Gaffney, Frank, Jr. "Clinton needs new foreign policy crew," Insight on the News vol 9, no 46 (15 November 1993), pp. 28-30.

[The administration's blunders in Somalia indicate the need for a new foreign policy team.]

Gaillard, Jean Louis. Somalie: Le Peuple de Pount (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1988) 142 p.

Gander Dower, Kenneth Cecil. The First to be Freed: the Record of British Military Administration in Eritrea and Somalia, 1941-1943 (London: HMSO) 70 p.

Ganzglass, Martin R. Evaluation of the Judicial, Legal, and Penal Systems of Somalia (Mogadishu: USAID contract, unpublished report, April 1993) 32 p.

[Ganzglass is an American lawyer who has maintained contact with the Somali Police situation since his service as a Peace Corps volunteer in Somalia in the 1960's. He provides a strategy for the restoration of the Somali National Police system. The report is based upon a visit to Somalia from April 8 through April 22,1993. Visits were made to Mogadishu, Afgooay, Baidoa, Bardera, Bosasso, Borama, and Hargeisa. Persons interviewed included senior officers of the former Somali National Police Force (SNPF), the former Somali Custodial Corps (SCC), members of UNITAF and UNOSOM forces, individual judges, the Police and Judiciary Committees in Mogadishu, and an informal committee of jurists and lawyers, also in Mogadishu. Copies were provided UNOSOM, UN-NY and other interested parties, but it was not acted upon.]

ibid. The Penal Code of the Somali Democratic Republic, With Cases, Commentary and Examples (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1971).

Garcia, Elroy. "Hoping for the Best, Expecting the Worst: U.S. forces in Somalia wait for the March 31 deadline," Soldiers vol 49, no 2, pp. 13-15.

ibid. "We Did Right That Night: 'People went out of their way to thank us -- everybody from the task force commander to some of the special ops commanders and the soldiers that were there'," Soldiers vol 49, no 2, pp. 17-20.

[SFC Garcia's articles from Mogadishu illustrate some of the frustrations of U.S. military forces in Somalia. The second article refers to the 3 October raid on the Olympic Hotel which led to the deaths of 18 Rangers. The soldiers' lament is that the politicians and the press focused on the deaths and lapsed into polemic and demagoguery and paid scant attention to the high competence and incredible bravery of the units involved.]

ibid. "Where Anarchy Rules; A Day in Somalia," Soldiers (March 1993), pp. 13-20.

Garcia, Elroy. Alberto Betancourt and Sherwood Thomas Goodenough, "Danger Drive," Soldiers 48 (March 1993), pp. 14-20.

Garigue, Philippe. "Intervention, sanction and 'droit d'ingérence' in international humanitarian law," International Journal vol 48, no 4 (Autumn 1993), pp. 668-686.

[A fascinating account of the recent development of new international doctrine on humanitarian intervention. The author believes that the totally new phase in the acceptance of humanitarian intervention began during the debate in the Security Council on resolution 688 of 5 April 1991. (p. 674) The French-led debate is described, with a liberal quote from Bernard Kouchner, then the head of the Médicins sans Frontières. "...the declaration by President George Bush of a coming new world order ...raised great hopes...(page 678).it is now largely accepted that intervention to alleviate human suffering is legitimate and that no national government could contest this in an international tribunal, and certainly not at the United Nations. (page 679). "..has created a crisis in international law..."]

Gascon, Alain. "L'Islam éclatée: Crise de regime ou crise d'identité nationale?" L'Islam et Sociétés au Sud du Sahara (November 1990), pp. 47-55.

Gassem, Mariam Arif. Hostages: The People Who Kidnaped Themselves (Nairobi, Kenya: Central Graphics Services, 1994) 143 p.

[This book represents a high act of courage and inspiration by one of Somalia's many hard-working and brilliant women leaders. Mariam Gassem is a very well-informed Habr Gedir woman who intersperses descriptions of the complicated political jockeying of the past two-three years in Mogadishu with vignettes illustrating the intense human suffering of her family and friends. She speaks frankly of the strengths and weakness of Somali's militia leaders with the insights of someone who knows the protagonists personally but is unafraid to speak her mind.]

Gati, Tobi Trister. "The United States and UN Capabilities," in Peacemaking and Peace-keeping: Implications for the United States Military (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, May 1993), pp. 39-44.

[Paper presented at a conference on Nontraditional Roles for the U.S. Military in the Post-Cold War Era, held 1-3 December 1992 at the Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) at the National Defense University in Washington, DC.]

Gay, Philip W. (Cpt). "Ordnance Corps in Somalia: Retrograde operations," Ordnance (August 1994), pp. 13-14.

[Captain Gay was commander of the 608th Ordnance Company, based at Fort Benning, GA, when it was deployed to Mogadishu, August-December 1993, under the 13th Corps Support Battalion.]

Gaulme, François. "Tribus, ethnies, frontières," Afrique contemporaine Numéro spécial (4e trimestre 1992), pp. 43- 49.

[The French academic community remains mesmerized by the concept of ethnicity, viewing it on one side as the creation of the colonial authorities and on the other as a modern miracle. A useful comment on Somalia: "...les inimitiés entre <<tribus>> d'un même peuple (ou encore entre commerçants sédentaires et éleveurs nomades) se sont révélées finalement plus fortes qu'une communauté effective de langue et de culture..." p. 46.]

Gersh, Debra. "The Press in Somalia: Reporters say conditions in the Persian Gulf were luxurious compared with those in Somalia--little food, water, electricity," Editor & Publisher (23 January 1993), pp. 11-12.

Gersony, Robert. "Why Somalis flee: a synthesis of conflict experience in Northern Somalia by Somali refugees, displaced persons and others," International Journal of Refugee Law vol 2 no 1 (1990), pp. 4-55.

Gervais, James C. "In Support of the United Nations--Planning for Peacekeeping Operations," NATO's Sixteen Nations vol 38 no 1 (1993) special issue, pp. 14-16.

Géry, Yves. "Somalie: Fin de règne sanglante: Les problèmes s'accumulent. Le dernier massacre s'est déroulé sous les yeux du chef de l'Etat," Jeune Afrique no 1542 (18 au 24 juillet 1990), p. 29.

[Describes one of the most notable incidents of the declining Barre regime, the stadium massacre in which the President's 'Red Beret' Marehan guards fire upon the crowd in the Mogadishu soccer stadium after the president is pelted with epithets and vegetables.]

Geshekter, Charles L. "The Death of Somalia in Historical Perspective," (manuscript, 12 November 1993) in Mary E. Morris and Emile Sahliyeh, eds. Unity vs. Separatism in the Middle East (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994) 40 p.

ibid. "Somali Maritime History and Regional Sub-Cultures: A Neglected Theme of the Somali Crisis," presented at New Directions in Maritime History a conference organized by the Australian Association for Maritime History and the International Commission of Maritime History (Fremantle: 6-10 December 1993) 38 p.

ibid. "Somalia is dead; we should help a confed-eration of clans there," The Houston Post (26 October 1993).

[Dr. Geshekter is an imminent student of the Horn of Africa. He teaches African history at California State University, Chico.]

Geyer, Georgie Anne. "The Somalia precedent: N. Korea, Haiti harbor deadly misconceptions," The Patriot-News (Harrisburg, PA) 15 June 1994, p. A11.

[Ms. Geyer is representative of a broad swath of columnists who: (a) Supported President Bush's original decision to deploy to Somalia; (b) Then opposed effective political action while the U.S. was involved in Somalia; (c) Were properly horrified when the flawed operation took casualties; and (d) Who now use the failed effort there to bludgeon the President.]

Gilkes, Patrick. "Architect of Misery: Obituary: Mohamed Siad Barre," The Guardian (3 January 1995).

ibid. "The effects of secession on Ethiopia and Somalia," in Charles Gurdon, ed. The Horn of Africa (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 1-8.

ibid. "Descent into chaos: Somalia, January 1991-December 1992," in Charles Gurdon, ed. The Horn of Africa (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 47-59.

[Very helpful description of events from the fall of Siad Barre in January 1991 until the arrival of the U.S. troops of UNITAF on 9 December 1992.]

ibid. Conflict in Somalia & Ethiopia (New Discovery Books, 04/1994) 48 p.

[Available through Macmillan Children's Book Group.]

ibid. "From Peace-Keeping to Peace Enforcement: The Somalia Precedent," Middle East Report (November-December 1993), pp. 21-24.

ibid. "The Wrong Model for the UN," Parliamentary Brief (October 1993) p. 73.

Gilman, Benjamin A. "Letter: War-Powers Resolu-tion?" National Review vol 46, no 1 (24 January 1994), p. 4.

[Representative Gilman takes issue with a recent editorial which confuses the Somali operation with previous engagements that caused disputes over the War Powers Resolution.]

Gilmore, Mike. "Casualty of Truth," and "Sean's Story," West Africa no. 4023 (7-13 November 1994), pp. 1902-1903.

[The tragic assassination of UNICEF worker Sean Devereux in Kismayu on 2 January 1993 ended a five-year career as an aid worker who inspired the love and respect of the people he helped. His death followed within days his revelation that Col. Omar Jess and his Ogadeni militia had tortured and killed as many as 1000 people from the local Harti community during the two weeks between their arrival of UNITAF in Mogadishu and UNITAF arrival in Kismayu. According to the article, Devereux's life was the subject of a two hour documentary, The Dying of the Light, shown in ITV in the UK on 16 November 1994.]

Girard, Patrick. "La lente agonie du régime somalien," Jeune Afrique no 1567 (9 au 15 janvier 1991), pp. 6-7.

[It is interesting that none of the players soon to emerge as pretenders to Siad are mentioned.]

Girardet, Edward. "Public Opinion, the Media, and Humanitarianism," in Thomas G. Weiss and Larry Minear," Humanitarianism Across Borders: Sustaining Civilians in Times of War (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993), pp. 39-55.

Ibid. "A forgotten face of war: In Somalia, where the superpowers once jousted, madness now reigns," U.S. News & World Report vol 112, no 17 (4 May 1992), pp. 38-40.

Glynn, Patrick. "The 'Doable' War," The New Republic (16 August 1993), pp. 15-18.

Godfrey, Nancy and Hussein M. Mursal. "International aid and national health policies for refugees: lessons from Somalia," Journal of Refugee Studies vol 3, no 2 (1990), pp. 110-134.

Gohl, John and Tracy Soular. "Peace enforcement: JRTC rotation mirrors real-world situations," Guardian (Fort Polk, LA), vol 21, no 57 (12 August 1994) pp. 1, 4.

[The base newspaper proclaims the second rotation devoted to simulating a peace enforcement operation. Robert Oakley, invited for the first few days of the simulation, is quoted saying that "without impartiality, a U.N. force would be come entangled in the internal disputes the U.N. seeks to settle. A mistake, Oakley said, which was made in Somalia..."]

Goldman, Jan. "A Changing World, A Changing UN," Military Review vol 74 no 9 (September 1994), pp. 12-18.

Goldman, Steven E. "A Right of Intervention Based upon Impaired sovereignty," World Affairs vol 156 no 3 (Winter 1994), pp. 124-139.

[Examines the proliferation of UN humanitarian operations and argues that traditional notions of sovereignty, as enshrined in the Charter of the UN and other international bodies, should be abandoned. The author proposes that "not all states are equal and that some may intervene in the affairs of states that are not legitimate by the same measure of objective criteria..."]

Gonin, Jean-Marc. "L'ONU Au-Dessus de ses Forces...Tuerie en Somalie..." L'Express (24 juin 1993), pp. 8-9.

ibid. "Somalie: l'espoir au bout du fusil," L'Express (18 December 1992), pp. 8-10.

[Skeptical comments about the U.S. deployment to Somalia in December 1992.]

Goodrich, Leland M. Edvard Hambro and Anne Patricia Simons. Charter of the United Nations: Commentary and Documents (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969) 3rd and revised edition.

Gordon, Michael R. "Somali Aid Plan is Called Most Ambitious Option," The New York Times (28 November 1992), p. 6.

[Discusses the national security process through which President Bush made his decision to deploy a substantial force to Somalia in a National Security Council meeting on 25 November.]

Gorman, Robert F. Political Conflict in the Horn of Africa (New York: Praeger, 1981) 243 p.

Gottinger, Valéry. "Somalie: L'émeute est venue des mosquées: Au moins 24 tués à Mogadiscio après l'arrestation de 6 chefs religieux," Jeune Afrique no 1490 (26 juillet 1989), p. 20.

Gottlieb, Gidon. Nation Against State: A New Approach to Ethnic Conflicts and the Decline of Sovereignty (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993) 128 p.

Goulding, Marrack. "The Evolution of United Nations peacekeeping," International Affairs Vol 69, no 3 (July 1993), pp. 451-464.

[An excellent introduction by the father of UN peacekeeping operations.]

Graham, Vicki M. "Relief for Somalia," Airman 36 (December 1992), pp. 2-5.

ibid. "Flights for Survival," Airman 36 (December 1992), pp. 6-7.

ibid. "Food for Thought," Airman 36 (December 1992), p. 7.

Great Britain, Government of (General Staff, War Office). Military Report on Somaliland (London: HMSO, 1907) 2 vols.

[The British apparently never developed any real attachment to Somaliland. In this early report, the principal activity of concern was the ability to export livestock to nourish to Britain's strategic colony of Aden.]

Green, Reginald Herbold. Somalia: Toward 1994-1996: Reconstruction, Rehabilitation, Restructuring (University of Sussex, UK, for UNICEF Somalia, March 1993) 27 p + 16 p tables.

["The study is not an emergency survival prospectus; it presupposes that the basic survival crisis will have been resolved and some foundations will have been laid for reconstruction during 1993."]

Green, Stephen. "'Tough Relief' a Must for Future Somalias," The Christian Science Monitor (29 October 1992), p. 19.

[Green was UNICEF famine relief director in Ethiopia and OXFAM director in Somalia. "Why can't the UN -- or somebody -- send in a few well-armed soldiers with shoot-to-kill orders to sort out the thugs, so that the nurses and other relief workers can get on with the business of saving lives? He is the author of International Disaster Relief: Toward a Responsive System.]

Greenberger, Robert S. "Cold Shoulder: As Global Crises Mount, More Americans Want America to Stay Home; Images from Somalia, Haiti Revive Isolationist Mood, Put Clinton Plans at Risk; View in Wilkie's Hometown," Wall Street Journal (28 October 1993) p. A1.

[Written from Elwood, Indiana. The home folks complain of information overload. Notes that a WSJ/NBC news poll shows that 72% of those surveyed believe that the U.S. should let other countries and the UN take the lead in solving international crises. However, 71% of those queried believes that the US should take part in such operations.]

Greenfield, Richard. "Obituary: Siad Barre," The Independent (3 January 1995).

ibid. "Towards an Understanding of the Somali Factor," in Peter Woodward and Murray Forsyth, eds. Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: Federalism and its Alternatives (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Company, 1994), pp. 103-113.

[These brief articles represent only a tiny sampling of the useful materials on Somalia produced by this prolific scholar.]

ibid., "Siad's Sad Legacy," Africa Report vol 36, no 2 (March-April 1991), pp. 13-18.

[Excellent description of the situation in Mogadishu after the departure of Siad Barre but before the beginning of the civil war.]

Greenwood, Christopher. "Is there a right of humanitarian intervention?" World Today 49 (February 1993), pp. 40-42.

[The author examines the cogent question: do humanitarian considerations have priority over sovereign rights in the justification of military intervention?]

Gregg, Robert W. About Face? The United States and the United Nations (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993) 181 p.

[The author traces the evolution of U.S. thinking about the U.N. from neglect to active courtship, starting from the Gulf War and ending with the beginning of the Somalia operation. Given the timing of publication, the trashing of the U.N. that followed the early October 1993 Mogadishu events cannot be evaluated.]

Gregorian, Raffi. "If only they'd called it like it was in Somalia," Army Times (11 April 1994), p. 27

["...One of the primary causes was the failure of both the Bush and Clinton administrations to perceive and portray the situation in Somalia for what it really was: insurgency against U.N. authority..."]

Gregory, Sophfronia Scott. "How Somalia Crumbled: Clan warfare and a glut of weapons have plunged the country into anarchy," Time vol 140 no 24 (14 December 1992), p. 34.

Grey, Robert T. Jr. "Strengthening the United Nations to Implement the 'Agenda for Peace'," Strategic Review (Summer 1993), pp. 20-25.

[Grey was Political Counselor at USUN.]

Grier, Peter. "US Role in Somalia Praised Despite Loss," The Christian Science Monitor (25 July 1994), p. 5.

[In a pre-publication review of Robert Oakley and John Hirsch's book on Somalia, we learn that there was no "debacle" on Bob Oakley's watch. The introduction to the book appears to be written by Chester Crocker, director of the United States Institute of Peace, who also wishes to ensure that no blame for "debacle" falls on the Bush Administration.]

Grimmett, Richard F. Somalia: Arms Deliveries (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, October 28, 1993) 6 p.

Groth, Carl H. Jr. and Diane T. Berliner. Peacetime Military Engagement: A Framework for Policy Criteria (Bethesda, MD: Logistics Management Institute, August 1993) 54 p.

Grove, Brandon, Jr. "Reflections on Somalia: An Interview with Ambassador Robert Oakley," Foreign Service Journal (April 1993), pp. 19-22.

[Ambassador Grove headed the Somali Task Force in the State Department from December 1992 through March 1993, when the Task Force was disbanded.]

Guleid, Abdulkarim Ahmed and Jack L. Davies. "Siyad Barre plans a comeback in Somalia," New African (April 1993), pp. 9-11.

[Purports to outline the recovery strategy of former Somali dictator.]

ibid. "Somaligate" The Decision to Suppress Democracy in Somalia (Munich: Davies Consulting GmbH, 20 October 1992) 276 p.

[Oddest rantings in the season of the new Somali genre.]

Gunby, Phil. "Military medical units among last to leave Somalia," JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association vol 271, no 12 (23 March 1994), p. 894.

ibid. "Will Civilian Physicians See Post-Somalia Malaria?" JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association vol 269, no 24 (22 June 1993), p. 3091.

[Reports 41 cases of malaria among troops returning from Somalia.]

ibid. "Extraordinary Epidemiologic, Environmental Health Experience Emerges from Operation Restore Hope," JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association vol 269, no 22 (9 June 1993), pp. 2833-2838.

[Appears to be an excellent survey of all the many medical health threats in Somalia.]

ibid. "Most US Troops May Leave Somalia by May; Military Medicine Still likely to Have Role." JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association vol 269 no 10 (10 March 1993), pp. 1232-1233.

ibid. "Somalia Operation Just one of Many Demands on US Military Medicine," JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association vol 269 no 1 (6 January 1993).

Gurdon, Charles, ed. Horn of Africa (London: University of London Press, 1994) 123 p.