Non-Governmental Agencies working in Somalia at the time that this handbook was compiled. 28 are members of the NGO consortium, with the ICRC maintaining observer status.]

Nicol, Davidson. "Africa and the U.S.A. in the United Nations," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol 16 no 3 (September 1978), pp. 365-395.

Norton, Augustus Richard. "Peacekeeping, Civil Society and Conflict Regulation," Canadian Defence Quarterly vol 23, no 1, special no 2 (1993), pp. 31-33.

[What is the UN role in restoring failed states?]

Novati, Giampaolo Calchi. "Italy in the Triangle of the Horn: Too Many Corners for a Half Power," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol 32 no 3 (September 1994), pp. 369-386.

[Reviews the policies of Italy in the Horn since WWII and finds them characterized by opportunism, a lack of political realism and a cynical indulgence of whomever appears to be influential at the moment, a policy faithfully carried out by a very recent Italian envoy.]

Novicki, Margaret A. "Interview: George Moose," Africa Report vol 39, no 1 (January 1994), pp. 21-25.

[George Moose responds to a few questions about Somalia. He notes that "jaded" and "chastened" are two words that come to mind in regard to future peacekeeping operations in Africa. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Moose has rarely been on record about Somalia.]

Nowrojee, Binaifer. "Seeking Refuge, Finding Terror: The Widespread Rape of Somali Women Refugees in North Eastern Kenya," Africa Watch, Women's Rights Project vol 5 no 13 (4 October 1993), 25 p.

Nuruddin Farah. "A Country in Exile," Transition no. 57 (1992), pp. 4-8.

ibid. "Praise the Marines? I Suppose So," New York Times (28 December 1992), p. A15 ("Op-Ed").

[Somalia's best-known novelist gives unenthusiastic support to "Operation Restore Hope."]

ibid. Maps (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986) 246 p.

[In this recent and representative novel, the renting of the social fabric caused by the Ogaden war is told through the eyes of an orphan boy.]

Nyangoni, Wellington W. Africa in the United Nations System (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1985) 285 p.

Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, ed. Conflict in the Horn of Africa (Atlanta, GA: African Studies Association, 1991) 190 p

[Collection of papers presented at the Horn of Africa Conference at the University of Alcala, Spain, in September 1989.]