A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Africa and Somalia: Bayart; Boulaga.

Ali Mahdi Mohamed: (Somali faction leader)

Hélène (1992b).

Boutros Boutros-Ghali (United Nations

Secretary-General): Bilski (1993c); Debove and Langellier; Hall; Isnard; Lind (1993b); Preston (1993); Reisman.

Clinton, William (President, United States): Abramowitz, (1992).

Conference document collections: Ahmed I.

Samatar (1994); Gati; Hussein Mohamed Adam and Geshekter; Mohamed Abdi Mohamed and Kintz; Mohamed Mohamed-Abdi; Overseas Development Council; Pfaltzgraff; Puglielli; Quinn; U.S. Naval War College.

Djibouti (Republic of): Africa Watch (1989); Important role of: Duval.

Ethiopia: Bibliography: Marcus; History of: Marcus (1994a); Ogaden dispute with Somalia: Keller; William H. Lewis (1985); The Earl of Lytton; Mesfin Wolde Mariam (both); Spencer; Swinburne.

Ethnic Conflict (General): Brown; Connor; Gaulme; Gottlieb; Horowitz; Maynes (1993); Merryman; Mohamed Mohamed-Abdi (1993); Odhiambo; Pfaff (1993b); Pfaltzgraff; Steiner; Stofft and Guertner; Whitehead and Ferguson.

"Failed States": Helman and Ratner; concept of "triage," Marks; Norton; Stedman (1992); Thomas Weiss (1994c); Zolberg.

Horn of Africa:

Armaments: Lefebvre (1991).

Class conflict in, Markakis (1987).

Cold War issues: Leymarie (both).

Conflict in: Nzongola-Ntalaja.

Crisis in: Terrence Lyons.

Economics: Henze (1992).

Ethnic conflict in, Markakis (1994).

Ethnic migrations in: Turton (1975).

Federalism as way to peace: Forsyth and Murray.

General: Cantori; Gurdon; Iyob (1993a); Lange;

Lefebvre (1992); Legum (both); Legum et al; Ottaway (both); Kenneth Weiss; Woodward; Woodward and Forsyth.

Historical Background: Abir; Farer (1976,

1979).Gorman; Holcomb and Ibssa.

International politics: Marcus (1983).

Italy and: Novati.

Peace prospects: Doornbos et al (1992).

Politics of: Harbeson (1991 both)

Relief issues: Prendergast (all); Swinburne

Security in: Makinda (1992).

Soviet interests: Ottaway (1982); Patman (1990); Porter; Kenneth Weiss.

Territorial issues: Kapil.

U.N. role in decolonization of: Dubois.

U.S. interests: Dougherty; Henze (1992, 1990a,

1990b).

U.S. policy in: Schraeder (1993a, 1993b).

Humanitarian Intervention:

Anarchy, Issues of: Stremlau

Australia, policies of: Gareth Evans; N.F. James.

Case studies: Coate; Durch; N.D. White; Roberts

and Kingsbury.

"Chapter 6.5": Hillen.

"Checkbook diplomacy," preference for: Olsen.

Collapsed States: Zartman

Collective intervention: Damrosch (1993a); William Lewis (1993a).

Command and Control issues: Brady and Daws.

Conflict resolution: Charters.

"Conspiracy to experiment with intervention:"

Stephen Smith (1993a).

Democracy, and: Diamond

Disapproval of, in principle: Falk.

Doctrinal matters: Adam Roberts (1993a); Richard Smith (1994).

Enforcement issues: Berdal (1993).

Ethics of: Fisher; Forbes and Hoffman; William Lewis and Sewall.

General: Pease and Forsythe; Adam Roberts (all).

Guidance for practitioners: Minear and Thomas G. Weiss.

Historical perspective: Durch; Trachtenberg.

"Hostility factor," Pelletiere,

Human rights, no longer valid policy: Tonelson

"Impaired sovereignty," concept of: Goldman

Impartiality concerns: Betts; Carr (both); Kearns

International law: Garigue; Lewy; James Jonah, interview with: Lardner; Reisman; Rodley.

Justifiable intervention: Haas; William Lewis

(1993b); Gene Lyons and Mastanduno; Rodley.

Human Rights, as issue: Carothers; Jack Donnelly (all); Fifoot.

Lessons learned: De Soto and del Castillo.

Military aspects: Connaughton; De Waal and

Omaar (1993a); Goulding; Groth and Berliner; Haass; Malanczuk; Mazarr; NGO concerns about: Overseas Development Council; Royer.

"Liberal internationalism," Pfaff (1993a).

Limits on the use of force, Odugbemi.

Nationalism, and, Pfaff (1993b); Verdery.

Planning: Gervais; Sid-Ahmed.

Policy issues: Sommer.

"Politics of Rescue": Walzer.

Preventive Engagement: Dellums.

Procedures: Mary Anderson (1993).

Prospects: Bloomfield (both); Clark (all).

Public opinion, favorable: Kohut and Toth.

Religious groups, attitudes of: Burns; Coste.

Right of: Greenwood.

Roles and responsibilities, new: Bergstrand.

Theory: Cable; Damrosch (1993a).

U.N. Charter: Bosco.

U.N. intervention: Stedman (all); Thomas Weiss

(1994d).

Unjustified intervention: Robert H. Jackson.

International intervention in Somalia:

Addis Ababa conferences: Cessou (1993b); Rake (1994).

African solutions: Ayittey (1994, 1993a, 1992)

"Anarchy:" Patman (1994); Richburg (1994b);

Wettering and Petrie.

"Anti-countries," Talbott.

Australia: Bridge; Hurley; N.F. James; Mellor

(1993); Morrice; Peterson (1994a); Ray; Hugh Smith (1993); D.J. Wilson.

Background: Bonner; Drysdale (1992).

Belgian forces: Stanton (1994b).

Blunders, tale of: Drysdale (1994, 1993)

Canada, general: Glen Allen (1993); Bryden.

Kirsch; Meacher; Susan Mills; Norton; Phillips; Saracino.

Canada, torture incident: Bilski (1993b); Fisher and

Wilson-Smith; Quist-Adade (1994both); Bruce Wallace.

Chinese attitudes: He Hongze.

Commentary on: Aaronson; Afrah (1994, 1993);

Backmann (1993); Backmann and Schlosser (1992); Baynham; Béchir Ben Yahmed; Berdal (1994); Bergstrand; Bertrand; Beylau (both); Biles (1992a); Bilski (1993); Patrick Bishop; James Brady; Brauman; Cahill; Caputo; Carr (both); Carver; Chamberlain; Church (1993b); Clark (all); Eliot Cohen; Copley; Davis; Elson and Purvis; Girardet; Glynn; Hirsch; Robert Jackson; Klein; Lederbach; Mallinson; Marchal (1993c); Maren (examine all); Marlow and Bonner; Masland; Meisler; Menkhaus (1994); John Morrison; Moyiga Korokoto Nduru; Nemeth (1993b); Nicol; Oakley; Russel Watson; Yared.

Disarmament: Abdullah A. Mohamoud (1993);

Faes (1993c); Maren (1993e); O'Rourke; Patman (1995); Piquard; Prunier (1993a); Richburg (all); Ricks; Sheehan; Smolowe; Wilde.

"Doable war": Glynn.

Food aid: Farzin; Natsios (all).

Force cohesion, declining: Michaels (1993).

France: Bonnemaison; Klen; Morillon; "condemned to play a secondary role," La Gorce.

"Great power envy," Summers.

Haiti, contrast with: Harris; Ridgeway.

Health issues: Sean Adams; Godfrey and Mursal;

"Hypocrisy," (1993c).

"A Humanity in peril," Shams.

"Immaculate intervention," Krauthammer (1993).

Italy: Baroni (both); Bernstein; Petrucci (1994);

Porzio and Simoni; Valpolini.

Intelligence, use of: Peterson (1994b).

Kassebaum, Nancy (Sen), visit of: Reed Kramer.

Kismayu: Stanton (1994b).

Kurdish perspective: Barzani.

Lessons learned: W. Clarke (1993); Lief and

Auster; Menkhaus (1993a); Menkhaus and Terrence Lyons; Morales; Morena and Vega; Oakley (1994); Oakley and Hirsch (1995); Russel Watson and Warner; Wooley and Abocar; Yared (1994).

Military dilemmas of: Mazarr.

Military role, not good solution, Sahnoun; Omaar; Toole.

Military tactics: De Waal and Omaar (1993c).

Missed opportunities: Sahnoun (all).

Mogadishu, a dangerous place: Doyle.

Mohamed Sahnoun (SRSG): Le Gendre (1992b).

"Nation-building," reaction to: Hayden.

New World Order: Cornwell; David; Morales.

"Next steps": Terrence Lyons.

Nonproliferation: Dean.

Non-U.S. Forces, general: Cessou (1994).

Oakley, (Amb) Robert: interview with, Grove;

laudatory comments about: Fedarko (1993); Grier; Melinda Liu; Yared (1993a).

Obituary (Valerie Place) Finucane.

Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA):

Sommer; Sommer and Collins; Westcott

Opposition to: Petras and Vieux; Phillips-Beaudan; Pilger; Rakiya Omaar (all).

Peace agreements between warlords: Stephen

Smith (1993b); Stedman (1993b).

Peace Enforcement: Gilkes (1993 both); Press (1993a)

"Peacefaking": Lind (1993a).

Photography: Eldon.

Political consequences of intervention, inevitability of: Mandelbaum.

Positive prospects for: Meyer.

Press reactions to: Jacchia

Public support: Isaacs; King et al.

Reconstruction: Reginald Green; Kiley and Tharp; Morin; Purvis (1994); Rogge (1993).

Russian concerns: Eribo.

Skepticism about: Joxe;

"Somalia Boondoggle," Szamuely.

Somali reactions to: Gassem; Halima Ismael;

Hussein Ali Dualeh; Iman Abdul Majid; Jama Mohamed Ghalib; Nuruddin Farah (1992b).

"Somalia Syndrome," Kaus.

"Strategic culture": Paul Adams.

Strategic issues: Rifac.

The "Tarbaby": Hempstone (1993a); Liasi.

Trusteeship: McFerson.

Turnover to U.N. force: Pfeiffer.

U.N. and military intervention: Olson.

U.S., decorations for heroic conduct: Krawczyk.

U.S., policy problems of: Kelleher.

United Nations, limitations of: Gonin (both)

United Nations, withdrawal, 1995: Finnegan.

Wanle Weyn: Stanton (1994a)

Withdrawal from, Premature, Rotberg; Rothschild.

Media in Somalia: Arias (1993 both); Gersh;

Girardet (1993); Jenkins; Kaufman; Kinsley (1993a); Kohut and Toth; Lorch; Maren (1994b, 1993d); Pringle; Sharkey; moral stress, Schemo; Stech.

Mines in Somalia: Craib; Fine; Physicians for

Human Rights Staff.

Mohamed 'Abdulle Hassan (Somali resistance hero): Abdi Sheik-Abdi (1993a); Andrzejewski (1971); Hess (1994, 1968); Jardine; Jennings; Kolb (1994b); Lécuyer-Samantar; Said Sheikh Samatar (1982); Turton (1969).

Mohamed Farah "Aideed" (Somali factional

leader): Abdullah A. Mohamoud (1994); A.J. Bacevich; Caleb Baker; Drysdale (1994); Farer (1993); Farrow; Hammer (1993b, 1993c); Hamrick (1993a); Hélène (1992a); Huband (1993b); Hussein Ali Dualeh; Jehl; Marcus (1994b), Maren (1993b); Maunick; Melman; Merryman (1993); Penglas and Mendez; Perl; Perlez (1992b); Post; Purvis (1993a); Rake (1993b); 1993a; Ruhela; Shoumatoff; Sloyan; Abdul Williams.

Mohamed Sahnoun (Algerian diplomat,Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Somalia, 1992) Bonner; Brauman, Le Gendre (1992b); Perlez (1992a); Robbins; United States Institute of Peace, see also United Nations, Reports of the Secretary General on the Situation in Somalia.

Mohamed Siad Barre (Somali President, 1969-91): Abdi Sheik-Abdi (1981); Abdulkarim AhmedGuleid (1993); Ahmed H. Esa (1991); Africa Watch (1990 both); Ali Khalif Galaydh (1986); Clapham (1993); Robert H. Jackson and Rosberg; arrest of clerics by, Gottinger; "comeback strategy" of, Guleid and Davies (1993); corruption in, Ekstrom; Gesira beach massacre, Henry (1990a); "red berets," Géry; "sad legacy" of, Greenfield (1991); "sordid history of," Kpatindé; stadium massacre: Géry; Jama Mohamed Ghalib; Laitin (1976); Ioan Lewis (1988, 1972); Neier (1992, 1988); Ododa; 1969 coup, Payton; Pelgrand; critical obituary, Pomonti, Said Aheikh Samatar (1990b); Shaw.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Private Voluntary Organizations (PVOs) and the ICRC:

(See various citiations under United Nations and United States Agency for International Development.)

Care-Australia: Kieseker.

CARE-USA: Philip Johnston.

Catholic agencies: Jacob.

Center of Concern; Prendergast (all)

Dangers from widespread arms ownership: Feinstein.

Diaspora: Somali Relief Association (UK)

General: Duffield and Predergast (both); Jepson; Sommer; Sommer and Collins; Thomas Weiss and Minear.

International Red Cross (ICRC): See bibliographic entry; Prendergast (all); Thiam.

Médicins sans Frontières: Brauman; Chanareille; Hunt; Jean.

Mennonite Central Committee: Stork.

"Militarization" of relief operations: Marchal (1993a)

See NGO Consortium Information Office.

See Overseas Development Council.

Oxfam: Mark Bradbury (all).

Save the Children: Holt and Lawrence.

Security matters: Husarska.

Sovereignty issue: Muammad Sid-Ahmed.

"Tough relief": Stephen Green.

UNICEF: Reginald Green.

Organization of African Unity:

Relations with the United Nations: Berhanykun Andemicael.

Peacekeeping/Peacemaking:

(See also various publications cited under United Nations, U.S. Congress and U.S. Military.)

African experience: Smock; Somerville

Bibliography: Fermann, Jones; U.S. Army War

College Library; United States Library of Congress.

"Chapter 11," international use of: Pastor.

Criminal prosecution, international system of,

Tomuschat.

Cultural aspects of, Rubinstein.

"Early warning:" Rupesinghe.

Enforcement operations: Gilkes (1993a)

Evolution of UN role: Durch (all); Durch and Blechman; Goulding; Renner (both)

Growth industry, as: Rostow; Vitalis.

History of, Alan James (1993a, 1990); Karns and Mingst; Rikhye; Urquhart (all).

"Illusions" of, Rieff.

Impartiality issues: Robbie.

Internal peacekeeping, difficulties of: Alan James (1994, 1993b).

Intervention, defense of: Tony Smith.

Legal issues: Damrosch (1993b); Kirsch; Mark

Martins; Scheffer; Scheffer et al.

Lessons learned: Abizaid (1993); W. Clarke

(1993a); Wendt.

Monitoring: Abramowitz et al (1994).

Nordic approach: Haekkerup.

Principles: Diehl (1993, both); Dobbie; Hammond; Rieff; Russett; Tharoor; Frank Wisner.

"Professionalization of," Wurmser and Dyke.

Sovereignty issues: Rostow; Scheffer; Stanton; Lummis.

New International Order: Snow (1993a).

Training: Abizaid and Wood (1994); Bechman and Vaccaro; Hammond; Peck.

U.S. Military, readiness concerns of: Dunlap.

U.S. policies: Albright (all); Clinton (all); Lake (all); see list of senior U.S. policy officials by name.

Rules of Engagement (ROE): Paul Adams; Dworken (1994); Phillips.

Said S. Samatar (Refugee Somali Professor): Blum.

Somalia:

Agriculture: Abdi Ismail Samatar (1994, 1993,

1989, 1985); Little; Massey; Pawlick; Press (1992); Shields (1993b).

Arms: O'Rourke; Shields (1992).

Art: John Loughran et al.

Background information: Hindle; Ioan Lewis (all). Robinson; Said Sheikh Samatar (1991).

Baidoa: Le Guilledoux, Richburg (1992a);

Salander.

Banadir coast: Mohamed Kassim and Abdirahman

Sh. Issa.

Bardera: Le Gendre (1992a); Richburg (1992a).

Betrayal by outsiders: Fitzgibbon

Bibliography: Delancey et al; Salad, Mohamed

Khalief; Helen Chapin Metz; Prunier (1993d); Ruth Thomas.

Book reviews: Diane Brady.

Children's Literature: Virginia Barnes; Gilkes

(1994c)

Chronologies: Branaman (both).

Civil War: Abdi Mohamed Kusow (1994); Africa

Watch (1993, 1992); Biles (1991a); Bongartz; D'Silva; Faes (all); Gilkes (1994b); Mohamed Haji Muktar (1993); Mohamud M. Afrah (1993, 1991).

Clan issues (General): Ahmed Yusuf Farah and

I.M. Lewis (1993); Duhul; Geshekter (1993b); Hanley; Helander; Kapteins; Somali origins: Herbert Lewis; and kinship issues: Ioan Lewis (examine all); Michaels (1992); Omar A. Eno; Perlez (1992b); Richburg (1992b); Sailhan; Steiner; Charles White; Ben Wisner.

Specific clan/sub-clans:

Bantu/Jarer: Omar A. Eno.

Digil: Abdi Mohamed Kusow (1992).

Rahanwein: Abdi Mohamed Kusow (1992); Cassanelli (1988, 1982, 1975); Massey.

Colonial influences: Luling; Turton (1972).

Cruelty: Church (1993a); Andrew Cohen (both);

Michel Cohen; O'Sullivan; Penglas and Mendez; Thompson; Tim Zimmerman.

Diaspora: (Canada) Fennell.

Diseases: Kramer; Soroya Nelson; Newton et al;

Oldfield et al.

Economic issues: Chossudovsky; De Waal and

Omaar (1993b).

Elders, role of: Tharp.

Environment: Yoon.

Ethnic issues: Abdi Ismail Samatar (1992a);

Maynes (1993); McMullan and Norton; Merryman; Stofft and Guertner.

"Failed State" issues: Ahmed H. Esa (1991);

Ahmed I. Samatar (1994, both); Zartman.

External factors: Ahmed Q. Ali.

Family issues: Helander; Ioan Lewis (1990).

Fisheries: Barrin.

Foreign Aid: Mehmet.

General studies of, Helen Chapin Metz; Harold Nelson; Putman and Mohamood Cabdi Noor;

Governance: Said Sheikh Samatar (1985).

Government propaganda: Somalia, Government of (1962).

"Great Somalia:" Comarin.

Historical background: Barcik and Normack;

Bayne; Booker; Bryden (1994b); Burton; Thomas Callahan; Cassanelli (all); A.A. Castagno (all); Margaret Castagno (all); Clapham (both); W. Clarke (1993b); Davidson (1985); Drake-Brockman; Drysdale (1964); Durrill; Fitzgibbon; Gaillard; Gander and Dower; Gassem; Great Britain, Government of; Greenfield (all); Hamilton; Hindle; Jennings; Kolb (1994a); Labrousse; Lagarde (1992); Laurence; Mohamed Farah; Rayne; Rondot; Shaw; Stevenson (1995).

Human Rights Issues: Africa Watch (examine all);

Amnesty International; Bowie; Burkhalter (both); Campagne; Gassem; Henry (1990c); Holden; Joseph; Mohamed Jamal; Onyango-Obbo; Rifac; Randall Robinson; Shams.

Islamic matters: Gascon; Hélène (1992b);

Lavlevée; Ioan Lewis (1966); Melman; Mohamed Haji Mukhtar (1992); Mohamed Mohamed-Abdi (1992); Moszynski; Pankhurst; Prunier (1993b); Said Sheikh Samatar (1992); Trimingham.

Italian invasion of Ethiopia: Monfreid.

Juba valley: Rogge (both).

Khat: Elmi; Randall; Stevenson (1992a); Sullum.

Kismayu: Misser.

Legal issues: Contini; Ganzglass (all); Somalia.

Linguistics: Ahmed Mohamed Souleiman.

Literature: B.W. Andrzejewski (1983); Herbstein; Wright.

Living conditions: Lubbock (1994b).

Lukh (town): Moszynski.

Maritime history: Geshekter (1993a).

Media, local, Xog-Ogaal: Finnegan.

Military factions: Frachon; Lubbock (1994a); Omer Salad Elmi.

Mogadishu: Lesnes; Marchal (1993b); Odhiambo;

Petrucci (1993); Press (1991); Simons; S. Smith.

Mooryaan: Marchal (1993b).

Morbidity estimates: Boss et al; Moore.

National Army: Mohamed Ahen Ahmed.

National culture: B.W. Andrzejewski (1982);

(decline of) Geshekter (1994).

Nationalism: Abdi Sheik-Abdi (1977); Ioan Lewis

(1969); Touval.

National University: Lubbock (1993).

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):

Abdirahman Osman Raghe.

Nomads: Brook and Brook; Harbeson (1990);

Markakis (1993); Odhiambo.

Novelists: Nuruddin Farah (see all).

Ogaden: Laitin (1983, 1979); Ioan Lewis (1969);

The Earl of Lytton.

Opposition groups: Compagnon (1992, 1990);

Henry (1990b).

Photography: Caputo.

Poetry: B.W. Andrzejewski (1964); Bartholet

(1992a); Said Sheikh Samatar (1993); Said Sheikh Samatar (1982).

Political dynamics: Compagnon (1994); Hussein

Mohamed Adam (1993, 1992, 1991); Ioan Lewis (1958).

Political parties and factions:

Somali National Alliance (SNA): Omer Salad Elmi.

Somali National Movement (SNM): Compagnon (1992); Prunier (1990).

Prisoners of War: Butler.

Reconciliation issues: Biles (1991b); Michaelson.

Reconstruction: Mishra; Mohamed Farah Aideed

and Ruhela.

Refugee Issues: Bierman; Dellums; Gersony;

Mohamed Farah; Schraeder (1986).

Regional issues: Cantori.

Relations with Ethiopia: Donham and James;

Henze (1985); Laitan (all); Putnam & Mohamood Cabdi Noor; Wolde-Mariam.

Relations with Italy: Hess (1966); Kennedy;

Melega; Micarelli; Novati; Pankhurst.

Relations with Kenya: Dalleo; Press (1993b).

Relations with the Soviet Union and Russia: Ali

Khalif Galaydh (1993); Benton; Davidson (1975); Remnek; Yusin and Charodeyev.

Relations with the U.S.: Bereket Habte Selassie

(both); Corn and Morley; Maren (1993h); arms deliveries by: Grimmett; Hamrick (1993b, 1993c); Kinsella; Neier (all); Petterson; Schraeder (all).

Security personnel: Perlez (1993).

Shadow economy: De Waal.

Somali socialism: Ahmed I. Samatar (1988);

Decraene.

Somali society, breakup of: Doornbos and

Markakis; Girard.

Somali studies: Ahmed I. Samatar (1989).

Starvation emergency: Baez; Boss et al; Bowie;

Collins; De Waal and Omaar (1992); D'Silva; Hensch et al; Hepburn; Le Gendre (1992c); Mohamed Haji Mukhtar (1993b); Prendergast (all); Richburg (1992a); Ricciuti; Stevenson (1992b).

Structural Development: Abdi Sheik-Abdi (1993b).

Tax policy: Purohit.

Warlords: Abdi Ismail Samatar (1992); Elson and

Purvis; Farer (1993); Hélène (1994); Hussein Mohamed Adam (1993, 1992); Milas; Pawlick; Penglas and Mendez; Richburg (1992a); Stedman (1993a).

Warlords, dislike use of term: Douglas; Marcus

(1994b); Shoumatoff.

Women's issues: Hibaaq I. Osman; Human Rights

Watch (1993b); Nowrojee.

Somaliland: Biles (1992b); Bryden (1994a and

1993); Compagnon (1993, 1990); Drake-Brockman; Drysdale (1992); Ewing; Finkelstein; Flint; Gilkes (1994a); Great Britain, Government of; Hamilton; Holt and Lawrence; Hussein Mohamed Adam (1994, both); Laurence; Mohamed Ibrahim Egal; Prunier (1994); Rake; Rakiya Omaar (1994); Rayne; Searle; Simon (1992); Langton; Prendergast Walsh.

Borama conference: Shelby.

Government: Somaliland, Government of British.

Hargeisa: Simon (1990).

Political parties: Somali National Movement (SNM):

Compagnon (1992); Prunier (1990); Said Sheikh Samatar (1990a).

Relations with Russia: Yusin and Charodeyev.

Secession: Vassallucci (both).

Sovereignty Issues: Rostow; Scheffer; Stanton; Weiss and Chopra.

Special Operations Forces: Thomas K. Adams.

United Nations:

(See various items under this author title)

Africa in UN system: Nyangoni.

Agenda for Peace: Boutros-Ghali; Gene Lyons (1994a); Thomas Weiss (1993a).

Boutros Boutros-Ghali, interviews with: Barrada;

Briefing documents: Harsch; critique of, Somali Task Force.

Building on the Cambodian experience: Hugh Smith (1994).

Call for caution by: Lefever.

Charter considerations: Goodrich et al.

Civil wars, role in: Thomas Weiss (1994a).

Command and control for U.N. operations: Mellor (1994); Alex Morrison (1993b).

Cooperation with NATO: Kofi Annan (October

1993).

Critical commentary on: Baxter; W. Clarke;

McAllister; Porteous; Thakur.

Delegations to Somalia: Bartholet (1992c).

Enhancement of U.N. activities, favoring: Lee.

Eritrean attitudes: Isaias Afwerki (1993).

Financing peacekeeping: Schoettle.

"Great power envy," Summers.

Humanitarian concerns: Eliasson; Human Rights Watch (all) .

Intervention objections: Enzhao.

Management issues: F.T. Liu (1990).

Military issues: Thomas Weiss (1993b).

New World Order, and: Crossette.

Official reports and commentary: Boutros-Ghali

(all).

Parallels with Haiti: Jack Anderson.

Peacekeeping history: Burback; Alex Morrison

(1993a).

Peacekeeping policies: Kofi Annan (1993, both);

C.W. Hoffman; Human Rights Watch (1993c); Steven Metz (1993); Morphet.

Reform: Puchala; Rikhye.

Relations with U.S. military: Ocaya-Lakidi; Powell.

Resignation from, on principle: Drysdale (1994);

Porteous.

Security Council Resolutions on Somalia:

Carpentier; See United Nations, Security Council; Nigel White.

Secretary-General reports, critique of: Somali Task

Force.

Somali appeals to: Ahmed Mohamed Adan (1994).

Standing force: Lumeta; McGreevy; Alex Morrison

(1994); Rothstein; Tatu; Urquhart (1993b).

Strategic role: Ruggie (1993a).

World hesitations to use properly: Henn.

United States:

Attitudes towards taking risks: Luttwak (1994a,

1993).

Briefings on Somalia: John F. Antal et al;

Lowenthal (both).

Bush Administration and Somalia: Barnes (1992);

Bolton;Chamberlain; Crozier; Gordon; Grier; Hall; Hempstone (1993); Kinsley; Nelan (1992); Schraeder (1992).

Casualties, reactions to: Lowther.

Chapter VII Committee, proposal for: Whitman and

Batholomew (1993a).

"Chaos gripping White House," Kenneth Walsh and

Cooper.

Civil-Military Relations: Luttwak (1994b).

Clinton Administration and Somalia: David

Callahan; Chace; Dionne; (favorable opinion of policies in Somalia) Frame; Gaffney; Hames; Hehir; Hendrickson; Huband (all); Hume; Kirschten; Michael Kramer; Maynes (1993-94); Morrow; Steven Roberts; Schraeder (1993c); Van Dyk; Weber; Szamuely; Volman; Wolfowitz; Zelnick.

Congressional actions/reactions: Doherty (all);

Doherty and Bowens (all); Gilman; McCain et al; Palmer (both); Payne; Pytte; Simon and Metzenbaum; Weber.

Congressional reporting: Copson (various);

Copson and Dagne (all); Cronin; Dagne (all); Prados; Towell (all).

Decline in interest in Africa: Michaels (1992b).

"Drifting as Sea," Walcott et al.

Evacuation from Mogadishu (1991): James K.

Bishop; McConnell (1992); Siegel.

Department of State, Ryan; ambiguous role of:

Lippman and Gellman; Snow and Brown; Tim Zimmerman.

Fear of world government by involvement with

peacekeeping: Jepson.

Foreign command, U.S. forces under, opposition

to: Powell; Sheehy (1994); Thiesen.

"Globocop," Evan Thomas.

Gosende, Robert (U.S. Presidential Special Envoy

to Somalia, March-October 1993): Daniel Williams.

Government agencies involved in Somalia: Crane;

Shoop.

Human rights concerns: Posner.

Human rights, no longer valid policy: Tonelson.

Implications of peacekeeping operations to: Gati.

Intervention policies: Albright (1993, all); Albright

et al (1994); Arthur Atkins; Fred Barnes (1994, 1992); Feldman; Foster; Gati; Sorensen.

Isolationism, fear of return to: Finan; Fontaine;

(rejects label) Fromkin; Greenberger.

Key decisions: Menkhaus (1995).

Liaison office, Mogadishu: McInturff.

Official reports: Les Aspin (1994).

Opposition to U.S. intervention in Somalia:

Armitage; Armstrong; Beckwith; Blumenthal; Carpenter; Cockburn (both); Cramer; Donaldson; Fromkin; Geyer; Guleid and Davies (1992); Hackworth (both); Hempstone (all); Kennan; Kirkpatrick (all); Kissinger; Kolb (all); Krauthammer (all); McConnell (1994); Phillips-Beaudan; Pilger; Rakiya Omaar (examine all); Rakiya Omaar and de Waal (1993); Shalom; Sheehy (all); Sloyan; Sowell; Thiesen; Kenneth Walsh; Weinberger; Woollacott; Weber; Woody West.

Presidential Decision Directive-25 (PDD-25), John

Clarke; Adam Roberts (1994); Ruggie (1994); Sewall; Summers; United States Mission to the United Nations; Thomas Weiss (1994b); Wittes.

Relations with the Third World: Metz (1994).

Remarks by present and past senior U.S. government officials (referenced and identified under author citation):

Madeleine Albright.

Les Aspin, see Christopher.

James H. Baker.

Douglas Bennet.

John Bolton

George Bush.

Jimmy Carter.

Warren Christopher.

Bill Clinton.

Herman "Hank" Cohen: also see Botes.

Alberto Coll.

Conahan.

T. Frank Crigler.

Chester Crocker.

Jeff Davidow.

Bob Dole.

Marlin Fitzwater.

Benjamin Gilman.

Robert T. Grey.

Robert Houdek.

Jonathan Howe.

Admiral Jeremiah: see Christopher.

Nancy Kassebaum: see Reed Kramer.

George Kennan.

Jeanne Kirkpatrick.

Henry Kissinger.

Anthony Lake (also see Albright).

Howard Metzenbaum (see Paul Simon).

George Moose, see Novicki.

Carl Munday.

Robert Oakley.

Donald Payne.

Edward Perkins (all).

Donald K. Petterson.

John Shalikashvili.

Paul Simon.

Theodore Sorensen.

Gordon R. Sullivan.

Strobe Talbott.

Peter Tarnoff.

Raymond Thurston.

Casper Weinberger.

Frank Wisner.

C. Robert Zelnick.

United Nations, relations with: Gregg; Seitz;

Sewall; Sheehy (all); Weinrod.

United Nations Standing Force, attitude towards:

Gregory Harper; Lumeta.

U.S. Congress, actions of: Beinart; Bowens (all); Bowens and Doherty; Idelson (all).

Use of force, attitude towards: Luttwak (1994a).

U.S. Air Force:

Reports on actions in Somalia: Barela (all); Bird

(all); Graham (all); Hill; Hudson (both); Jadick; Muradian; Offley; Reed; Ward.

U.S. Army:

Participants' reports: S.L. Arnold.

Policy discussion: S.L. Arnold and David Stahl;

Gergorian; Michele Roberts et al; Sullivan.

U.S. Marine Corps: Bauer; Hayden; Hoar; John

Jackson; William Johnson; LaBlanc; Lawson; Munday; Richards; Shelton; Stanton (1994c); Taylor; Vollman.

U.S. Navy: Fuentes (all); Pexton.

U.S. Military Operations, Somalia:

Task Force 2-87: Stanton (1994b).

10th Mountain Division: Doring; Freeman;

Martenson; Seigle; Shalikashvili; on patrol, Hammer (1993a); Mike Wallace (1994);

13th Corps Support Battalion: Gay.

36th Engineer Group: Phillip Anderson.

57th Ordnance Detachment: Angles.

157th Air Refueling Group: Hill.

Marine Helicopter Squadron 363 (HMV-363), Shelton.

403rd Area Support Group: Gilbert Harper.

598th Maintenance: Eason.

608th Ordnance Company: Gay.

977th Military Police Company: Harold Nelson.

1304th: Libby.

Attitudes, study of U.S. military: Miller and Moskos.

CENTCOM: Freeman et al (1994); Hoar; (both); Hollis (interview with Freeman); Zimmerman.

Chronologies: Zvijac and McGrady.

"Coercive peacemaking": Curtis.

Combat status, degradation of: Sagalyn.

Command and Control issues: Bruner; Roos (1993b).

Decorations: John Zimmerman.

Dependents, activism of: Dominus; Hallahan.

Doctrine, Development of, John Clarke; Jablonsky.

Doctrine, need for: Huntington; Scheffer (both); Sharp.

Engineers: Boudra; Brannon and Lowrey.

Force planning, implications for: Linn; Sagalyn.

"Forlorn Hope": Lechowich.

Funding problems: Grant Willis (1993a).

General military reporting on: Campbell; Cochran; Tom Donnelly (all); Garcia (all); Gay; Lane; Maze; Loomis; Matthews (all); Miles and Paris; Murray (all)' Naylor (all); Naylor and Vogel; Naylor and Muradian; Naylor and Mathews; Steele; Willis (all).

"Grunt-speak," see Robb Krott in John Zimmerman

(1993).

"Hidden agenda?" Lefebvre (1993).

Humanitarian activities, nothing new: Dworken

(1994a).

"Immediate withdrawal," Sheehy (1993b).

Intelligence support: Brand et al; Ernest Evans; Faram and Fuentes; Franke III; Garcia.

Intervention, costs of: Roos (1993a).

Legal issues: Lorenz (both).

Lessons learned: Dworkin; Stanton; Bruce Watson; Zvijac and McGrady.

Logistics: Hollis; Kitfield; Michele Roberts et al.

Medical problems: Gunby (1993, all); Ritchie.

Medical units: Gunby (1994).

Military Police, role of: Stamilio.

"Mission creep" Donnelly et al (1993).

Morale of forces: Hammer (1993d).

Multifunctional forces: Mackinlay.

National Guard, use of: McIntire (1994); Rice.

New World Order: Howe (both); Huddleston.

Non-traditional missions: John Clarke; Rosenau;

Shultz.

Operations:

25-26 Jan 93: Purvis (1993a).

June 93: Shields (1993a).

12 July 93: Nemeth (1993a).

2-3 Oct 93: Rick Atkinson (1994, all). Cessou (1993a); Cooper; Fedarko; Gregorian; McIntire (1993); Muravchik; Pringle; Mike Wallace (1994b).

Operations Other than War (OOTW): Naylor

(1994a); U.S. Army Intelligence and Threat Center.

Peace enforcement operations: Paul Adams;

John Clarke; Rapuano; Shultz; Jerry White.

Powell, Colin: Luttwak (1993).

Prisoners of War: Butler.

Problems and solutions: Doll and Metz; Quinn.

Psychological Operations: Borchini; Borchini and Borstelmann; D.J. Wilson.

Rangers: Cooper; Fedarko; Spaller; John

Zimmerman (1993).

Reservists, role of: Faram; Pullen.

Response to criticism: McClain (response to Hackworth) 1994a.

Skepticism about role of: Corelli.

Soldiers as relief workers: Brantley Smith.

Special Forces: Dan Miller.

Strategy: Copley; Lechowich.

Suitability of: Paul Adams; John Clarke.

Support, general: Loring.

Support to withdrawal, 1995, Atkinson (1995); Preston (1994); Ransdell and Robbins.

Tactics: Caleb Baker; Cushman.

Training: Gohl and Soular; Keenan; McGowan.

TRAP platoon: MacIntyre.

U.S. Army activities: Eikenberry.

U.S. Air Force activities: Cana; Compart.

U.S. Navy activities: George Allison.

Zinni, Anthony C., LG, Marine Corps: George Wilson (interview).

U.S. assistance to Somalia: Abdulkair

Dini;(1990); Epstein; Johns; Rawson (1994); Rawson and Bothwell (1993).

ABOUT THE COMPILER

Walter Sheldon Clarke is a former Senior Foreign Service Officer in the U.S. Department of State, with over 25 years of experience in African affairs during his 36year diplomatic career. Now a private consultant in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, specializing in political risk assessments, peace enforcement operations and nation rebuilding issues, he participates frequently in university symposia in peacekeeping and consults with the U.S. military in these areas. Before retirement in September 1994, he served as Professor of International Relations in the Department of National Security and Strategy, and was Director of African Studies, at the U.S. Army War College, 1992-94. While serving at the War College, he was detailed to the United States Liaison Office in Mogadishu, Somalia, where he served as Deputy Director, March - June 1993. He also participated in a peace enforcement field exercise with the U.S. Army's 25th Division at the Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk, Louisiana, a headquarters peacekeeping exercise with the Puerto Rican National Guard, with participation by senior leaders in the armies of Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador and took part in Defense Department after-action reviews on the Somalia and Rwanda operations. Mr. Clarke is a member of the Foreign Service Reserve Corps. Recent lectures have taken him to the Universities of Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Princeton, and Toronto, as well as the Joint Military Intelligence College at Bolling AFB.

Mr. Clarke was State Department Advisor to the President and Professor of International Relations at the U.S. Naval War College, in Newport, Rhode Island, 1987-89. He served as Chargé d'Affaires, a.i., at the American Embassy in Djibouti from 1977-1980. Mr. Clarke also has extensive experience in West and Central Africa and Latin America, having served at diplomatic posts at Abidjan, Bogota, Bujumbura, Douala, Lagos, Madrid and San José. During his foreign service career, he received four State Department Superior Honor Awards and one Meritorious Honor Award. Mr. Clarke was awarded the Department of the Army's Commander's Award for Public Service in 1994. A life member of the African Studies Association, Mr. Clarke's published writings include: A Developmental Bibliography for the Republic of Djibouti (Arlington, Va, 1978), 180 p.; "The 'Esayi Dream: A Footnote to the Ogaden War," Northeast African Studies vol 13, no 1 (1991), pp. 29-38; Somalia: Background Information for Operation Restore Hope, 1992-1993 for the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, in December 1992 and "Testing the World's Resolve in Somalia," Parameters (Fall-Winter 1993), and "The National Conference Phenomenon and the Management of Political Conflict: Cases from Francophone Africa," in Harvey Glickman, ed., Ethnic Conflict and Democratization in Africa, (ASA Press, forthcoming 1995). He is now preparing a review and critique of U.S. peace enforcement operations in Somalia. The views expressed in this bibliography are those of the author and do not represent the views of the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Army War College or the U.S. Army Peacekeeping Institute.