LaBlanc, Stephen G. "Cordon & Search in Somalia," Marine Corps Gazette vol 77 (November 1993), pp. 91-93.

Labrousse, Henri. "La guerre somalo-éthiopienne (1977-1978)," Stratégique no 2 (1991), pp. 157-169.

[Retired Admiral Labrousse was commander of the French Indian Ocean fleet during the period of the Ogaden war.]

Lagarde, André. Récits de la Mer Rouge et de l'Océan Indien (Paris: Economica for the Commission Française d'Histoire Maritime: Études d'Histoire Maritime 10, 1992) 338 p.

[See chapter 20: "La Guerre somalo-éthiopienne (1977-1978), pp. 311-324.]

ibid. "La Somalie à la dérive," Marchés Tropicaux et Méditerranéens vol 44 (4 Novembre 1988), pp. 2988-90.

La Gorce, Paul-Marie de. "Figuration et gesticu-lartion: la France est reduite à jouer les seconds roles," Jeune Afrique no. 33 (17-23 decembre 1992), pp. 10-12.

[Laments the U.S. lead in the Somalia intervention which projected France into a secondary role in the Horn of Africa, where historically it has national interests.]

Laitin, David D. and Said S. Samatar. Somalia: Nation in Search of a State (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987) 198 p.

[A basic text. Very useful overview of Somalia and its peoples.]

Laitan, David D. "The Ogaadeen Question and Changes in Somali Identity," in Donald Rothchild and Victor A. Olorunsola, eds. State Versus Ethnic Claims: African Policy Dilemmas (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983), pp. 331-349.

ibid. "The War in the Ogaden: Implications for Siyaad's Role in Modern History," Journal of Modern African Studies vol 17, no 1 (March 1979), pp. 95-116.

ibid. "The Political Economy of Military Rule in Somalia," Journal of Modern African Studies vol 14 no 3 (1976), pp. 449-468.

["...The Somalis are exceedingly egalitarian. In traditional political life, there are few who assume permanent authority roles. Rather, in most judicial and political assemblies any adult male of a clan has the right to speak at any time. He who speaks poetically, or cogently, or cleverly has authority; and not he who has an ascribed authority role..." (p. 451)]

Lake, Anthony. "The Limits of Peacekeeping," New York Times (6 February 1994), p. IV-17.

["Let us be clear: peacekeeping is not at the center of our foreign or defense policy. Our armed forces' primary mission is not to conduct peace operations but to win wars..." Reads like it came directly out of the CENTCOM front office. Lake was broadly criticized for this very negativist exposition of policy.]

Lane, Larry. "Celebrating Success," Soldiers 48 (July 1993), p. 31.

Lange, Karen. "Horn of Misery," Africa News vol 36 no 1 (11 May 1992), pp. 8-9.

Lardner, Tunji, Jr. "The Somali tragedy: Somalia is the latest act in the ignoble tradition of African tragi-comedy..." West Africa (16-22 March 1992), p. 448.

[Features interview with James Jonah.]

LaRose-Edwards, Paul. United Nations Internal Impediments to Peace-Keeping Rapid Reaction (Kanata, Ottawa, Canada: International Human Rights, Democracy & Conflict Resolution, 2 April 1995) 54 p.

[Not an in-depth study, but rather a useful compilation of issues, especially valuable for citations to UN policy documents.]

Laurence, Margaret. New Wind in a Dry Land (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1964) 293 p.

[An account of a long stay with nomadic peoples in British Somaliland. Originally published by MacMillan, London, as The Prophet's Camel Bell.]

Lavlevée, Thierry. "Exporting the Islamic Revolution: Tehran's new Allies in Africa," World Press Review (September 1993), pp. 20-21.

["Since the U.S. intervention in Somalia...it has changed from a predominantly humanitarian operation with a secondary strategic side to a more insidious confrontation in which the stakes are control of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean..."]

Lawson, Chris. "Some Marines Return Home: Others Flex Muscles," Navy Times 42 (5 April 1993), pp. 16-17.

Lechowich, Richard A., "Forlorn Hope: U.S. Military Operations in Somalia, 1993-94," Strategy & Tactics no 170 (September-October 1994), pp. 65-74.

LécuyerSamantar, Nicole. Mohammed Abdulle Hassan: Poète et Guerrier de la Corne de l'Afrique (Paris: Afrique Biblio Club, 1979) 166 p.

Lederbach, John Paul. "The Intervention in Somalia: What Should Have Happened," Middle East Report (March-April 1993), pp. 38-42.

Lee, John M. To Unite Our Strength: Enhancing the United Nations Peace and Security System (Lanham, MD: Univ Press of America, 1992) 238 p.

Lefebvre, Jeffrey Alan. "The U.S. Military Intervention in Somalia: A Hidden Agenda?" Middle East Policy vol. II, no 1 (1993), pp. 44-62.

ibid. "The geopolitics of the Horn of Africa," Middle East Policy vol 1 (3 November 1992), pp. 7-22.

ibid. Arms for the Horn: U.S. Security Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia, 1953-1991 (Pittsburgh, PA: Univ of Pittsburgh Press, c1991) 351 p.

Lefever, Ernest W. "Reining in the U.N.: Mistaking the instrument for the actor," Foreign Affairs vol 72 no 3 (Summer 1993), pp. 17-20.

[Dr. Lefever cautions the gentle readers of the August journal that the UN is the instrument of the world community and should not be out in front. Although not cited in the article, it would appear to be a response to Boutrous-Ghali's Agenda for Peace.]

Le Gendre, Bertrand. "Bardera, ville-cimetière de Somalie: Malgré une aide humanitaire accrue aux victimes de la famine, le pays ne cesse de s'enfoncer dans le chaos," Le Monde (31 octobre 1992), pp. 1, 3.

ibid. "Somalie: 'On peut éviter le recours à la force,' nous déclare M. Mohamed Sahnoun," Le Monde (9-10 août 1992), p. 5.

[Interview with the UN Special Envoy.]

ibid. "L'exode désespéré des Somaliens: Des centaines de milliers de réfugiés affluent au Kenya, chassés par la guerre et la famine," Le Monde (16-17 août 1992), pp. 1, 5.

Le Guilledoux, Dominique. "A Baidoa, des survivants en haillons: Cinquante à soixante morts par jour dans cette ville de Somalie, sinistrée par la famine et la violence," Le Monde Hebdomadaire (10-16 décembre 1992), pp. 1,5.

Legum, Colin. "The Horn of Africa: Prospects for Political Transformation," Conflict Studies no 254 (September 1992), pp. 1-21.

Legum, Colin and Bill Lee. The Horn of Africa in Continuing Crisis (New York: Africana, 1979) 166 p.

ibid. Conflict in the Horn of Africa (London: Rex Collins, 1977) 98 p.

Legum, Colin; Cao-Huy Thuan, Alain Fenet, Fred Halliday and Maxine Molyneux. La Corne de l'Afrique: Questions nationales et politique internationale (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1986) 268 p.

Leonard, James F. "U.S. Policy toward the United Nations," in Roger A. Coate, ed. U.S. Policy and the Future of the United Nations (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1994) pp. 219-246.

[Some commentary on U.S. and U.N. collaboration in Somalia.]

Lesnes, Corine. "Sans Visa: Mogadiscio - pas la paix, l'accalmie," Le Monde (20 février 1993), pp. 25, 28.

Lewis, Herbert S. "The Origins of the Galla and Somali," Journal of African History vol 7 no 1 (1966), pp. 27-46.

[The origin of the Somali people is of special interest to a society with such an outstanding oral history. Are they the descendants of migrants from the Rift Valley or of Arab travelers from the Arabian peninsula (or both)?]

Lewis, Ioan M. "Introduction: The Uncentralised Somali Legacy," in A Study of Decentralised Political Structures for Somalia: A Menu of Options (London: London School of Economics and Political Science, August 1995), pp. xv-xxxiii.

ibid. Blood & Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society (Red Sea Press, February 1994) 286 p.

[The author's latest examination of clan and kinship structures, a vital key to understanding Somalia and the effects of foreign intervention there. Dr. Lewis remains the world's primary expert on traditional Somali clan organization.]

ibid. Understanding Somalia: Guide to Culture, History and Social Institutions (London: Haan Associates, 1 October 1993) 116 p.

ibid. "The Wrong People, The Wrong Place," Parliamentary Brief (October 1993), pp. 71-72.

ibid. Making History in Somalia: Humanitarian Intervention in a Stateless Society (London: Centre for the Study of Global Governance: Discussion Paper 6, September 1993).

ibid. "Misunderstanding the Somali Crisis," Anthropology Today vol 9, no 4 (August 1993), pp. 1-3.

ibid. "Restoring Hope in a Future of Peace," Cooperazione No 123 (March 1993), pp. 43-45.

ibid. "In the land of the living dead," Sunday Times (London) 30 August 1992.

[A useful land extensive essay on the dangers of intruding into Somali politics, written at the time that Mohamed Sahnoun was named as SRSG to Somalia.]

ibid. "The Recent Political History of Somalia," in Kim Barcik and Sture Normark, eds. Somalia: A Historical, Cultural and Political Analysis (Uppsala, Sweden: Life & Peace Institute, 1991), pp. 5-15.

ibid. "Parental terms of reference: A patrilineal kinship puzzle," Australian Journal of Anthropology vol 1, nos 2-3 (1990), pp. 83-95.

[Somali kinship terminology is examined.]

ibid. "The Ogaden and the Fragility of Somali Segmentary Nationalism," International Conference on the Conflict in the Horn of Africa (Madrid: Universidad de Alcala, 9-14 September 1989) np, revised and published in African Affairs vol 88 no 353 (October 1989), pp. 573-579.

ibid. Somali Culture, History and Social Institutions: An Introductory Guide to the Somali Democratic Republic (London: London School of Economics and Political Science, January 1981) 54 p. + maps.

ibid. A Modern History of Somalia, revised, updated and expanded edition (New York: Longman, 2nd revised edition, 1988) 297 p.

ibid. "The dynamics of nomadism: prospect for sedentarization and social change," in Theodore Monod, ed. Pastoralism in tropical Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 426-442.

ibid. "The Politics of the 1969 Somali Coup," Journal of Modern African Studies vol 10 no 3 (October 1972), pp. 383-408.

[Excellent coverage of the ethnic issues in the several 1960's elections.]

ibid. "Nationalism and Particularism in Somalia," in P.H. Gulliver, ed. Tradition and Transition in East Africa (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ of California Press, 1969), pp. 339-361.

ibid. "From nomadism to cultivation: the expansion of political solidarity in southern Somalia," in Mary Douglas and Phyllis M. Kaberry, eds. Man in Africa (London: Tavistock, 1969), pp. 59-78.

[A basic text on the social structures of the peoples of southern Somalia.]

ibid. "Conformity and Contrast in Somali Islam," in I.M. Lewis, ed. Islam in Tropical Africa: Studies Presented and Discussed at the Fifth International African Seminar, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, January 1964 (London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute, 1966), pp. 253-267.

ibid. "Sheiks and warriors of Somaliland," in M. Fortes and G. Dieterlen, eds. African systems of Thought (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), pp. 204-23.

ibid. A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa (London: Oxford Univ Press, 1961) 320 p.

ibid. "Modern Political Movements in Somaliland," Africa vol 28 no 3 (July 1958), pp. 244-261, and vol 28 no 4 (October 1958), pp. 344-363.

ibid. Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho (London: International African Institute, Ethnographic Survey of Africa, 1955, 1969) 204 p.

[Now somewhat dated, this book remains the basic text on Somali ethnic and inter-clan relationships.]

Lewis, Leviticus. Collective Security and U.S. Defense Policy: Should the United States Support Efforts to Strengthen the United Nations by Codifying "Chapter 6½" and Signing Article 43 Agreements? (Newport: US Naval War College, 13 November 1993) 62 p.

Lewis, William H. "Peacekeeping in the Name of Humanity," in Triage for Failing States McNair Paper 29 (Washington, DC: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, January 1994), pp. 23-37.

ibid. "Peacekeeping in the Name of Humanity," Peacekeeping & International Relations vol 22, no 6 (November/ December 1993), pp. 9-12.

ibid., ed. Military Implications of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (Washington, DC: National Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, June 1993) 98 p.

[Results of a November 1992 one-day conference at NDU.]

ibid. "Peacekeeping: The Deepening Debate," Strategic Review (Summer 1993), pp. 26-32.

ibid. "Ethiopia-Somalia (1977-1978)," in Robert E. Harkavy and Stephanie Neumann, eds. The Lessons of Recent Wars in the Third World, vol I: Approaches and Case Studies (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1985), pp. 99-116.

Lewis, William H. and John O.B. Sewall. "United Nations Peacekeeping: Ends versus Means," JFQ - Joint Force Quarterly (Summer 1993), pp. 48-57.

Lewy, Guenter, "Humanitarian Intervention," Orbis vol 37 no 4 (Fall 1993), pp. 621-632.

[A useful opening shot in the debate over "humanitarian intervention."]

Leymarie, Philippe. "La Corne de l'Afrique abandonnée par les Grands," Le Monde Diplomatique (février 1991).

ibid. "Vieilles guerres autour de la mer Rouge," Le Monde Diplomatique no 37 (août 1990), p. 5.

Liasi, Theodore. "Somalia: Last days of Saigon?" New African (January 1995), p. 35.

[Another obituary for the U.N. effort in Somalia. It provides a bleak view of the U.N. withdrawal.]

ibid. "Somalia: UN Under House Arrest," New African (July/August 1994), p. 28.

["...All the UN can do now is afford patchy protection to the few remaining aid organizations in the country..." Penned into the UN compound, the former US Embassy compound, the UN has little influence over events.]

Libby, Corenthia. "1304th Directs Military Loadout for Operation Restore Hope," Translog 7 (2nd Quarter, 1993), pp. 7, 18.

Lief, Louise and Bruce B. Auster. "What went wrong in Somalia? False premises, bad tactics and a lot more," U.S. News & World Report vol 115, no 15 (18 October 1993), pp. 33-37.

Lind, Michael. "Peacefaking: The Case against U.N. 'peacemaking'," The New Republic vol 209 no 19 {8 November 1993), pp. 14-17.

["...Unlike peacekeeping and war making, which had well-defined guidelines, it is far from clear what principles, if any, guide peacemaking efforts..." The author, like so many others, is confused about the sequence of events in Somalia, but raises many useful points about the ambiguities of current peacekeeping formulae.]

ibid. "Alboutros: The imperial U.N. secretary-general," The New Republic vol 208 no 26 (28 June 1993), pp. 16-20.

[Although unsympathetic to the Secretary-General's leadership in the U.N. the article provides useful biographic background to him. The author's primary complaint: "...Under Boutros-Ghali's direction, the UN, by attempting to rise above power politics, has become a victim of it..."]

Linn, Thomas C. "U.S. Forces in Peacekeeping Operations: Implications for Force Planning," Strategic Review 21 (Fall 1993), pp. 72-77.

Lippman, Thomas W. and Barton Gellman. "A Humanitarian Gesture Turns Deadly," The Washington Post (10 October 1993), pp. A1, A44.

[A good effort at building a time line for the events in Somalia; the author is confused about the parallel roles for U.S. officers assigned to UNOSOM and USLO and therefore assigns no role to USLO in policy development in the operation; the date of Oakley's first departure is incorrect. The most intriguing part of the article is confirmation of the Department's evident shelving of Somalia as a problem after the May 1993 turnover.]

Little, Peter D. "Traders, Brokers and Market 'Crisis' in Southern Somalia," Africa: Journal of the International African Institute vol 62, no 1 (1992), pp. 94-124.

[The author examines the market behavior of cattle merchants in times of economic decline and political instability.]

Liu, F.T. United Nations Peacekeeping and the Non-Use of Force (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, International Peace Academy, Occasional Paper Series, 1992) 46 p.

ibid, United Nations Peacekeeping: Management and Operations (New York: International Peace Academy, Occasional Paper, number 4, 1990) 43 p.

Liu, Melinda. "The Father of All Warlords," Newsweek vol 121, no 8 (22 February 1993), p. 37.

[Accolades for Oakley.]

Loomis, Ed. "Mission: Somalia," Soldiers vol 48 (May 1993), pp. 15-16.

Lorch, Donatella. "Reporter's Notebook: A war correspondent reflects on her tours of duty," Ms. vol 5 no 2 (September 1994), pp. 21-23.

[Ms. Lorch was named the New York Times correspondent in Somalia after the departure of Jane Perlez in early 1993. The young journalist reflects on her choice of career, which has also included service in Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf.]

Lorenz, F.M. "Weapons Confiscation Policy During the First Phase of Operation 'Restore Hope'," Small Wars and Insurgencies vol 5 no 3 (Winter 1994), pp. 409-425.

ibid. "Confronting Thievery in Somalia," Military Review vol LXXIV no 8 (August 1994), pp.

[One of the implications of the non-involvement in Somali affairs policy of UNITAF was the dilemma of how to control lawlessness directed against U.S. forces. A number of narrow ROE measures were adopted, including the use of pepper sprays. The author justifies the very low retention rate of criminals that occurred during the UNITAF deployment.]

ibid. "Law and Anarchy in Somalia," Parameters: US Army War College Quarterly vol. XXIII, no 4 (Winter 1993-94), pp. 27-41.

[Marine Col. Lorenz was Staff Judge Advocate and senior legal advisor for UNITAF in Operation Restore Hope. Very carefully and well written, the article by Col. Lorenz maintains the controversial position that there was an "absence of host-country law," and that the UNITAF commander "stated on numerous occasions that disarming Somalia was not his mission..."]

Loring, Denise L. "Support in Somalia," Ordnance (August 1993), pp. 21-23.

Loughran, John L., Katheryne S. Loughran, John William Johnson and Said Sheikh Samatar. Somalia In Word and Image (Washington, DC: Institute for Cross Cultural Understanding and Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1986) 175 p.

[A labor of love by Ambassador and Mrs. Loughran and their associates. He was Chief of Mission in Mogadishu, 1975-78.]

Lowenthal, Mark M. "Peacekeeping in Future U.S. Foreign Policy," CRS Report for Congress (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, March 21, 1994) 22 p.

ibid. "Somalia Intervention: Broader Implications for U.S. Policy," CRS Report for Congress (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, December 8, 1992) 5 p.

Lowther, William. "Somalia: Casualties of war: Clinton faces a major foreign policy crisis," Maclean's (18 October 1993), pp. 48-49.

Lubbock, Robin. "Many guns menace Somalis," National Catholic Reporter vol 30 no 23 (8 April 1994), p. 9.

[Reports on the reappearance of gun-bearing militias and the need for normal people to rearm themselves for protection against looters and the militias.]

ibid. "Lack of fuel, water hinders Somalia recovery," National Catholic Reporter vol 30 no 12 (21 January 1994), p. 14.

ibid. "Stripped by War, Its Professors and Students Scattered, Somali National U. Mirrors Mogadishu's Devastation," The Chronicle of Higher Education (2 June 1993), pp. A29, A31.

[The National University had 7500 students and 800 faculty members and was in winter recess when Siad Barre's Government fell in January 1991. No classes have been held since that time. The campus was converted into a military camp after the arrival of U.S. forces in December 1992. It remains so today.]

Lubin, Willy, "Towards the International Responsibility of the United Nations in Human Rights Violations During 'Peace-Keeping' Operations: The Case of Somalia," The Review: International Commission of Jurists no 52 (June 1994), pp. 47-55.

[A rambling list of unresolved juridical issues raised by the Somalia intervention.]

Luling, Virginia. "Colonial and Post-colonial Influ-ences on a South Somali Community," Journal of African Studies vol 3, no 4 (Winter 1976), pp. 491-511.

Lumeta, John P. UN Standby Forces: The Next Step Towards a System of Collective Security (Newport: US Naval War College, June 1993) 107 p.

Lummis, C. Douglas. "Globocop? Time to Watch the Watchers," The Nation (26 September 1994), pp. 302-306.

[The author rails against the establishment of a U.N. prison near the Hague to house persons that might be arrested and tried by the newly-created International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (I.C.T.F.Y.). The author is concerned at the apparent gain of sovereignty by the U.N. in such matters.]

Luttwak, Edward. "Twilight of the Great Powers: Why We No Longer Will Die for a Cause," Washington Post (26 June 1994), p. C1.

[Low birthrate countries no longer can accept casualties, suffering from what the Italians call "mammismo." Luttwak: "A Great Power, if it is to protect allies, clients and longer-range global interests, must risk combat in situations in which it is not compelled to fight, but rather deliberately chooses to do so. And that is the choice now denied by the fear of casualties..."]

ibid. "Washington's biggest scandal," Commentary vol 97 no 5 (May 1994), p. 29.

[Dr. Luttwak speaks to overall civil-military relations within the beltway and sees an unhealthy military influence in national policy formulation.]

ibid. "Wrong Place, Wrong Time," New York Times (22 July 1993), p. A23.

["...Gen. Colin L. Powell, and his planners chose Somalia because its sufferings were much publicized on TV and possibly because its coastline was suited for the amphibious landing that the marines were eager to practice..." The U.S. military chose Somalia because that's where the President directed them to go. The compiler found little eagerness among U.S. forces in Somalia.]

ibid. "Unconventional Force," The New Republic (25 January 1993), pp. 22-23.

["...the ingredients of an (almost) zero-casualty intervention...As it is, the Somalian intervention is achieving almost nothing of lasting value at very considerable cost...]

Lycett, Andrew. "Stuck in Somalia," New African (March 1993), p. 18.

Lyons, Gene M. "A New Collective Security: The United Nations and International Peace," The Washington Quarterly vol 17 no 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 173-199.

[Assesses the significance of Secretary-General Boutrous-Ghali's year-old Agenda for Peace and assesses the UN performance over 40 years of peacekeeping.]

ibid. "Rethinking the United Nations," (Review Article), Mershon International Studies Review no 38 (1994), pp. 95-100.

[Examines two recent books on the United Nations.]

Lyons, Gene M. and Michael Mastanduno. "International intervention, state sovereignty and the future of international society," International Social Science Journal no 138 (November 1993), pp. 517-530.

[In this UNESCO journal, issues of justifying international intervention are examined.]

Lyons, Terrence. "Great Powers and Conflict Reduction in the Horn of Africa," in I. William Zartman and Victor A. Kremenyuk, eds., Cooperative Security: Reducing Third World Wars (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Univ Press, 1995), pp. 241-266.

[Richly researched and useful article, deals primarily with Ethiopia.]

ibid., "Crises on Multiple Levels: Somalia and the Horn of Africa," in Ahmed I. Samatar, ed. The Somali Challenge: From Catastrophe to Renewal? (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 189-207.

ibid. "The political lessons of Somalia," The Brookings Review vp; 12 no 2 (Spring 1994), p. 46.

ibid. "Next Steps in Somalia," The Brookings Review vol 11, no 2 (Spring 1993), p. 46.

Lyons, Terrence, and Ahmed I. Samatar. Somalia: State Collapse, Multilateral Intervention, and Strategies for Political Reconstruction (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995) 99 p.

Lytton, The Earl of, The Stolen Desert: A Study of Uhuru in North East Africa (London: MacDonald & Co. 1966) 252 p.