MacIntyre, Douglas J. "TRAP Platoon: An Infantry Platoon Commander's Perspective," Marine Corps Gazette 78 (February 1994), pp. 33-34.
Mackinlay, John. "Improving Multi functional Forces, Survival vol 36 no 3 (Autumn 1994), pp. 149-173.
[Addresses some of the practical issues of peacekeeping on the ground.]
Mahroug, Moncef. "La tentation Integriste: Les tribunaux islamiques se multiplient à Mogadiscio-Nord," Jeune Afrique no 1795 (1-7 juin 1995), p. 61.
[Describes some of the more brutal aspects of the growth of the Jihad al-Islam, an Islamic fundamentalist group with branches in the Sudan, Yemen, Kenya and Pakistan, in north Mogadishu, under the leadership of Mohamed Ahmad Mahmoud.]
Makinda, Samuel M. "Somalia: from humanitarian intervention to military offensive?" The World Today vol 49, no 10 (October 1993), pp. 184-186.
[Professor Makinda pleads for military action to cease and for help in national reconciliation and reconstruction in Somalia.]
ibid. Seeking Peace from Chaos: Humanitarian Intervention in Somalia (New York: International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series, September 1993) 90 p.
ibid, Security in the Horn of Africa (London: Brassey's for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1992) 80 p.
Malanczuk, Peter. Humanitarian Intervention and the Legitimacy of the use of Force (Amsterdam: Het Spuihuis, 1993).
Malik, Kenan. "Good and Evil Blur in Somalia," re-printed from The Independent, in World Press Review vol 40, no 10 (October 1993), pp. 17-18.
[Very critical of the Somalia intervention.]
Mallinson, Allan. "No Middle Ground for UN," Jane's Defence Weekly vol 21 (14 May 1994), pp. 19-20.
Mandelbaum. Michael, "The Reluctance to Intervene," Foreign Policy 95 (Summer 1994), pp. 3-18.
["Intervention for humanitarian purposes leads, inevitably, to political tasks." The author errs when he claims that "Americans approved the dispatch of troops abroad to relieve suffering under the misunderstanding that the forces would be able to steer clear of local politics. The public believed that the interventions would be costless, especially in our most valuable currency: American lives." (p. 16). That misconception was the product of senior U.S. military planners in CENTCOM.]
Marchal, Roland. "La guerre perdue de l'humanitaire en Somali," manuscript, later published as "La militarisation de l'humanitaire: l'exemple somalien," in Culturs et Conflits (octobre 1993) pp. 77-93.
ibid. "Les mooryaan de Mogadiscio: Formes de la violence dans un espace urbain en guerre," Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines no 130, vol 33 no 2 (1993), pp. 295-320.
[The Mooryaan are the dreaded, heavily-armed rootless youth engaged by Aideed and other warlords to terrorize the people of Mogadishu and southern Somalia.]
ibid. "Somalie: Autopsie d'Une Intervention," Politique Internationale no 61 (Automne 1993), pp. 191-207.
Marcus, Harold G. A History of Ethiopia (Berkeley and Los Angeles, Univ of California Press, 1994) 261 p.
[The long-awaited history by one of the eminent historians of the Horn of Africa. Contains much of interest to the student of Somalia.]
ibid. "General Mohammed Farah Aidid and Ethiopia," Ethiopian Review vol 4 no 1 (January 1994), pp. 56-57.
[Interesting but brief report of meetings with Aideed in Mogadishu. Prof. Marcus judges Aideed to be "without a doubt the country's most potent and militarily strongest political figure." In describing what a Somalia under Aideed would look like -- he would downplay ethnicity and "clannism," Aideed sounds remarkably like Siad Barre in his early years. In the year since the interviews upon which this article is based, there has been ample time to judge Aideed on the basis of his actions, which have revolved around ruthless military expansion into other clan domains and suppression of all local voices.]
ibid. Ethiopia, Great Britain, and the United States 1941-1974: The Politics of Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983) 205 p.
[Richly informative historical account of U.S. relations with Ethiopia in the Horn.]
ibid. The Modern History of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa: A Select and Annotated Bibliography (Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1972) 641 p.
[Remains the bibliographical survey that serves as a model for all others.]
Maren, Michael. "A few of the many reasons for The UN's Failure in Somalia," available on NomadNet --> http://www.interport.net/~mmaren. 4 p.
[Another very useful and interesting item by one of the most accomplished journalists with experience in Somalia.]
ibid. "War as Peace: How the Army and Aid Agencies are Reinventing Militarism at Peacekeeping '94" The Village Voice vol 39 no 50 (13 December 1994), pp. 27-30.
[The author visits an interesting military-civilian trade show in Washington, DC in which the shared interests of the traditional military and humanitarian groups are on display.]
ibid. "Mogadishu Postcard: Spoiled, The U.N.'s Somalia Boondoggle," The New Republic (12 December 1994), pp. 13-14.
[Outlines some of the latest political ineptitudes of the UNOSOM operation in Somalia. Forecasts that Aidid will return to his efforts to mine the ruins of the country once the U.N. has left. Maren is a free-lance journalist who lives in New York but visits Africa frequently. He has served in the Peace Corps, Catholic Relief Services and the U.S. Agency for International Development.]
ibid. "Feeding A Famine: Western Journalists covering Somalia helped create a crisis, demanding aid dollars and aid workers--and even U.S. troops. Somalia is the story of how the media fed a famine--with tragic results," Forbes Media Critic (Fall 1994), pp. 30-38.
[Discussion of the media coverage of the Somali famine and its role in causing President Bush to act in November 1992.]
ibid. "Leave Somalia Now," New York Times (6 July 1994) Op-Ed, p. A19.
["...If the peacekeepers are not keeping the peace, what are they doing? Why did the Security Council extend the mandate for the operation in Somalia until the end of September? The cost will be more than $300 million...the extension perpetuates policies that have been directly responsible for suspending Somalia in a state of war..."]
ibid. "Yankees Go Home: In Somalia, Operation Restore Hope Becomes Operation Run For It," The Village Voice vol 39, no 14 (5 April 1994), p. 44.
[To the end, the U.S. military ensures that there is nothing photographable so that "no departing pomp that could be juxtaposed against any future violence in Somalia."]
ibid. "Two Tribes Go to War," Details Magazine (February 1994), pp. 22-28.
[A very interesting juxtaposition of observations of Americans by Somalis and of Somalis by an American soldier. The Somali reactions range from friendly and hopeful at the beginning of the intervention to outrage and defiance at the end of the U.S. involvement.]
ibid. "The Pentagon quits Somalia: Spinning Dunkirk," The New Republic (6 December 1993), pp. 18-20.
ibid., "Aidid's Endgame: The Somali Warlord plays the U.S. and the UN to perfection," The Village Voice vol 38, no 48 (30 November 1993), p. 22.
[Witness to the re-emergence of Aidid, and Oakley's effort to extricate the U.S. from Somalia "as cleanly as possible."]
ibid. "The Mogadishu Paradox: U.N. Troops are now in Somalia to protect...UN Troops," The Village Voice vol 38, no 46 (16 November 1993), pp. 18-120.
[Dibir Kama Daasho (Old Somali proverb): "A fool never tires of pursuing an unobtainable goal."]
ibid. "Video Warriors: Clinton, Somalia, and the Politics of Pictures," The Village Voice vol 38, no 42 (19 October 1993), pp. 31-32.
[Foreign policy should not be constructed on the basis of gruesome video images.]
ibid. "The Somalia Experiment: How Will the U.S. Disarm the Clients of the Cold War?" The Village Voice (28 September 1993), pp. 33-39.
ibid. "Good Will and Its Limits in Somalia," The New York Times (27 August 1993).
[Notes that charity phase of the Somali intervention should be terminated.]
ibid. "The Tale of the Tape: Fighting the Propaganda War in Mogadishu," The Village Voice (24 August 1993), pp. 23-24.
ibid. "A Pound of Flesh: Somalis to Americans: You Suck," The Village Voice (17 August 1993), p. 19.
ibid. "Holiday in Somalia: The Food Got In, But Will the U.S. Get Out?" The Village Voice (10 August 1993), pp. 25-26.
ibid. "The Food-Aid Racket," Harper's Magazine (August 1993), pp. 10-12.
[Excerpts from a speech given by the author at Cornell to students preparing to work in international development. Maren has many reservations about food aid.]
ibid. "Manna from Heaven? Somalia Pays the Price for Years of Aid," The Village Voice (19 January 1993), pp. 20-25.
[Maren has worked in and around Somalia for several years. He most recently represented the Village Voice in Somalia. His articles describe generally the frustrations and bitterness of both the press and the U.N. forces on the intractable Somali scene. This article sparked a tremendous response and led The Village Voice to support a return of Mr. Maren to Somalia.]
ibid. "Donated Food Helps to Corrupt Somalia," Newsday (23 December 1992).
[Suggests that the best way of dealing with a food crisis is, to the extent possible, for the assisting agency to buy food from local farmers.]
Markakis, John. "Ethnic Conflict & the State in the Horn of Africa," Chapter 11, in Katsuyoshi Fukui, and John Markakis, eds. Ethnicity & Conflict in the Horn of Africa (London: John Currey and Athens: Ohio Univ Press, 1994) pp. 216-237.
[An excellent building-block for understanding the intensity of ethnic associations in the Horn.]
Markakis, John, ed. Conflict and the Decline of Pastoralism in the Horn of Africa (London: Macmillan, 1993) 165 p.
[Includes articles on Sudan, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Somalia, and Mali.]
ibid. National and Class Conflict in the Horn of Africa (London: Cambridge University Press, 1987) 314 p.
[See chapter 7: "The Somali unification struggle," pp. 169-201.]
Markovitz, Irving Leonard. "Camels, Intellectuals, Origins, and Dance in the Invention of Somalia: A Commentary," in Ali Jamale Ahmed, ed. The Invention of Somalia (Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 63-69.
Marks, Edward. "UN Peacekeeping in a Post-Cold War World," in Triage for Failing States McNair Paper 29 (Washington, DC: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, January 1994), pp. 1-22.
[An introduction to the concept of "triage" in the international arena. So many problems, such limited resources.]
Marlow, Lara, and Raymond Bonner, "The Gift of Hope," Time vol 140, no 26 (28 December 1992), pp. 20-23.
Martenson, Eric, "Air Defenders (10th Mountain Division) Kept Hope Alive in Africa," Air Defense Artillery (July-August 1993), pp. 42-44.
Martin, Laurence, "Peacekeeping as a Growth Industry," The National Interest no 32 (Summer 1993), pp. 2-10.
Martins, Mark S. (Maj). "Rules of Engagement for Land Forces: A Matter of Training, Not Lawyering," Military Law Review vol 143 (Winter 1994) Department of Army Pamphlet 27-100-143, U.S. Army Judge Advocate's General School, Charlottesville, VA, pp. 3-160.
[This lengthy article documents current U.S. Army thinking on rules of engagement (ROE). The author cites extensively from the Fort Carson court martial of Army Specialist James Mowris, who was central to a fatal incident in a Somali village on 14 February 1993.]
Masland, Tom, John Barry and Joshua Hammer. "The Pitfalls of Peacekeeping: United Nations: In War-torn Somalia, Making a Mess of Things is a Team Effort," Newsweek vol 122 (26 July 1993), pp. 32-33.
Massey, Garth. Subsistence and Change: Les-sons of Agropastoralism in Somalia (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987).
[Research among the Rahanwein of south-central Somalia.]
Matthews, William. "Clinton's Vow: No More Open-Ended Peace Operations for the U.S." Army Times (23 May 1994), p. 26.
ibid. "American Pullout from Somalia Proceeds," Air Force Times 54 (17 January 1994), p. 15.
ibid. "Somalia, Bosnia Seen as Two Sides of Same Coin," Army Times (11 October 1993), p. 16.
ibid. "Aspin Wants to Shift Funds to Pay for Somalia," Air Force Times 53 (10 May 1993), p. 28.
ibid. "Some U.S. Troops to Return from Somalia This Month," Air Forces Times 53 (18 January 1993), p. 7.
ibid. "U.S. Pushes Deep Into Somalia," Navy Times 42 (28 December 1992), p. 17.
ibid. "Race is on to Say Goodbye Somalia," Navy Times 43 (27 December 1993), p. 18.
ibid. "Restoring Hope," Navy Times 42 (21 December 1992), pp. 6, 10.
ibid. "Somalian Capital Calm; U.S. Forces Go Inland," Air Force Times 53 (21 December 1992), p. 7.
ibid. "Somalia: Troops Face Danger to Deliver Food," Air Force Times (14 December 1992), p. 6.
ibid. "Length of Deployment Not Clear," Army Times (14 December 1992), p. 16.
[Article is identical to the one below.]
ibid. "Stay Could Be a Long One," Air Force Times (14 December 1992), p. 6.
ibid. "Marines' Mission is a 'Balancing Act'," Navy Times 42 (14 December 1992), p. 16.
[Article includes profiles of U.S. Marine Generals Joseph Hoar, CENTCOM commander and Robert B. Johnston, UNITAF commander.]
ibid. "U.S. Intervention Also Serves Geopolitical Interests," Navy Times 42 (14 December 1992), p. 17.
ibid. "AF C-130s, C-141s to Ferry Food for Somalia," Air Force Times 53 (31 August 1992),
p. 4.
Maunick, Edouard J. "Aïdid et les commandos suicides," Jeune Afrique nos 1701-1702 (12 au 25 aoüt 1993), p. 10.
[Comments on Aideed's inhumane tactics and his cruel ambitions.]
Maynes, Charles William. "A Workable Clinton Doctrine," Foreign Policy no 93 (Winter 1993-94), pp. 3-20.
["...Meanwhile, the administration has retreated from its early, bold endorsement of U.N. peacekeeping. Now it states that Americans will only participate under conditions that very few U.N. operations, including those in the Middle East, could ever meet..."]
ibid."Containing Ethnic Conflict," Foreign Policy no 90 (Spring 1993), pp. 3-21.
[Useful, thoughtful, especially in view of the events that followed in Somalia.]
Mazarr, Michael J. "The Military Dilemmas of Humanitarian Intervention," Security Dialogue vol 24, no 2, (1993) pp. 151-162.
[Discusses the various background policy issues behind Operation Restore Hope.]
Maze, Rick. "Congress Debates Foreign Command: Keeping Troops Out from Under Foreign Leadership Could Derail U.N. Role," Army Times (29 November 1993), p. 26.
ibid. "U.S. Peacekeeping Role is Questioned: Somalia Mission Seen as Shaping Future Policy," Air Force Times (20 September 1993), p. 6.
ibid. "Levin Calls U.N. Operation Risky for U.S. Troops," Army Times 54 (2 August 1993), p. 11.
ibid. "Peacekeeping Proves Costly," Army Times 53 (19 July 1993), p. 10.
ibid. "8,000 U.S. Troops Remain in Somali Transition," Navy Times 42 (5 April 1993), p. 16.
ibid. "Cost, Length of Restore Hope Questioned," Air Force Times (25 January 1993), p. 16.
McAllister, J.F.O. "Pity the Peacemakers: Asked to take over as the world's Globocop, the U.N. has found no formula for success," Time (28 June 1993), pp. 46-48.
["...a relief worker notes: 'This is a political problem that is being treated with a military solution'..."]
McCain, John, Bob Smith, Hank Brown and Larry Pressler. "Somalia Tests Senator's Mettle," VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine vol 81 no 6 (February 1994), p. 29.
[Explanations by four Republican Senators of their votes on 15 October 1993 for a bill sponsored by Senator John McCain to end immediately U.S. participation in UNOSOM II.]
McClain, Charles, Jr. (MG). "Somalia comments prove 'too spurious to ignore'," Army Times (27 June 1994), p. 32.
[The Chief of Public Affairs, Strategy and Integration Division in the Pentagon, jumps to the defense of Generals Montgomery and Garrison after Col. (ret) David H. Hackworth (cf.) accuses them of "spinning information" in their appearance before the Senate Armed Service Committee on 12 May 1994.]
McConnell, Malcolm. "Betrayal in Somalia," The Reader's Digest vol 144, no 864 (April 1994), pp. 65-71.
[Despite the speculative title, the article consists largely of an accurate blow-by-blow account of the 3-4 October 1993 Mogadishu battles, in which 18 U.S. servicemen died.]
ibid. "Rescue at Mogadishu," The Reader's Digest vol 141, no 843 (July 1992), pp. 64-70.
[Describes the helicopter rescue of the staff of the U.S. Embassy in Mogadishu, and others, in early January 1991.]
McCoubrey, Hilaire. "International Law and National Contingents in UN Forces," International Relations vol XII no 3 (December 1994), pp. 39-50.
[A very thoughtful essay which examines the legal basis on the use of force by United Nations' contingents involved in peacekeeping operations. The author examines both the laws of war and humanitarian doctrine in the context of intervention. Examining the case of civilians used as shields in Somalia, the author notes that civilians engaged in hostilities lose their protected status under jus in bello.]
McFerson, Hazel M. International Trusteeship for Somalia: An End to the Stalemate? (Unpublished monograph, Public Affairs Department and the Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 3 November 1992) 23 p.
[Dr. McFerson has written extensively on the problems of Somali women.]
ibid. "World Response to Suffering in Somalia, Sarajevo Differ," Africa News vol 36 no 6 (July 20-August 2, 1992), p. 7.
McGowan, Patrick D. "Operations in Somalia Changing the Light Infantry Training Focus," Infantry vol 83 (November-December 1993), pp. 23-25.
McGrady, Katherine A.W. The Joint Task Force in Operation Restore Hope (Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, Research Memorandum 93-114, March 1994) 152 p.
McGreevy, Paul. The Proposal for a United Nations Permanent Armed Force: United States Options (Newport, RI: U.S. Naval War College, 1993) 29 p.
[The author examines proposals for a permanent UN force. He judges that such proposals would have a negative effect on U.S. command and control. He suggests that the US should support those proposals that seek to improve existing UN peacekeeping operations but oppose proposals for a permanent UN force.]
McIntire, Katherine. "Guard Trainers May Stay In Somalia After March 31," Army Times 54 (21 February 1994), p. 8.
ibid. "Deaths Heighten Debate About Mission, 3 Killed in Crash; Somalis Help Injured Pilots," Army Times (11 October 1993), p. 12.
McInturff, Sandy. "Making It in Mogadishu," State Magazine (July 1994), pp. 20-24.
[Anecdotes about life in the U.S. Liaison Office in Mogadishu in late 1993-1994, including some photographs from the former U.S. Embassy compound, now shared with the UN civilian and military commands.]
McMullen, Ronald K. and Augustus Richard Norton. "Somalia and Other Adventures for the 1990s," Current History vol 92 no 573 (April 1993), pp. 169-174.
[Putting Somalia together again is a job for an anthropologist or a magician, not a striped pants diplomat.]
Meacher, Michael. "Somalia: Descent into hell," New Statesman & Society vol 5 no 221 (September 25, 1992), p. 41.
[The author was then the Canadian Shadow Minister for Overseas Development.]
Meisler, Stanley. "UN peacekeepers in Somalia," Foreign Service Journal (February 1993), pp. 21-24.
Mehmet, Ozay. "Effectiveness of Foreign Aid -- the Case of Somalia," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol 9, no 1 (May 1971), pp. 31-47.
Melega, Gianluigi. "Mal d'Africa," L'Espresso vol 37 (13 January 1991), pp. 30-32.
[Criticizes the Italian Government's support of the Siad Barre government since the 1969 coup.]
Mellor, William J. A. "Bill" (Col.). "Somalia--A Catalyst for Change in Command and Control of UN Operations," in Hugh Smith, ed. International Peacekeeping: Building on the Cambodian Experience (Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre, Australian Defence Force academy, 1994), pp. 159-167.
ibid. "The Australian Experience in Somalia," in Hugh Smith, ed. Peacekeeping: Challenges for the future (Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre, 1993) pp. 59-66.
[The author was Australian force commander in Somalia during Restore Hope. There is no mention of the one event which surely made the Australian contingent in what the Australians called "Operation Solace" stand out -- the trial, conviction, appeal and execution of Muhammed Gutale, Aideed's principal representative in Baidoa, for multiple murders.]
Melman, Yossi. "The secular general meets the religious fanatics," Los Angeles Times (10 October 1993), p. M2.
[More on allegations that Aideed receives assistance from Sudan to arm and train his militia: Sudanese support as a vector for the Iranians.]
Menkhaus, Ken. "Understanding the UN's Failure in Somalia," Life & Peace Review vol 8 no 4 (1994), p. 25.
[Expresses regret that the lead participants in the Somalia intervention made no effort to get through to grass-roots Somalis.]
ibid. "The Betrayal of the Somalis," Horn of Africa Bulletin vol 6 no 4 (August-September 1994), pp. 1, 36.
ibid. "Getting Out vs. Getting Through: U.S. and U.N. Policies in Somalia," Middle East Policy vol III no 2-3 (March-April/May June 1994), pp. 146-162.
["...Should UNOSOM collapse ... negative (media) coverage should not be hard for the administration to ride out, especially if it relies on the inaccurate but highly effective practice of blaming the debacle entirely on the United Nations..."]
ibid. "A Second Look at UN's Action in Somalia," Christian Science Monitor (16 July 1993), p. 19.
[The author, who recently served as a consultant for UN and the State Department, criticizes the press for its superficial reporting on Somalia, particularly in building up the importance of Mohamed Farah "Aideed."]
ibid. "There are only bad choices in Somalia," Greensboro News & Record (11 July 1993), p. F3.
ibid. "The Road to Redemption in Somalia," Op-Ed, The Chicago Tribune (21 December 1992), p. 17.
Menkhaus, Ken, and Terrence Lyons. "What are the lessons to be Learned from Somalia?" CSIS Africa Notes no. 144 (January 1993), 10 p.
Menkhaus, Ken, and Lou Ortmayer. "Key Deci-sions in the Somalia Intervention," Pew Case Studies in International Affairs (Washington, DC: Georgetown University, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, forthcoming, January 1995).
Menkhaus, Ken, and John Prendergast. "The Stateless State," Africa Report vol 40 no 3 (May-June 1995), pp. 22-25.
["...The UN's subsequent failure was largely due to the fact tht none of the political factions, including the Somali National Alliance headed by General Aidid, was sufficiently broadbased and authoritative to deliver on national reconciliation agreements..."]
ibid. "Governance and Economic Survival in Postintervention Somalia," CSIS Africa Notes no 172 (May 1995) 10 p.
[An excellent survey and analysis of the political and economic situation in Somalia after the departure of UN forces in 1995. Details the internal SNA rebellion against Mohamed Farah Aideed. The departure of the UN levelled the playing field, to the disadvantage of the more cutthroat warlords.]
Merryman, James L. "New World Order Is Tested by Somalia," Christian Science Monitor (1 February 1995), p. 19.
[Both the U.S. and the UN have been defeated in Somalia. The author adds: "If a penny-ante tyrant like Aideed is free to hold an entire country hostage, what can an additional handful of more-able self-styled strongmen do elsewhere?"]
ibid., "Economy, Equality and Ethnicity: Impact of the Somali Conflict on the Inter-riverain Populations," Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association held in Boston, MA, December 4-7, 1993, 9 p.
Mesfin Wolde Mariam. "The Background of the Ethio-Somali Boundary Dispute," Journal of Modern African Studies vol 2 (1964), pp. 189-219.
ibid. Somalia: the Problem Child of Africa (Addis Ababa: Artistic Printing Press, 1977) 80 p.
[The two items reflect the anger and frustration of Ethiopians about the increasing actions of Siad Barre's government to create instability in the Ogaden.]
Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. Somalia: A County Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, September 1992) 4th edition, 282 p.
[This supersedes the 1982 book by the same title, edited by Harold Nelson, listed below.]
Metz, Steven. America in the Third World: Strategic Alternatives and Military Implications (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute Special Report, U.S. Army War College, 20 May 1994) 46 p.
[Dr. Metz reviews current world trends and finds little to his liking. He would have the U.S. turn its back on most problems and very carefully remain involved in some traditional areas. His reading of the Third World is extremely negative. A member of the Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College, his views reflect a general wariness of the New World Order among senior U.S. military officers.]
ibid. The Future of the United Nations: Implications for Peace Operations (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute Special Report, U.S. Army War College, 5 October 1993) 40 p.
Meyer, Richard. "Managing in Mogadishu: Somalia Inc. was a good investment. But U.N. management needs a shakeup," FW - Financial World vol 163 no 5 (1 March 1994), pp. 22-23.
[A surprisingly upbeat article about Somalia's present and future. The author interviews Leonard Kapungu, UNOSOM II political director.]
Micarelli, Massimo. "La cooperazione italiana in Etiopia e Somalia: elementi per una analisi," Politica Internazionale (vol 19 (July/August 1991), pp. 33-39.
Micheletti, Eric. "Operation 'Restore Hope'," Raids (March 1993), pp. 4-11.
[Richly photographed by José Nicolas, and comprehensive -- a good introduction to Operation Restore Hope.]
Michaels, Marguerite. "Somalia: Peacemaking War: The Drive to Punish a Renegade Warlord Pits Allies in the Blue-Helmet Force Against One Another," Time vol 142 no 4 (26 July 1993), p. 48.
[Looks at the declining cohesion of the UN coalition force.]
ibid. "I Against My Brother: Struggling for power, rival clans turn life in Mogadishu into a slow death," Time (23 March 1992), pp. 30-32.
ibid. "Retreat from Africa," Foreign Affairs vol 72, no 1 (1992), pp. 93-108.
Michaelson, Marc. "Somalia: The Painful Road to Reconciliation," Africa Today, vol 40, no.2 (1993, 2nd Quarter), pp. 53-73.
[The theme of this issue is "The Horn of Africa: Reconstructing Political Order."]
Milas, Seifulaziz. "Humanitarian Assistance, Clans and Warlords," The Humanitarian Monitor no. 1 (June 1993), pp. 11-12.
Miles, Donna, and Bernadette Paris. "Farewell to Mogadishu," Soldiers vol 49 no 5 (May 1994), pp. 24-25.
["...In most cases, the men and women of Operation Continue Hope say they left Somalia better for the experience..."]
Miller, Dan. "Fellow soldiers honor Shugart," The Sentinel (Carlisle, PA) 11 June 1994, pp 1, A4.
[The Special Forces gather to honor one of their fallen comrades, Sgt 1st Class Randall Shugart, of Newville, Middlesex Township, who died in the 3-4 October 1993 Ranger fight in Mogadishu. A new Special Forces Association chapter is established and named in Sergeant Shughart's honor.]
Miller, Laura L. and Charles C. Moskos. "Humanitarians or Warriors? Race, Gender and Combat Status in Operation Restore Hope," Armed Forces & Society vol 21, no 4 (Summer 1995), pp. 615-637.
[Fascinating field research into the attitudes of the members of the U.S. military force that deployed to Somalia. Three stages were identified: high expectations, disillusionment and reconsideration. In the final stage, each soldier decided whether he or she was a warrior or a humanitarian.]
Miller, Norman H. "The Other Somalia," American Universities Field Staff Reports (Hanover, NH: American Universities Field Staff: Africa series, nos. 29-30), 2 vols.
Mills, Susan R. "Paying for Peacekeeping," Canadian Defence Quarterly vol 23, no 1, special no 2 (1993), pp. 24-29.
Minear, Larry & Thomas G. Weiss. Mercy Under Fire: War and the Global Humanitarian Community (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, April 1995) 260 p.
[Excellent examination of the Somalia intervention from the perspective of the humanitarian community. A must for an understanding of the dynamics of international humanitarian intervention.]
ibid. Humanitarian Action in Times of War: A Handbook for Practitioners (Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner Pubs, 1993) 107 p.
[Provides a very useful perspective on rapidly-evolving international humanitarian law. Discusses in some detail various criticisms of UN operations in Somalia and elsewhere. Explores the notion that sovereignty has now become subsidiary to humanitarian relief.]
Mishra, Satish C. Finance, Banking and Economic Regeneration in Somalia (Nairobi: USAID/REDSO/ESA/APD 22 February 1993) Unpublished "First draft" 34 p.
Misser, François. "Kismayo: A City of Hope," New African (September 1993), p. 16.
[Control of Kismayu, its market and port remains one of the primary strategic goals of all of Somalia's southern warlords.]
Mockaitis, Thomas R. "Peacekeeping in Intra-State Conflict," Small Wars and Insurgencies vol 6 no 1 (Spring 1995), pp. 112-125.
Mohamed Abdi Mohamed, and Daniele Kintz, eds. "La Somalie," Mondes en Dévéloppement vol 17, no 66 (Novembre 1989), pp. 19-75.
[Revised versions in English and French of papers presented at a conference held in Paris by the Association Française des Etudes Somaliennes (AFES) and the Institut du Monde Arabe, 11-13 July 1988. Subjects covered include history, culture, religion and social conditions.]
Mohamed Ahen Ahmed, Col. Basis of the Conflict and Intervention of the Horn of Africa (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, Individual Study Project, 27 May 1983) 44 p.
[Col Mohamed was an International Fellow at the U.S. Army War College when he wrote this monograph. His approach to the problem would have been judged politically correct in Mogadishu.]
Mohamed Farah "Aideed," and Satya Pal Ruhela, eds. The Preferred Future Development in Somalia (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, July 1993) 477 p.
[The book reportedly calls for a multi-party system in Somalia, enactment of a fair election law, and a constitution providing for a president and a national parliament in Somalia. Under these proposals, the President and Prime Minister would be appointed by the President from a different clan than that of the President. The book was evidently written during the period that Aideed served as Ambassador to India, with "help from Indian lecturers from the University of New Delhi." (p. 22) John Drysdale also mentions in his most recent book two other Aideed works reportedly forthcoming in 1994: A Vision of Somalia and Somalia from the Dawn of Human Civilization to Today.]
Mohamed Haji Mukhtar. "Islam in Somali History," in Ali Jamale Ahmed, ed. The Invention of Somalia (Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 1-27.
ibid. "Somalia: Between Self-Determination and Chaos," Paper presented at the Fifth International Congress of Somali Studies, Boston, MA (December 1-3, 1993) 29 p.
ibid. "Food is not a Panacea for Somali Salvation," Paper presented at the Savannah Council on World Affairs, Savannah, GA (January 20, 1993) 5 p.
ibid. "Islam in Somali History: Fact and Fiction," Paper presented at the Thirty Fifth Annual Conference of the African Studies Association, Seattle, WA (20-23 November 1992) 37 p.
Mohamed I. Farah. Several articles in Life & Peace Review, vol 8 no 4 (1994): "Somalia: Its Geography and Population; Somalia: Its Political and Cultural History; Who Destroyed the Environment in Somalia; The Struggle to Survive: Somali Refugees in Kenya; Political and Society in Somalia's North-Eastern Region," pp. 4-12; and "A Personal View,", pp. 30-31.
[The author had recently returned to Somalia while serving as a fellow at the Life & Peace Institute. His several articles are of interest, although some of his dates are obviously based on incorrect recollections.]
Mohamed Ibrahim Egal. "Official Statement of the Government of Republic of Somaliland," Somali News Update vol 3 no 14 (3 May 1994), 4 p.
[On 2 May, the president of Somaliland responds to the 29 April statement in Addis Ababa by former Somaliland president Abdirahman Ahmed Ali "Tur" renouncing his support for an independent Somaliland, favoring a federal structure for Somalia. Tur was supported by SNA's Aideed and the SSDF representative in Addis Ababa.]
Mohamed Jamal. A History of the Somal (Mogadishu: State Printing, 1963), 111 p.
[Broad coverage of history, with an emphasis on the final years of the colonial period.]
Mohamed Kassim & Abdirahman Sh. Issa. "The Banadir Coast: Its Peoples and Their Cultural History," Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association held in Boston, MA, December 4-7, 1993, 11 p.
[The authors point out the unique nature of the peoples of Brava and environs, and call for U.N. protection.]
Mohammed Khalief Salad - see Salad, Mohammed Khalief.
Mohamed Mohamed-Abdi. Anthropologie somalienne: actes du deuxième colloque des études somaliennes (Besançon-8/11 octobre 1990), (Paris: Belles Lettres, 1993) 275 p.
[Most of the important papers presented at the above conference; they include material on social organization, culture, history, linguistics and the contemporary crisis.]
ibid. Histoire des croyances en Somalie: religions traditionnelles et religions du Livre (Besançon: Centre de recherches d'histoire ancienne, 1992) 163 p.
[Historical approach to religious beliefs in Somalia; includes comments on Judaism, Christianity and Islam.]
Mohamed M. Kassim. "Aspects of the Benadir Cultural History: The case of the Bravan Ulama," in Ali Jamale Ahmed, ed. The Invention of Somalia (Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 29-42.
Mohamed Osman Omar. The Road to Zero: Somalia's Self-Destruction; Personal Reminiscences (London: Haan Associates, 1992), 213 p.
[The author's version of Somalia's post-independence history.]
Mohamud M. Afrah. Mogadishu: A Hell on Earth (Nairobi: Copos Ltd, 1993) 105 p.
[Very personal observations on the destruction of the journalist's beloved country. At the end of his rambling discourse, he confides that he saw one of his children killed in the street before his eyes.]
ibid. Target: Villa Somalia: An eyewitness account of Mogadishu's Fall to U.S.C. Guerrillas told by a man who went through it all (Mogadishu: The National Agency, 1991, reprinted in Pakistan by Naseem, Karachi) 75 p.
Monfreid, Henri de. Les Guerriers de l'Ogaden (Paris: Gallimard, 1936) 343 p.
[A deeply-committed Italianophile, the Red Sea adventurer -- long a thorn in the side of various administrations in French Somaliland -- traveled with Marshal Badoglio, accredited as a journalist during the Italian invasion of Ethiopia from the south in 1935. He had a home in Obock and owned the power plant in the ancient Ogaden city of Harar. When WWII broke out, and the British quickly liberated Ethiopia, de Monfreid was arrested and placed in a British POW camp in Kenya for the duration.]
Moore, Patrick S. et al. "Mortality rates in displaced and resident populations of central Somalia during 1992 famine," The Lancet vol 341 (10 April 1993), pp. 935-938.
[The November - December 1992 survey of mortality rates was centered in Afgoi and Baidoa and looked at the period from the end of Ramadan (3 April 1992) and the survey dates. The numbers are striking: "An estimated 74% of children under 5 years living in displaced persons camps died during the period of study."]
Moose, George, (Amb). see Margaret A. Novicki.
Morales, Waltraud Queiser. "US intervention and the New World Order: lessons from Cold War and post-Cold War cases," Third World Quarterly vol 15 no 1 (1994), pp. 77-101.
["...Throughout, US troops were the logistical backbone of the operation; and the US rangers dispatched in June under US command, were given the task of implementing the US-approved UN Security Council Resolution to capture Aidid. This UN-bashing was unfortunate for long-term US interests..."]
Moreno, Rafael. "El precio de la paz en Somalia," Revista Española de Defensa (julio-agosto 1993) pp. 66-67.
Moreno, Rafael and Juan J. Vega. "Lessons from Somalia," Peacekeeping & International Relations vol 23 (May-June 1994), pp. 11-12.
Morin, Didier. "Reconstruire la Somalie," Politique Africaine no. 49: "L'Europe et l'Afrique: le Maillon Manquant," (March 1993), pp. 117-131.
Morillon, General, Croire et Oser (Paris: Grasset, 1993) 216 p.
[Morillon was UN force commander in Bosnia.]
Morphet, Sally. "UN Peacekeeping and Election-Monitoring," in Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury, eds. United Nations, Divided World: The UN's Roles in International Relations, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 183-239.
Morrice, A.J. (Lt. RAN). "The Mogadishu Express: HMAS Jervis Bay's Contribution to Operation Solace," Australian Defence Force Journal no 104 (January/February 1994), pp. 87-91.
[The HMAS Jervis Bay departed from Sydney on 17 December 1992, transporting soldiers and vehicles to Somalia via Townville and Diego Garcia. Landfall north of Mogadishu was made on 12 January 1993. The ship returned to Australia, arriving home on 19 February. It returned to Somalia in April, arriving in Mogadishu on 16 May to take the Australian contingent home. Her sister ship, the Tobruk, shared the same experiences.]
Morrison, Alex. "The Fiction of a U.N. Standing Army," The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs vol 18 no 1 (Winter/Spring 1994), pp. 83-96.
[The author examines the history of the U.N. and concludes that the founders did not envisage the establishment of a U.S. standing force.]
ibid. ed. The Changing Face of Peacekeeping (Toronto: The Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies, 1993; Proceedings of Peacekeeping '93: Exhibition and Seminar, Ottawa, March 16-17, 1993) 218 p.
ibid. "From the Editor: Who's in Charge in Somalia?" Peacekeeping & International Relations vol 222, no 5 (September/October 1993), p. 1.
Morrison, David. "Not exactly war, but no less deadly," National Journal vol 26 no 17 (23 April 1994), p. 959.
Morrocco, John D. "U.S. Trains for Peacekeeping," Aviation Week & Space Technology vol 140 (25 April 1994), pp. 36-37.
ibid. "U.S. Uses Gulf War to Frame New Strategy," Aviation Week & Space Technology vol 140 no 3 (17 January 1994), pp. 40-41.
[The Gulf War as "benchmark" for future conflicts, including such matters as Somalia?]
Morrow, Lance. "The Trouble with Good Intentions: In Feeding Somalia and backing Yeltsin, American Discovers the Limits of Idealism," Time (18 October 1993), pp. 37-39.
Moszynski, Peter. "Letter from Somalia," New Statesman & Society vol 7 no 314 (5 August 1994), p. 11.
[The reporter visits the "fundamentalist" town of Lukh, which claims to be the hottest and oldest town in Somalia. The population is Marehan, and in a power struggle, Mohamed Farah Aideed and his troops were reportedly ejected from the town in April 1992. The Islamic group Sahwak al Islamia (Islam Awakens) now controls the town and has outlawed alcohol, khat, cigarettes and is converting the movie house into a mosque.]
Moyiga Korokoto Nduru. "Somalia: Will America's Operation Restore Hope really help?" African Business (January 1993), pp. 12-14.
["At dawn on 9 December, US troops landed on Somali soil - and met virtually no resistance. Moyiga Korokoto Nduru asks how much hope they can realistically expect to restore in just six weeks."]
Muhammad Sid-Ahmed. "When and How to Send in Troops: Somalia and the Sovereignty Issue," reprinted from Al-Ahram (Cairo) in World Press Review (March 1993), pp. 10-11.
["(In Somalia)...the first time that the Security Council unanimously agreed to go against a principle enshrined in the United Nations charter: the inadmissibility of intervention in the internal affairs of any state without permission from the ruling authorities in that state...What are the criteria for intervention? Who should decide when intervention is appropriate?"]
Muldoon, James. "What happened to humanitarian intervention?" The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol 51 no 2 (March/April 1995), pp. 60-61.
[Interesting observations on the negative institutional responses within the UN itself to the organization's new role as peace enforcer in Somalia and Bosnia. "The United Nations must udnertake the reforms necessary to insure that humanitarian intervention works..."]
Mundy, Carl E. (General). "The US Marines are old hands at humanitarian intervention," Armed Forces Journal International (February 1993), pp. 42-43.
[The Commandant of the Marine Corps approves of the Marine role in the Somalia intervention.]
Muradian, Vago. "Pullout: Fearing Violence, Air Force Prepares to Leave Somalia," Air Force Times 54 (14 March 1994), p. 3.
Muravchik, Joshua. "Beyond Self-Defense," Commentary vol 96, no 6 (December 1993), pp. 19-24.
[The author looks at the 3 October 1993 firefight and concludes that the U.S. should be wary of multinational operations.]
Murray, Chris. "Carry On: Rangers' families, friends cope with life after Somalia," Army Times (16 May 1994), pp. 16-17.
ibid. "Christmas in Somalia: Celebrate and Wait," Army Times (incomplete cit.)
ibid. "Relatives Remember Somalia Casualties," Army Times 54 (25 October 1993), p. 10.